The Powerhouse: Inside the Invention of a Battery to Save the World
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management style of, 143, 217, 221
and NMC, 9, 67–68, 70, 72, 74, 160
and sales, 64, 68, 87, 128–31
and Thackeray, 27, 73–74, 77–78, 128, 141–42, 221
and venture capital, 64, 84, 86–87, 106, 201
and Volt, 145–48
and voltage fade, 155, 156–57, 159, 160, 239
and Wan Gang, 3, 6, 60, 76, 79
ChampionsGate conference, 177, 180–81, 195–98
China, 96–97, 124
automobile market in, 178, 180
and battery competition, 4–6, 7, 71, 79, 99, 100, 103, 136
Cultural Revolution in, 97
and electric vehicles, 4, 8, 142, 177–78, 180, 184, 282–83
patents filed in, 66, 197
resources imported by, 61, 187
Chrysler, 286
Chu, Steven, 199–200
and Battery Hub, 133, 137, 204, 252, 253
and Bell Labs, 119, 120–22
and Energy Department, 119, 123–24, 135
re-creating Bell Labs, 131, 133, 140
climate change, 8, 60, 84, 143
Clinton, Bill, 125, 195, 199
Coetzer, Johan, 28
Coghill, Holly, 218–19, 220, 225, 228
Crabtree, George, 226–27, 243, 245–46, 248, 252–53
Crandall, Keith, 127
Crane, evaluations by, 195, 202, 262, 277–78, 279
Croy, Jason, 168–73, 228, 234, 238–41, 262, 278, 285–86, 287
crystallography, 31, 33
Dahn, Jeff, 58, 153, 196–98, 248
Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada, 47, 58, 153, 196
DARPA, 129, 203
David, Bill, 32, 33
diesel engines, 183, 184
Dole, Robert, 126
Dow Chemical, 116, 149, 150, 151, 196, 235, 243
Edison, Thomas A., 36–37, 121
electricity, wind and solar, 8, 191
electric vehicles:
batteries for, 4–6, 8, 19, 25, 39, 44, 47–48, 59, 60, 68, 70, 72, 74, 75, 76, 103, 107, 109, 125, 131–32, 142, 153–56, 161, 195–98, 207, 230–31, 255
five-five-five, 246, 248, 270
forty miles on one charge, 44–45, 47
future outlook for, 178–81, 183–85, 189
green footprint of, 214–15
hybrids, 8, 20, 36, 76, 109, 177–78, 179, 184, 185, 257
market for, 106, 109, 177–78, 181, 183, 186, 257, 267
new research system for, 244, 245–46, 286
production costs of, 183, 198, 201, 257
reliability in, 154–55, 187
Emanuel, Rahm, 131, 228, 253, 254
En-Caesar (National Center for Energy Storage Research), 133–36, 137, 138–39, 150, 282
EnerDel, 131, 185
Energy Department, U.S.:
Annual Merit Review, 141, 227–28
and ARPA-E, 193–95, 199–206
and auto industry, 105–6, 107
and Battery Hub, 133, 138, 204, 216, 218–19, 224, 226, 245, 247, 249, 250–52, 282
conference held by, 190–91
and En-Caesar, 134–36
and Envia, 165–66, 231–32
and national laboratories, 10, 11, 40, 77, 78, 105, 119, 122, 123, 127, 135, 140, 167, 287
and publication, 166
risk aversion in, 125–26
and Sematech, 129–31
and voltage fade, 158–61, 167, 283
energy outlook, 178–80
Envia Systems:
and ARPA-E, 193–95, 201–3, 207, 213
and battery competition, 78, 105–8, 193–95, 197, 201–3, 204–6, 207–8, 213–14
buyout sought by, 108, 201, 205–6
and Croy, 238–41
and DC resistance, 230–31
and GM, 110–17, 205, 206, 230–31, 255–59, 260–67, 272–75, 276–81, 286
and Kumar, see Kumar, Sujeet
lawsuits against, 280–81
and licensing, 86–87, 151, 156
and NMC, 72, 111, 156, 162, 169–71, 195, 196, 197–98, 202, 233–34, 286
start-up, 71–72, 78, 86, 165, 201
and venture capital, 86–87, 111–14
and voltage fade, 157–58, 163–65, 171
ExxonMobil, 8, 21, 35, 134
energy outlook by, 178–80, 191, 232
Faguy, Peter, 159–61, 166, 227, 283
Faraday, Michael, 27
Fermi, Enrico, 10, 23
financial meltdown (2008–2009), 7, 181, 190
Ford, Henry, 124
Ford Motor Company, 19–20, 21, 25, 158, 183, 286
fossil fuels, 121, 143, 178, 180, 183, 188
Franklin, Benjamin, 18
Freund, Erwin O., 11–12
Frisch, Damon, 231, 260
Gallagher, Kevin, 100, 185, 207–10, 224, 233
and ARPA-E, 201, 204
and Battery Hub, 212–14, 228, 243–45, 252
and Envia, 201, 208, 213–14, 277, 279
and Nelson-Gallagher model, 212, 213–14, 243–44
and Obama visit, 268–71
and voltage fade, 158, 239, 285–86
Galvani, Luigi, 18
Gates, Bill, 195, 199
Geely, 6, 284
General Electric (GE), 8, 62
General Motors (GM), 71, 183, 188, 196, 284, 285
bankruptcy filing by, 114
and Chevy Spark, 214
and DC resistance, 230–31
and Envia, 110–17, 205, 206, 230–31, 255–59, 260–67, 272–75, 276–81, 286
and EV1, 184
GM Ventures, 109–16, 151, 205
and Volt, see Volt
Goldwasser, Eugene, 127
Goodenough, John, 21, 22–26, 91, 113, 210, 269
and Battery Hub, 242–43
leadership style of, 25–26, 30, 101
and lithium-cobalt-oxide battery, 25, 27, 28–29, 31, 35, 38, 44, 45, 52, 58, 119, 152, 154
and Padhi, 37–39
and patents, 33, 36, 38–39, 66
and Thackeray, 30–32, 33, 38
Goodenough-Kanamori rules, 23
Greenberger, Jim, 130–31
Grove, Andrew, 75–76, 129
Gruen, Dieter, 10–11, 13–15, 209
Henriksen, Gary, 236–37
Herschel, William, 27
Higgs boson, 119
Hillebrand, Don, 182–85, 187–89, 228, 284, 286
Honda, 115, 116, 117, 206, 231, 257
Howard, Matt, 268–69
Howell, Dave, 107, 134–35, 160, 167, 210
Hu Jintao, 4
hybrid vehicles, 8, 20, 36, 76, 109, 177–78, 179, 184, 185, 257
Hyundai, 196
IBM, 186, 206
India, Union Carbide leak in, 36
Intel, 75–76, 121, 129
intercalation, use of term, 21
internal combustion engine, 19, 45, 109, 132, 154–55, 179, 181, 183
iPhone, 129, 187, 198, 250–51
Isaacs, Eric, 119, 269, 286
and Battery Hub, 135, 137–38, 216, 218–19, 220–21, 225–26, 243–44, 248, 250, 251, 253, 254
and En-Caesar, 135, 137
Iyer, Hari, 256, 258, 262–66, 274, 276, 277
Jae-kook Kim, 56, 57
Japan:
battery production in, 35, 102–3, 136, 178, 192
competition in, 36, 75, 99, 129, 130, 177–78, 214, 280
consumer battery market in, 5, 7, 8, 9, 142
and electric vehicles, 184, 284
patents in, 39, 66, 98–99, 197
U.S. ideas
moving to, 36, 187, 205
Jobs, Steve, 202
Johnson, Chris:
and lithium-ion, 41, 43, 58, 153
and NMC, 41, 43, 58–59, 72, 153, 159, 236, 278
and patents, 46, 56–57, 72, 153
and Thackeray, 40–41, 42, 43, 46, 287
and voltage fade, 159, 227–28
Johnson, Lady Bird, 179
Johnson Controls, 68, 131, 149, 150
Joshua, Matthus, 266, 273, 276
Jun Lu, 99
Kang Eun Kyung, 100–101
Kapadia, Atul, 91
and Envia/Kumar, 86, 106–7, 114–17, 166, 202–6, 255, 257–58, 261, 262–67, 274, 276–77, 279, 280–81
and venture capital, 85–86, 106–7, 112, 117
Khosla, Vinod, 190–91
Kumar, Sujeet, 83–87, 88–90, 91, 192–98
and Argonne, 83–85, 86, 152
and ARPA-E, 193–98, 201–6, 207, 230, 233, 277
and Chamberlain, 86–87, 88, 115–17, 203–4
and Energy Department, 105, 165–66, 190, 193, 231–32
and Envia, 86, 107–8, 111, 114, 116–17, 162–66, 206, 238–41, 239, 255–59, 260–67, 272–75, 276–81, 286
and GM, 110–14, 165, 205, 230–31, 256–59, 260–67, 276, 278–80, 286
and NanoeXA, 94–95, 267, 280–81
and NMC, 83, 84, 94, 95, 111, 128, 152, 155, 165, 169, 170–71, 193–96, 231, 261, 277, 286
and venture capital, 84–87, 106, 116, 126, 205–6
and voltage fade, 155, 157, 163–64, 168–69, 233–34, 238–39
lattice, 44
Lauckner, Jon, 109–14, 205, 231, 280, 286
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 132–33, 135–36, 165, 166, 260
Lawroski, Stephen, 13
LG Chemical, 9, 70–72, 110, 113–14, 156, 257, 261, 267, 285
Lindbergh, Erik, 286
Littlewood, Peter, 118–20, 122, 243–44, 286
Madia, Bill, 218–22, 223–24, 226, 253–54
Majumdar, Arun, 195, 199, 200–201, 203–5, 279
Manhattan Project, 10, 11, 129, 143
Mansfield, Mike, 23
Markovic, Nenad, 243
Mathias, Mark, 216, 231
Matsushita, 197
microchips, 75, 186
Microsoft model, 118
MIT, Lincoln Laboratory, 23
mobile phones, 122, 186
Moore’s law, 186
Morse, Edward, 180
Musk, Elon, 232–33
NanoeXa, 83–84, 94–95, 267, 280–81
Naperville, 13
natural gas, 60
Nelson, Paul, 16–17, 210–13
Newman, John, 132, 134–35
Nippon Telegraph and Telephone (NTT), 37–38, 39
Nissan, 107, 115, 116, 158, 183, 202, 284
Leaf, 177, 179, 183, 186
Nitz, Larry, 266–67, 273
nuclear age, 10, 14, 20
Oak Ridge National Lab, 11, 14, 137, 228, 242–43, 260
Obama, Barack:
Argonne visit of, 268–71
one-million-car goal, 5, 60
Obama administration, 135, 280
and battery competition, 70–71, 84, 107–8, 130, 187, 252, 253
and economic stimulus, 131, 203
and electric cars, 60, 106, 125, 145, 177, 178, 187, 261
and LG Chemical, 70–71, 113
oil:
Arab embargo (1973), 21, 23, 28
demand for, 8, 60–61, 178
electricity as challenge to, 152
and energy security, 142–43, 284
prices of, 8, 35, 60, 178, 179, 180, 183, 189
public image of, 84, 146
shale gas and, 180, 190
Okada, Shigeto, 37–39
omnivorous engine, 188
OPEC (Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries), 8, 23, 61, 183
Orbach, Ray, 242
Ovshinsky, Stan, 36
Oxford University, 24, 29–30, 32, 33, 36
Padhi, Akshaya, 37–39
Pak, Michael, 84, 94–95, 267
Panasonic, 9, 36, 197, 214, 232, 265
Park Sang-Jin, 102–3
Patel, Anish, 113
patent applications:
for NMC, 45, 58–59, 66, 170, 197
race for, 39, 47
for spinel, 33, 38–39
patents:
challenges to, 47
contributions described in, 57
enforcement of, 73
failure to patent, 127
government-funded, 68
infringement of, 39, 71
international, 65–69, 98, 153, 197
inventors’ names on, 156
lawsuits for, 39, 197
lead time for, 57–58
and licensing, 36, 68–69, 95
protection of, 78
provisional, 46, 55
and royalties, 36, 98, 149–51
signing away rights to, 36, 77
stealing ideas for, 38, 55
Pentagon, 127
Persson, Kristin, 243
Peters, Mark, 218, 220, 228, 251, 253
Planté, Gaston, 19
plutonium, creation of, 11
Popular Science, 19–20
Preto, Sandy, 16
Prius, 36, 153, 158, 177–78, 179, 185, 186, 188–89
Putin, Vladimir, 8, 284
Ralston Purina, 36
RCA, 62
Reagan, Ronald, 35, 122, 129
Redpoint Ventures, 112
Rickover, Hyman, 14
Riley, Bart, 154–58, 163
RockPort Capital Partners, 84–85
Roosevelt, Franklin D., 11
Russia, oil production in, 61, 183
Sadoway, Donald, 199
SAGE (computer memory), 23
Samsung, 9, 155, 158, 202, 205, 213, 231, 261, 265, 267, 284
Samsung SDI, 102–3, 104
Sattelberger, Al, 5
Schroeder, Dave, 62, 63–65
Seaborg, Glenn, 10
Seegopaul, Purnesh, 202–3, 263, 266, 274–75
Sematech (Semiconductor Manufacturing Technology), 129–31, 133, 282
Sharp, 214
Shin-Etsu, 265, 266, 281
silicon chips, 75–76
Silicon Valley, 129, 150, 201
Asian immigrants in, 90–94
Sinkula, Mike, 83–87, 88, 95, 110, 114, 116–17, 202, 263, 280
Slater, Mike, 207, 209
smart phones, 5, 167, 186, 187
Smil, Vaclav, 199
Solyndra, 203, 240
Sony, 35, 41, 118, 152, 197, 198, 214
South Africa, 27–28, 41–42, 43, 47
South Korea:
battery competition in, 99, 103, 114, 136, 214, 280, 284
consumer battery market in, 5, 8, 9, 37, 142
patents filed in, 66, 197
trade alliance with, 70–72
spec sheets, 115–16
spinel, 28–29, 30–32, 33, 38–39, 41–42, 45–46, 110, 113, 152, 153
Spitfire (chip), 85
Srinivasan, Venkat, 91, 120, 149, 220
Straubel, JB, 232
Sun-Ho Kang, 100–104, 155, 157–59, 213, 231
Sun Microsystems, 190
technology:
and global financial crises, 7–8
and Moore’s law, 186
usual path of, 185–86, 189, 192, 201
Teller, Edward, 23
Temping Yu, 99
Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA), 11
Tesla Motors, 232–33, 284
Thackeray, Lisa, 42, 217
Thackeray, Mike, 27–33, 40–48, 67, 103, 235–36, 237, 269, 270
and battery competition, 78, 91, 126, 180, 182
and Battery Hub, 132, 135, 137, 141–42, 149, 217–18, 221, 227–28, 248, 251, 254, 269
and Chamberlain, 27, 73–74, 77–78, 128, 141–42, 221
and collaboration, 140–42, 170
and Croy, 168, 170–72, 238, 241, 286, 287
and Envia/Kumar, 78, 85, 166, 168–72, 207, 255–56, 277, 278
and Johnson, 40–41, 42, 43, 46, 287
and lithium-ion, 31–33, 41–42, 45–46, 152, 153
move to Argonne, 41–42, 48, 53, 98, 102
and NMC, 41, 43–47, 55–57, 58, 66, 70–72, 72, 74, 79, 84, 102, 127, 132, 141, 152, 153–57, 160, 197
and patents, 33, 46–47, 73, 78, 84, 127, 153, 156, 170
and spinel, 28–29, 30–32, 33, 38, 41–42, 45–46, 110, 113, 152, 153
and voltage fade, 154–57, 159–60, 210, 238
Thatcher, Margaret, 35
thermodynamics, 154, 169, 170
3M Company, 58, 66, 153, 197–98
Toda, 67, 156
Toyota, 8, 115, 116, 117, 189, 231, 257, 284
and Prius, see Prius
Trahey, Lynn, 207, 208–10, 212, 268–71
transistor, 122
Tulgey Wood, 11–12
Ullrick, Brad, 224–25
Union Carbide, 36
Union of Concerned Scientists, 214–15
United States:
and battery competition, 5, 6, 7, 9, 68, 71, 74, 107, 151
energy requirements of, 75
industrial decline in, 37, 129
research cutbacks in, 62, 65
University of Chicago, 127
Stagg Field, 10, 11
University of Texas, 39, 242
uranium-235, 11
Vaughey, Jack, 135, 228, 235, 237–38
Vegetabile, Jim, 147
Venkatachalam, Mani, 163, 165
venture capital, 84–87, 106–7, 111–13, 116–17, 126, 128, 190–91, 201, 266, 274
Verbrugge, Mark, 111
Vissers, Don, 41–42, 53, 55, 102
Volt, 109–13, 145–48
batteries for, 3, 4, 5, 47–48, 70, 107, 113, 146–48, 155, 197–98, 233, 257, 266, 272, 280, 285
as concept car, 109, 110, 147
cost of, 72, 107, 109, 257
fires in, 145–46
as hybrid, 109, 185
in the lab, 188
market for, 72, 109, 183
next generation of, 110, 112, 256–57
sales of, 109, 177, 186
Volta, Alessandro, 18, 19, 45
Wan Gang, 60, 76, 96, 178, 180, 280, 282–83, 284
U.S. visit of, 3–6, 7, 9, 27, 79
Wanxiang, 252
Watson, T. J., 121
Whittingham, Stan, 21, 24, 35