When They Go Low, We Go High
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Cold War, 46–7, 50–2, 53, 55–6, 136, 137–47, 156–8, 197, 345, 349
Colley, Linda, Britons: Forging The Nation 1707–1837, 163
communism, 53, 72, 136, 137, 148, 156, 314, 317; capitalist victory over, 10, 141–2, 146, 157; in China, 382–91, 392; in Czechoslovakia, 358–68; Marx and Engels, 301–2, 304, 306; Nazi suppression of, 332; no traction for in England, 303, 306; and Sartre, 316–17; in South Africa, 193, 196–8; and Spanish Civil War, 257, 258, 259, 260–1, 262–3; see also Soviet Union
Condorcet, Marquis de, 387–8
Conrad, Joseph, The Secret Agent, 73
Conservative Party, 101, 218, 221–4, 254–5, 281, 292; One Nation Conservatism, 231–2, 303–4; Peel’s Tamworth Manifesto (1834), 300; split over Corn Laws (1846), 301, 310
conspiracy theories, 12, 45, 57, 77–9
Coolidge, Calvin, 6, 69
Corbyn, Jeremy, 231
Corn Law (1815), 295–6, 298–301
Crassus, 20
Crimean War, 299
Cuba, 47, 343–57
Cuban missile crisis (1962), 47, 51, 56, 345
Cuomo, Mario, 60
Czech Republic, 358, 359, 368, 369
Czechoslovakia, 333, 335, 337, 338–9, 340, 358–69
Daily Mail, 308
Dalindyebo, David, 190–1
Dangerfield, George, 100–1
Dawson, Les, 229, 230, 309
de Beauvoir, Simone, 313, 315
de Gaulle, Charles, 217, 219
de Klerk, F.W., 192, 197
Delors, Jacques, 221
democracy: birth of idea, 3, 20, 80, 88, 93–9, 159, 405; and Camus’ The Rebel, 313, 314–15, 317, 382, 384, 397, 398–9; and capitalism, 72–3, 141–2, 145, 156–8, 266; Chaplin’s The Great Dictator, 395–7; crisis of confidence, 74–83, 148; crisis of prosperity, 72–3, 82; as culture and pattern of behaviour, 63; franchise extensions in nineteenth-century, 9, 232, 251, 303, 304, 305, 310; franchise extensions in twentieth-century, 9, 255, 306, 310; as host for enterprise/prosperity, 62, 82, 140–2, 157, 233, 309, 390–1; illiberalism in present-day Europe, 74, 80, 397; in India, 165, 181, 185, 186–8, 189; Jefferson on, 29, 33, 34–6; Kennedy’s ‘ask not …’ line, 54–6, 63, 83, 208; in Latin America, 349; Lincoln’s ‘of the people …’ line, 43, 44, 70, 71, 83; and making mistakes, 37, 233, 387, 391; and Mandela, 197–201; as not state of final perfection, 58–9, 77, 83, 295; and ‘oil curse’, 155, 390; and peace, 153–8; populist threat to, 4, 12, 18, 70–2, 76–81, 82–3, 84, 148, 397, 403; public authority and private autonomy, 34, 83, 403–4; Reagan on, 138; security and terror crisis, 73–4, 82; slow, incremental improvement, 61, 82–3, 188, 233, 244–5, 295, 308–9, 310, 387, 398; and St Peter’s Field, Manchester, 294–8, 299, 302–3, 307, 309–10; success of, 8, 10, 11, 17, 72, 82; superiority of, 4, 76, 82–3, 95–6, 148, 389–91, 395–7, 407–9; and Suu Kyi, 206–9, 212–13; threefold crisis of, 72, 82; and utopian imagination, 17, 18–19, 82–3, 295, 407–8; virtues of, 12, 36, 54, 74, 80–1, 94–6, 141–4, 209, 213, 300, 316–17, 389–99, 407–8; during warfare, 87–8, 89–99, 101–11, 120–1, 123–35, 148–59
Demosthenes, 4, 21–2, 25, 177, 193
Deng Xiaoping, 390
Depayin Massacre (30 May 2003), 203
Dickens, Charles, A Tale of Two Cities, 320
dictators and tyrants: Blair’s Chicago doctrine, 152–3; in Burma, 165, 202–4, 205–13; Camus on, 313, 314, 384, 397; and capitalism, 263–4; Castro on overthrow of, 354–5; Cicero’s opposition to, 21, 22, 25; and complete certainty, 386; democracy as always to be favoured in warfare, 148; democratic defiance of, 82; and destiny, 314–15; Dostoevsky’s Grand Inquisitor, 393, 394, 399; dystopian literary responses, 403–4; fragility of position, 387; history as on their side, 383, 385, 392; indifference as ally of, 374; and language of democracy, 382; lineage of US rhetoric against, 51; overthrows of in Latin America, 349; and Pericles, 93, 96; propensity for warfare, 154; prosperity as danger for, 155, 390; US backing for, 47, 137; wars in Afghanistan and Iraq, 73, 152; and Woodrow Wilson, 118–19, 120–1; see also Castro, Fidel; communism; Hitler, Adolf; Mao Zedong; Robespierre, Maximilien; Soviet Union
Disraeli, Benjamin, 10, 294, 295, 299, 300, 302–3, 304–5, 310, 387; Free Trade Hall speech (1872), 231, 295, 303, 304; government of (1874–80), 232, 303–4
Dostoevsky, Fyodor, The Brothers Karamazov, 393, 394, 399
Drexler, Anton, 332
Dubček, Alexander, 361
Dylan, Bob, 309
The Economist, 309
Egypt, 75
Eisenhower, Dwight D., 7, 49, 68–9
Eliot, T.S., Four Quartets, 150
Elizabeth I, Queen of England, 164–5, 167–72
empiricists, 78
Engels, Friedrich, 301–2, 304, 306
Epstein, Jacob, 310
Erasmus, Ciceronianus (1528), 26
Erdoğan, Recep Tayyip, 74, 79, 81
European Union, 73, 76, 218, 226; Britain joins (EEC) (1972), 219–20; British EEC referendum (1975), 220; British referendum (2016), 77, 224–5, 231; founding purpose, 164, 217, 224; speeches about, 164, 214, 215, 217–25; term ‘Euro-sceptic’, 221
Everett, Edward, 38, 40, 44
Faulkner, William, 9
Fawcett, Millicent, 251–2
Fildes, Mary, 296
First World War, 101–11, 112, 124, 158, 331–2; Lloyd George’s scrap of paper, 103, 104, 148, 157; Woodrow Wilson and, 113–19, 120–2
Foot, Michael, 280
France, 74, 219, 241, 303, 313–17, 318–19, 371
Franck, Isaac, 53
Franklin, Benjamin, 6, 28, 173–80
free trade, 298–301, 305
French Revolution, 29, 245, 317, 318, 319–30, 387
Fulvia (Antony’s wife) 25 27
Gaitskell, Hugh, 218–19
Galbraith, John Kenneth, 53
Gandhi, Indira, 181, 182, 388–9
Gandhi, Mahatma, 181, 182, 185, 187–8, 210, 211, 273
García Márquez, Gabriel, 357
gender: equality issues, 249, 255; and illegitimacy, 253; Married Women’s Property Acts (1870, 1882), 246; women gain equality in voting (1928), 255, 306, 310; women in La Pasionaria’s Spain, 259–60; women politicians, 255, 259–60; women’s suffrage movement, 232, 246, 247–54, 255, 305–6, 310
Germany, 219, 331–2; see also Nazi Germany
Gibbon, Edward, 132
Gladstone, William, 10
Goebbels, Joseph, 334, 335, 339, 341–2
Goethe, Johann Wolfgang, 12, 372
Gorbachev, Mikhail, 138, 142, 143, 146
Gottwald, Klement, 360
Graham, Billy, 53
Greece, ancient, 3, 4, 5–6, 18, 20, 89–99, 169, 355, 405; see also Pericles
Grey, Sir Edward, 305–6
Grotius, Hugo, De jure belli ac pacis, 149, 150
Guevara, Ernesto ‘Che’, 344, 345–6, 349, 351–2
Haines, Joe, 7
Halifax, Lord, 127, 128
Hamilton, Alexander, 6, 29–30, 33, 177
Hardie, Keir, 306
Harding, Warren, 6
Harris, Robert, 21
Harvard, John F. Kennedy School of Government, 54
Havel, Václav, 207, 317, 358–9, 368–9, 398; literary works by, 358, 359, 361, 369; New Year’s Address, Prague (1990), 359–60, 361–8, 369
Hayes, Rutherford B., 69
Hearst, William Randolph, 46
Heath, Edward, 219–20
Hemings, Sally, 32
Hemingway, Ernest, 9, 258
Hesiod, 79
Hilberg, Raul, 377
Hitler, Adolf, 164, 317, 331–4, 395–6; Mein Kampf, 331, 332, 342; Nuremberg rally (September 1938), 335, 337, 339, 341; rhetorical skill, 331, 332, 335, 339, 341–2; speech in Sportpalast, Berlin (September 1938), 334–8, 339–40
Hobbes, Thomas, 290
Hofstadter, Richard, 77
Holocaust, 12, 333, 370–81
Homer, Iliad, 149
Hoover, Herbe
rt, 6, 69
Hoover, J. Edgar, 397
hope, 4, 5, 82–3, 118–19, 277, 323, 358; Ernst Bloch on, 83–4, 408–9; foundation of good politics, 17, 18–19, 407–8; and Kennedy, 46, 47–8, 57; La Pasionaria as symbol of, 257–8, 262; Obama’s, 18, 37, 57–67, 405; and Elie Wiesel, 380, 381, 398, 399, 409
House, Edward M., 117
Howe, Geoffrey, 221, 223–4
Hudson, Hugh, 281–2
Hughes, Emmet J., 7
Hume, David, 174
Hungary, 74, 81, 370, 372, 383
Hunt, Henry, 295, 296, 297, 298, 304
Huxley, Aldous, Brave New World, 80, 403–4
Ibárruri, Dolores (La Pasionaria), 231, 256–66, 302
Ignatieff, Michael, 204–5
India, 124, 165, 181, 182–9, 211, 388–91
International Criminal Court, 149
International Monetary Fund, 73
internet, 9, 180
Iraq War (from 2003), 73, 150, 151, 152
Irish potato famine (from 1845), 300–1
Islam, 74, 75
Isocrates, 407
Jackson, Mahalia, 275
Jay, John, 177
Jefferson, Thomas, 6, 18, 28, 29–30, 32, 94, 174, 328, 398; First Inaugural Address, Washington DC (1801), 30–7, 77, 81, 83
Jenkins, Roy, 253
Johnson, Lyndon B., 46, 70
Jones, Clarence B., 274–5
Judt, Tony, 317
Juncker, Jean-Claude, 215
Juvenal, Tenth Satire, 27
Kaczyński, Jarosław, 80, 81
Kant, Immanuel, 157, 173
Kaufman, Gerald, 280
Kennedy, Joe, 46
Kennedy, John F., 18, 45–56, 68, 270–1, 345, 406; assassination of (22 November 1963), 45, 47, 69; ‘Ich bin ein Berliner’ speech (26 June 1963), 138, 139, 155–6, 157; inaugural address (1961), 48, 49–51, 53–6, 62, 77, 83, 364; and Sorensen, 7, 48, 51, 52, 53, 55, 156; voice of, 4, 237
Kenney, Annie, 306
Kerensky, Alexander, 119
Keynes, J.M., The Economic Consequences of the Peace, 150
Khin Kyi, 202, 205, 211
Khrushchev, Nikita, 46, 53, 157, 345, 382
King, Martin Luther, 60, 66, 267–79, 309, 398; ‘I Have a dream’ speech (1963), 232–3, 269–70, 271–9, 404; Letter from a Birmingham Jail, 70, 268
Kinnock, Neil, 231, 280–93, 308
Kołakowski, Leszek, 394–5
Komensk, Jan Amos, 368, 369
Korean War, 154
Kosovo, 148–9, 151, 158, 371–2, 379, 380
Kundera, Milan, 362–3, 369
La Rochefoucauld, François de, 18, 118
Labour Party, 63, 88, 124, 146, 215, 218–20, 229–31, 254, 280–93, 306, 392
Lafayette, Marquis de, 328
Larkin, Philip, 111, 175, 364
Le Pen, Marine, 74
Leadsom, Andrea, 98
League of Nations, 112, 119, 122, 164, 216–17
left wing politics, 10–11, 76, 77, 157, 231, 285, 352; attitudes to USA, 73, 316, 345–6, 349; critics of capitalism, 142, 263–4, 266, 392; see also communism; Labour Party
Levi, Primo, If This Is a Man, 376
Liberal Party, 100–1, 254, 301, 305–6
Lincoln, Abraham, 6, 18, 28, 38–9, 41, 62, 391; assassination of (14 April 1865), 38, 69; Gettysburg Address, 4, 8, 38–44, 48, 66, 68–9, 77, 81, 83, 88; voice of, 4, 237
Liverpool, Lord, 295–6, 297
Lloyd George, David, 88, 100–1, 124–5, 152, 230; Queen’s Hall speech (September 1914), 101–10, 157, 158, 159
Locke, John, 81, 403
London, 45, 100, 103, 173, 182, 231, 235, 241, 251, 405
Louis XIV, King of France, 164
Louis XVI, King of France, 319, 324
Lusitania, sinking of (1915), 116
Luther, Martin, 122
Macmillan, Harold, 217, 218, 219
Madison, James, 6, 177
Madrid, siege of (1936), 258
Major, John, 224, 281, 293
Malthus, Thomas, 388
Manchester, 294–8, 301–2, 307–8, 309, 405; Free Trade Hall, 231, 295, 299, 300, 302–3, 304–6, 307, 309–10
Manchester Guardian, 297
Manchester School, 298–300, 301, 304–5, 309
Mandela, Nelson, 165, 190–2, 200–1, 247; Supreme Court trial defence speech (April 1964), 192–200, 201
Mandelson, Peter, 282
Mao Zedong, 382–7, 389, 391
Marcus, Greil, 279
Marie Antoinette, 319, 321
Mark Antony, 21–8
Martí, José, 349, 355
Marvell, Andrew, 131
Marx, Karl, 301–2, 306
Mauriac, François, 371
May, Theresa, 215, 225, 255, 292
Mbeki, Thabo, 192
McCarthy, Senator Joseph, 76, 396
McHenry, James, 175
Meinecke, Friedrich, 335
Mengele, Dr Joseph, 370
meritocracy, 308–9
migration, 5, 79, 80, 188
Miliband, David, 215
Mill, John Stuart, 383
Millar, Ronald, 7
Milton, John, 393, 407, 408
minority rights, 10, 31, 32, 36, 80, 83, 323
Mitford, Diana, 308
Monroe, James, 32, 122
Montesquieu, 81
More, Thomas, Utopia, 17–19, 78
Morgan, Kenneth, 106
Morris, William, News From Nowhere, 76
Mosley, Sir Oswald, 306–8
Mountbatten, Louis, 182, 184
Munich Agreement (29 September 1938), 340–1
nation states: Elizabeth I’s Tilbury speech, 168–72; Hitler’s conception of, 338–9; idea of Britain as a nation, 215–16, 226; Indian independence, 182–9; as invented/imagined, 163–6, 169, 225, 226; narrow populist view of, 79–80, 225–6; Quincy Adams on, 163; Ernst Renan on, 184; Thatcher’s view of, 223
National Union of Mineworkers, 280–1
National Union of Women’s Suffrage Societies (NUWSS), 251–2
Nazi Germany, 125–6, 164, 332–4; appeasement of, 124, 152, 333, 340–1, 396; see also Hitler, Adolf
Ne Win, General, 207, 211
Nehru, Jawaharlal, 165, 181–2, 247, 398; and Gandhi, 181, 182, 185, 187–8, 210; speech to Constituent Assembly (1947), 183–7, 188–9
Nero, 6
Nicolay, John G., 41, 43
Nixon, Richard, 7, 46, 48–9, 139, 355
Noonan, Peggy, 144
Novotný, Antonín, 360
Nozick, Robert, Anarchy, State, and Utopia, 77
Oakeshott, Michael, Rationalism in Politics, 386
Obama, Barack, 6, 11, 18, 28, 33, 37, 43, 58, 139, 406; victory speech (Chicago, 2012), 58–63, 64–6, 77, 83; vocal style of, 60–1
Obama, Michelle, 11, 403, 404–5, 408–9
Octavian, 28
Oneal, John, 154
Orbán, Viktor, 74, 81
Orwell, George, 80, 260, 263, 320, 393–4, 403–4
Oswald, Lee Harvey, 47
Owen, Wilfred, 110
Owens, Major Robert, 98
Paine, Thomas, The Age of Reason, 235
Pankhurst, Christabel, 247, 305, 306
Pankhurst, Emmeline, 232, 246–54, 305
Pankhurst, Sylvia, 253, 255, 306
Paris Commune (1871), 303
Parks, Rosa, 267
Pascal, Blaise, 237
La Pasionaria (Dolores Ibárruri), 231, 256–66, 302
Patocka, Jan, 364
Peel, Robert, 8, 299–301, 387
Peloponnesian War, 90–9
Pericles, 5, 36, 42, 43, 89–99, 153, 157, 259, 394, 408; birth of rhetoric and democracy, 3, 20, 80, 88, 93–9, 159, 405; and ethic of war, 93, 95, 97–8, 110, 132, 149, 159
Peronistas in Argentina, 76
Peterloo Massacre (1819), 296–8, 299, 305, 310
Petrarch, 21
Philadelphia, 173, 174, 177, 354, 403, 405, 408–9
Pienaar, F
rancois, 201
Pinckney, Reverend, murder of (2015), 60
Pitt the Younger, William, 234, 235, 236, 237, 244, 245
Plato, 6, 78, 81, 193, 230
Podemos in Spain, 76
Poland, 74, 80, 81, 333, 336, 337, 338
politics: battles over words, 292–3; Camus-Sartre dispute, 314–16; debate over role/size of government, 29–30, 32–4, 54, 65; defence of, 3, 11, 12, 82–3, 408; five political virtues, 12; liberal consensus, 10–11; low repute of, 3, 5, 12, 13, 71–2, 77, 215; moderates vs extremists, 251–2, 294–5, 315, 316, 319, 398; and More’s Utopia, 17–18; nationhood as most potent form of allegiance, 164; Michelle Obama on, 403, 404–5, 408–9; party system and Corn Law struggle, 301; sheer pace of in modern era, 10, 32; see also communism; democracy; left wing politics; rhetoric
Popper, Karl, 80, 394
populism, 4, 12, 18, 70–2, 84, 148, 349, 393, 397, 403; dystopian literary responses, 80; and enemies of the people, 70–1, 77, 78, 79–80, 326, 327; narrow view of nation state, 79–80, 225–6; offers of utopia, 71–2, 76–80, 82–3, 84, 306; origin of term, 76; ‘the paranoid style of politics’ in USA, 77–81; turning back the clock, 79, 226
Potsdam Conference (1945), 46, 155
Powell, Colin, 143
Powell, Enoch, 37
Prague Spring (1968), 358
property ownership, 155
Protagoras, 5–6
Putin Vladimir 74–5 81
race and ethnicity, 79–80, 113, 190–201, 232–3, 267–79, 404
Radcliffe, Sir Cyril, 184, 188
radio (the wireless), 8, 9, 48–9, 106, 144, 262, 357, 359
rationalists, 78, 386
Reagan, Ronald, 51, 136–7, 147, 406–7; Berlin Wall speech (12 June 1987), 88, 138–44, 145–7, 157, 159; and Cold War, 136, 137–47, 157; speech at Pointe du Hoc, Normandy (1984), 144
Renaissance, European, 21, 26
Renan, Ernst, 184
Republican Party, USA, 30
Revuelta, Alina Fernández, 357
Revuelta, Naty, 357
rhetoric: in ancient Greece, 3, 4, 5–6, 20, 89–99, 169, 405 see also Pericles; in ancient Rome, 3, 4, 20, 123, 267, 405 see also Cicero, Marcus Tullius; Attic and Asiatic styles, 25, 39–40, 44, 60; birth of idea, 3, 20, 88, 405; Cicero’s ideal orator, 4, 123, 267; claims of decline in, 4, 5, 8, 11; composing close to the deadline, 41; countering of criticism, 170–1; before electronic amplification, 31; ending of speech, 241; evangelical, nonconformist, 103; getting carried away, 51, 108–9; Havel and political speeches, 369; high-brow/low-brow debate, 9, 39–40, 110–11; idea of character in, 169, 176, 259; imagery and mind-pictures, 107; Neo-Attics, 25; Obama’s rescue of, 57; and pace of modern politics, 10; paradox of political rhetoric, 283; placing the best line, 120; and political success, 7–8; resonant voice, 4, 237; as ritual of the nation state, 164, 169; shining city on a hill metaphor, 405–8; survival as discipline, 3–4; as twinned with democracy, 3, 4, 8, 18–19, 93; use of time, 272; verdict on the wars justified by speeches, 158; writing of own material, 6