modernity and, 5
Southern textile mills, 59
Sloan, Alfred P., Jr., 142
slubbing machines, 30–31
Smith, Adam, 122
Smith, Hinchman, & Grylls, 143
Smith, Terry, 153
“smokestack nostalgia,” xvi
social status and class
attendance at world’s fairs, 87–88
concentration of large numbers of workers, 30
critical mass for political discussion and labor organization, 38
of factory owners, 13–14
growing class division in US, 72–73
iron and steel industry, 99–100
Marx’s Capital and, 34–35
migrant labor in China, 285–86
politicized working class, 257–64
promise of Fordism, 119
socialism and, 278–79
sock industry, 36, 38, 295
Sofia Petrovna (Chukovskaya), 211
soldiering, 126
Solectron, 292–93
Solidarity trade union, 262–64
Song of Heroes (film), 216
Sons of Vulcan, 96, 355n
Sony, 290
Sorenson, Charles, 142
Soule, George, 215
South Bend, Indiana, 163
South Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, 113
South Korea, 283, 304, 307, 310
Southey, Robert, 20–21, 26
Soviet Automobile Trust, 198, 373n
Soviet industrialization
American involvement in, 169, 171, 178–79, 185–94, 197–200
automotive industry, 190–93, 199–200, 205
call for unprecedented rapid industrialization, 183–84
capitalist industrialization vs., 172–73, 224–25
conveyor method (assembly line), 182
culturalization efforts, 205–10
documentary and artistic depictions of, 210–18
factory design and construction, 187–88, 191–92, 194–95, 201–2
factory start-up difficulties, 196–205
Five-Year Plans, 183–86, 198, 201, 205–6, 210, 213, 215, 217, 220, 222–23, 225, 372n
forced labor, 203–4
Fordism, 180–82, 187, 196–99
Great Terror, 220–21
interest and adoption of Americanism, 173–78, 184–85
iron and steel industry, 171, 185, 201–5, 207, 209–10, 214, 246
judging success of, 221–25
Kahn partnership, 194–95, 219
legacy of giant factories for workforce, 320
paying for, 218–19, 378n
productivity increases, 205
rejection of foreign involvement, 219–21
resistance to Americanism, 176
scientific management, 174–79, 181, 371n
security police, 203–4
tractor industry, 180–82, 186–89, 189, 194–98, 200, 224, 372n, 374n, 379n
Soviet Union, 149, 161. See also Cold War mass production; names of specific locations; Soviet industrialization
convergence theory, 226–27
involvement in Chinese industrialization, 275
involvement in Eastern European industrialization, 251–52, 258
Spanish Earth, The (film), 216
Sparrows Point, Maryland, 95, 104–5, 232, 356n, 385n
spinning. See cotton industry
spinning mules, 7, 9, 14–15, 20, 77
Springfield, Massachusetts, 55
St. Louis, Missouri, 85, 229
Stalin, Joseph, 170–71, 184–85, 190, 198, 201, 205, 215, 219, 251
Stalingrad, Soviet Union, 169–70, 170, 185–89, 189, 194, 196–97, 206, 208, 210, 217, 224, 246, 314, 379n
Stalingrad Tractor Factory (Bourke-White), 170
Stalinstadt, East Germany, 249
Standard Oil, 58, 104, 290
standardization and interchangeability
armor and armaments industry, 120
automotive industry, 120–23, 141–42, 359n
shipbuilding industry, 232
skilled labor and, 120, 229
in Soviet Union, 197
tire industry, 236
steamboats, 82–83
steel industry. See iron and steel industry
Steel Workers Organizing Committee (SWOC), 166–67
Steffens, Lincoln, 97
Stella, Joseph, 96–97
Stepanova, Varvara, 212
Stieglitz, Alfred, 149
Stockport, England, 10, 17
Stonorov, Oscar, 230–31
Strand, Paul, 149
strikes. See protests and strikes
Strutt, Jedidiah, 8–9, 14–17, 45
Strutt, William, 15
Studebaker, 137, 163
Suffolk Manufacturing, 53
Sultan of Turkey, 17
Sun, 292
supervision of labor, 11–12, 17, 23–24, 60, 169, 203, 301, 303
Surinam, 46
Sutton, New Hampshire, 62
Swajian, Leon A., 188, 196
Swift, 127
Switzerland, 186
SWOC (Steel Workers Organizing Committee), 166–67
Sybil, or the Two Nations (Disraeli), 26
Syracuse, New York, 240
Syria, 76
Sztálinváros, Hungary, 249, 257–60, 387n
Taiwan, 273–74, 283, 288, 301, 304, 307, 310
Target, 293
Tariff Act, 48
Taunton, Massachusetts, 55
Taylor, Frederick Winslow, 107–8, 126, 174–78, 356n. See also scientific management
Taylor, Myron, 166
Taylor, W. Cooke, 20, 22, 27, 29, 31–32, 147, 335n
Taylor Society, 225
technology. See also names of specific inventions and devices; power sources
adoption of factory model, 12
architecture and construction of factories, 15–17
assembly line, 118, 124–27, 125, 144–45, 182, 196–98
automation and mechanization, 7, 9, 50, 118, 124–27, 125, 144–45, 182, 242–43, 297, 317–18
British embargo, 45, 47
iron and steel industry, 89–92
textile industry, 7, 9–10, 56
theft of, 3, 45
wonder and novelty of, 21
television, 244
Tempo (play), 188
Ten Hours Movement, 26, 68, 73–79
Tennessee, 186, 236, 382n
Terkel, Studs, 215
Tesco, 293
Texas Instruments, 292
textile industry. See also names of specific textile industries
in China, 273
compared to iron and steel industry, 93–94, 96, 98
efforts to regulate, 32–33
in Egypt, 268
elimination of hand work, 37
England compared to New England, 43–44
growing international markets, 41
Indian exports, 4
Marx’s Capital and, 34
pollution, 16
post-WWII strikes, 238
preindustrial and nonfactory production, 4–6, 9, 30
relocation and outsourcing, 294–95
size of early mills, 9
in Soviet Union, 178–79
Thatcher, Margaret, 281
Thompson, E. P., 30, 37–38, 338n
Thomson, Edgar, 97, 100
Those Who Built Stalingrad, As Told by Themselves (book), 215
Three Gorges Dam (China), 311
Thurston, George, 97
Time (magazine), 150, 194
tire industry, 128, 161, 163–64, 235–36
“To a Locomotive in Winter” (Whitman), 83
Tocqueville, Alexis de, xii, 21, 73
Togliatti, Soviet Union, 247–48
Toledo, Ohio, 163, 237
“tommy shops,” 18
tourism. See factory tourism
“Tower” (Cendrars), 87
tractor industry, 169–70, 170, 180–
82, 185–89, 189, 194–98, 200, 206, 208, 210, 217, 224, 246, 314, 372n, 374n, 379n
Tractorstroi. See Stalingrad, Soviet Union
trade unions and labor organization
automotive industry, 129, 162–68
Cold War mass production in US, 233–42
early British textile mills, 38–39
in Eastern Europe, 262–64
in Egypt, 268–69
Ford Motor Company, 129–30, 163, 167–68
in Germany, 267
immigrants and, 110
iron and steel industry, 90, 96, 99–103, 166–67
membership in, 99, 103, 115
New England textile mills, 66, 77–78
outsourcing, 294
post–Civil War economic and political climate, 98–99
productivity, 383n
in Soviet Union, 176, 178–79, 224–25
WWI era, 114–15
WWII era, 168, 233–35
tram (silk) industry, 3, 329n
Tremont Mills, 53
Tretyakov, Sergei, 216
Tristan, Flora, 21
Trollope, Anthony, 43, 71
Trollope, Frances, xii, 14, 21, 43
Troshin, Nikolai, 212
Trotsky, Leon, 176–77, 182–84, 220, 226, 370n–71n, 380n
Trotskyite-Zinovievite Center, 204
truck, 18, 36
Truck Act, 41
Truman, Harry S., 238
Trump, Ivanka, 318
Turkey, 17
Turksib railway, 171, 372n, 378n
turnkey facilities, 53
turnover, 128–29, 258, 285, 297, 306
Twain, Mark, 99
Unbound Prometheus, The (Landes), 12
United Automobile Workers (UAW), 164–68, 230, 237, 242
United Electrical Workers, 166
United Rubber Workers, 236
United States. See also Cold War mass production; Ford Motor Company and Fordism; names of specific locations; New England textile mills
cotton industry, 5, 27–28, 45, 50, 85–86, 330n
growth of manufacturing before WWI, 79
involvement in Soviet industrialization, 169, 171, 178–79, 185–94, 197–200
percentage of workers in manufacturing, xiii
size of manufacturing in 1850, 1
steam power, 82–83
view of mechanical progress as integral to modernity, 82–85
world’s fairs, 80–81, 84–88, 144–45
United States Rubber Company, 292
urban-based manufacturing, 13, 16, 28–31, 38
Ure, Andrew, 18–19, 23, 30–32
U.S. Department of Commerce, 145
U.S. Steel (United States Steel Corporation), 58, 105–6, 110–13, 116, 163, 201, 245, 356n–57n, 385n
U.S.A. (Dos Passos), 147
USSR in Construction (magazine), 211–13, 217, 376n
USSR stroit Sotzsialism (USSR Builds Socialism) (book), 212
Valentiner, William, 155–57
Vandergrift, Pennsylvania, 104–6
Vanguard Group, Inc., 321–22
Vanport, Oregon, 232
Veblen, Thorstein, 215
vertical integration, 138, 142, 247, 289
Vertov, Dziga, xii, 214, 216, 377n
Vienna, Austria, 85
Vietnamese industry
changes leading to giantism in, 274
discipline, 303
market-oriented policies, 281–82
migrant labor, 392n
poverty, 396n
protests and strikes, 274, 307, 397n
safety issues, 304, 396n
size and scale of, 288, 289
Vietnamese industry (continued)
symbolism of factories, 310–13
Vladimir Lenin Steelworks. See Nowa Huta, Poland
Voice of Industry, The (newspaper), 63
Volga-Don canal, 171
Volkswagen, 265–67, 290, 388n
Von Mises, Ludwig, 339n
Vorse, Mary Heaton, 98, 117
Vulcan, 96
wages. See compensation and wages
Wagner, Richard, 80
Wajda, Andrzej, 257
Wales, 41
Walesa, Lech, 263
walk-outs. See protests and strikes
Wall Street Journal, 270
Wal-Mart, 292–95, 318
Waltham, Massachusetts, 48–51, 54, 56–57, 66, 69, 341n–42n
War of 1812, 46–47, 69
Ward, Rollo, 207
Warren, Michigan, 228
“water frames,” 9
Ważyk, Adam, 256–57
Wealth of Nations, The (Smith), 122
weaving. See cotton industry
West Indies, 5, 25–26, 336n
West Riding, Yorkshire, England, 36–37
Westinghouse, 163, 167
What’s On the Workers Mind, By One Who Put on Overalls to Find Out (Williams), 112
Whirlpool, 290
White Motors, 163
White Sea–Baltic Canal, 203
Whitman, Walt, 83, 350n
Whitney, Eli, 5
Whittier, John G., 69–70
Wigan, England, 62
Willersley castle (England), 13
Williams, Whiting, 112
Willow Run factory (Ford), 229–31, 230, 232, 380n
Wilson, Charles, 239
Wilson, Edmund, 142, 146
Wilson, Guy, 152
Wilson, Woodrow, 113–14, 116–17
Wojtyła, Karol (Pope John Paul II), 260–61
Wolfsburg, Germany, 265–67, 388n
women
in China, 286–87, 308, 311
company paternalism, 61–62
early British textile mills, 23, 32, 41
in Eastern Europe, 254
Ford Motor Company, 130
motivations of, 59–60
New England textile mills, 43–44, 48, 54, 58–68, 73–75, 345n
in Soviet Union, 189, 191, 199, 206–7
working conditions, 64–65
WWII era, 232, 380n
Wood, Rufus, 104
Wood Mill (Lawrence, Massachusetts), 76
Woodward, C. Vann, 86
wool industry, 4–7, 9–10, 17, 30, 36, 38, 60, 76
workhouses, 24
working conditions
assembly-line production, 127
automotive industry, 127, 142
in China, 296–97, 301–4
cotton industry, 23–27, 30–32
early British textile mills, 23–27, 30–32
in Eastern Europe, 258
New England textile mills, 64–65, 76
outsourcing, 294
WWII era, 109–10, 113
working day and hours
in China, 302
Ford Motor Company, 129, 361n
iron and steel industry, 109
New England textile mills, 67–68, 73, 347n
outsourcing, 294
regulation of, 41
in Soviet Union, 379n
Ten Hours Movement, 26, 68, 73–79
“Workshop, My Youth Was Stranded Here” (Xu), 303
World Bank, 305–6
World Trade Organization (WTO), 282–83
World War I era
Ford and Navy Eagle Boats, 139
labor relations, 113–14
protests and strikes, 115–17, 234, 358n
trade unions and labor organization, 113–15
World War II era
factory housing and villages during, 230–32
protests and strikes, 233–35, 238, 239
recruitment of labor, 229–30
Soviet industrialization and, 223–24
trade unions and labor organization during, 168, 233–35
unionization efforts, 167–68
women, 232, 380n
working conditions, 109–10, 113
world’s fairs and international exhibitions, 80–81, 84–88, 117, 144–45, 352n
Worthen, Augusta, 62
>
Wright, James Duncan, 21
Wright Aeronautical, 229
WTO (World Trade Organization), 282–83
Wuhan, China, 306
Xiamen City, China, 273
Xu Lizhi, 303
Yiwu, China, 295
Yonkers, New York, 239
Yorkshire, England, 24
Youngstown, Ohio, 92, 116
Ypsilanti, Michigan, 229
Yue Yuen Industrial (Holdings) Limited, 273, 296, 298, 302, 306, 310, 312, 322
YYSports, 273
Zelenko, Alexander, 373n
Zelma, Georgy, 212
Zhengzhou, China, 273
“Zone” (Apollinaire), 86–87
Zukin, Sharon, 98
ALSO BY JOSHUA B. FREEMAN
In Transit:
The Transport Workers Union in New York City, 1933–1966
Who Built America? Working People and the Nation’s Economy,
Politics, Culture, and Society (coauthor)
Audacious Democracy: Labor, Intellectuals, and
the Social Reconstruction of America (coeditor)
Working-Class New York:
Life and Labor Since World War II
American Empire:
The Rise of Global Power, the Democratic Revolution at Home
Copyright © 2018 by Joshua B. Freeman
Excerpt of translation of Blaise Cendrars, “Tower” © Tony Baker
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