Edward VII

by Catharine Arnold

  In 1871, Bertie received a letter from a Mrs. Harriet Whatman, who was writing to him through “a sense of duty and loyalty to your Person” and out of concern for her close friend, “a most unfortunate and unhappy lady.”43 This unhappy lady was Lady Susan Vane Tempest, one of Bertie’s earliest mistresses following his marriage. Lady Susan had been widowed after her husband, a violent alcoholic, had died in a madhouse, and now she was facing another tragedy. According to Harriet, Lady Susan was facing a “crisis.” “The Position is a most pitiable one and most dangerous for all parties. Without any funds to meet the necessary expenses and to buy the discretion of the servants, it is impossible to keep this sad secret.”44 In other words, Lady Susan was pregnant and claiming Bertie as the father.

  If Lady Susan had still been married, this might not have been a problem. In society, the convention in such circumstances was that the husband would raise the child as his own. This was part of his code as a gentleman. But a single woman who fell pregnant faced social annihilation. Harriet’s letter made it plain that Lady Susan’s pregnancy was advanced. It was a plea for funds, as Lady Susan’s “private means were very small,”45 and an attempt at blackmail, with the rather threatening statement that “I dread some catastrophe that may awaken public attention to the facts.”46

  The same post brought a letter from Lady Susan herself. “I cannot tell your Royal Highness how utterly miserable I am that you should have left London without coming to see me … what have I done to offend you?”47 she wrote, before adding that she had done her best to “obey the orders your Royal Highness gave me the last time I had the happiness of seeing you, but the answer was ‘too late and too dangerous.’”48

  At a time when termination was illegal, the word “abortion” never appears, but Lady Susan’s next letter to Bertie makes the situation clear. “Your Royal Highness blames me for not at once going to Dr C. as you desired me, but you can understand it was most painful to go to an utter stranger under such sad circumstances, when my own doctor had done everything he could for me as long as it was possible to do so with safety.”49 “Dr C.” was Oscar Clayton, Bertie’s own physician.

  Lady Susan went on to apologize for keeping Bertie in ignorance of the facts, hoping that she could deal with the situation herself, but now, obviously facing the prospect of giving birth, she was looking for a small house to rent, away from prying eyes, in “Southend, Surbiton or Ramsgate. Perhaps as the latter is a seaside place it might be the safest, as people would not then wonder why I left town.”50 Lady Susan was subsequently installed in a town house in Wellington Crescent, Ramsgate, to await the birth of a child in late 1871. But on February 3, 1872, she wrote to Bertie’s private secretary, Francis Knollys, asking for more money to pay Clayton’s fees, as she was feeling very unwell and could not even set foot out of bed. There is no mention of a birth, suggesting that Clayton had performed a late abortion and Lady Susan was suffering from complications. Lady Susan’s last letter to Bertie, sent five days later to congratulate Bertie on his recovery from typhoid, ends on a disturbing note: “Forgive me such a scrawl my dear sir as I am a cripple on two sticks and cannot move about!!!!”51 Lady Susan died just three years later, and the fate of her child is unknown.

  Chapter Four

  MORDAUNT VS. MORDAUNT

  To sin in secret was one story, to shake the home by getting into the newspapers or law courts another.… Society turned pitilessly on those who tumbled openly into trouble.

  —ANITA LESLIE, EDWARDIANS IN LOVE

  In 1869, Harriet Mordaunt, wife of Sir Charles Mordaunt, MP, gave birth to her first child at their country seat, Walton Hall in Warwickshire. Harriet’s baby, a daughter named Violet Caroline, was born prematurely and swiftly developed an eye infection. While this is a common-enough condition, Harriet became obsessed with the idea that there was something seriously wrong and that Violet had been born blind as a result of inherited venereal disease. Harriet seems to have developed postpartem psychosis, and servants later alleged that she had even tried to kill her baby. Harriet sent for her husband, Sir Charles Mordaunt, and confessed that she had committed adultery “in open day” with three men: Lord Cole, the Earl of Enniskillen; Freddie Johnson; and the Prince of Wales.1

  The eye infection was soon cured, and there was no evidence that Violet had inherited venereal disease, but the damage was done. Sir Charles broke into Harriet’s desk, found three letters from Bertie, and commenced divorce proceedings. This was an almost unprecedented action in Victorian upper-class society. The convention was that a gentleman would avoid the scandal of divorce at all costs, and accept the “bastard child” into his family. But Sir Charles was not a gentleman, and was unwilling to play by Marlborough House rules.2

  Bertie’s culpability in all this is debatable. Bertie had certainly written to Harriet, sending her those noncommittal little notes that he sent to all his lady friends, lovers or otherwise. There was also a valentine, but perhaps that was a lighthearted gesture. In some respects, Harriet occupied the role of old friend rather than mistress. Bertie had known Harriet from childhood, when she had been little Harriet Moncreiffe, growing up near Balmoral in a family of Scots beauties. Sensitive and highly strung, Harriet was not really mistress material; she lacked “that asbestos lining to the sensibilities that was so necessary for any woman playing sexual hide-and-seek around the Prince.”3

  Harriet had entertained Bertie at the Moncreiffes’ London home before her engagement to Sir Charles Mordaunt, MP for South Warwickshire, and Bertie’s visits had continued after their marriage. Given Bertie’s reputation, Sir Charles’s suspicions were understandable. But the Mordaunts had seemed at ease with the Marlborough House set, visiting the theater with Bertie and Alix and even staying as guests at Sandringham. Whether there was something more between Harriet and Bertie was a matter for conjecture. During the divorce trial, servants giving evidence on behalf of Sir Charles claimed that Harriet had entertained male visitors alone at Walton Hall, acting like “a beast of the field.”4 Bertie was just one of those male visitors. In July 1869, Sir Charles returned home unexpectedly from a fishing expedition and found Harriet driving two white ponies, a gift from Bertie, while Bertie stood on the steps and looked on. Bertie left immediately and Sir Charles ordered the grooms to bring the ponies round. Sir Charles dragged Harriet down the steps and shot the ponies dead in front her.5

  Harriet’s family, fearing the loss of their good name, declared that she was insane from the outset and the tales of affairs were nothing more than fantasy. While Harriet’s family maintained that Harriet was unfit to appear in court, Sir Charles responded that she was faking her symptoms to avoid a trial. Harriet was examined by medical experts, including the leading and enlightened “mad doctor” Thomas Harrington Tuke and Bertie’s personal physician, William Gull, who could not agree on a diagnosis. As a result, the judge, Lord Penzance, ruled that the question of Harriet’s sanity would have to be decided upon by a jury, in open court. By the time the case came up, Harriet had deteriorated physically and mentally; her symptoms included hysterical laughter, eating the fluff off the carpet, and daubing feces on the walls.6 But the legal point was whether Harriet was actually mad when the writ for divorce was served on her.7

  Bertie found himself in the highly embarrassing position of being subpoenaed as a witness in the Mordaunt divorce trial. No Prince of Wales had ever been subpoenaed to appear in court before, let alone in a divorce case, and the prospect of being cross-examined was dreadful.

  “I shall be subject to a most rigid cross examination by [Mordaunt’s counsel] who will naturally try to turn and twist everything that I say in order to compromise me,” Bertie wrote to the queen. “On the other hand, if I do not appear, the public may suppose that I shrink from answering these imputations which have been cast upon me. Under either circumstance I am in a very awkward position.”8

  The press had already smelled blood. The republican Reynold’s Newspaper accused Bertie of being “an accomplice i
n bringing dishonour to the homestead of an English gentleman.”9 As one biographer put it: “the irresponsible gossip spread a misconception of the Prince as a superman of pleasure, who lacked serious interests.”10

  Bertie’s family and friends went to great lengths to save him from the embarrassment of having to appear in court. Queen Victoria wrote to the lord chancellor, Lord Hatherley, saying that the court appearance would damage Bertie in the eyes of the middle and lower classes, showing him as imprudent in forming a close relationship with a young married woman.11 The lord chancellor replied that the law was clear in this respect: even the heir to the throne could be subpoenaed and forced to appear. In desperation, Bertie turned to George Lewis, the most famous solicitor of the day. Lewis was described in The Dictionary of National Biography as a solicitor who “obtained what was for more than a quarter of a century the practical monopoly of those cases where the seamy side of society is unveiled, and where the sins and follies of the wealthy classes threaten exposure and disaster.”12 While Lewis appeared in almost every cause célèbre in the London law courts for thirty-five years, his reputation lay not in just his skill in winning cases but in keeping them out of court altogether.13 On this occasion, however, even Lewis could not keep Bertie out of court. Lewis’s advice was: “Accept the summons. Go boldly into the witness box—it is the only way to clear your name.”14

  Bertie was called to give evidence before Lord Penzance and a special jury on February 23, 1870. It had been decided not to cite Bertie as a corespondent but as a witness on behalf of Harriet, who by this time had been declared insane and confined to an asylum. Bertie underwent a seven-minute examination in the witness box by Harriet’s counsel, who asked outright, “Has there ever been any improper familiarity between yourself and Lady Mordaunt?” As Bertie replied resoundingly, “No! Never!” applause rang out from the public gallery. Bertie was not cross-examined by Sir Charles’s counsel, and Sir Charles’s petition for divorce was dismissed on the grounds of Harriet’s insanity.

  “I trust by what I have said today, that the public at large will be satisfied that the gross imputations which have been so wantonly cast upon me are now cleared up,” Bertie wrote to his mother later that day.15 But the public at large was not so easily silenced. Reynold’s Newspaper speculated that “even the staunchest supporters of monarchy [must] shake their heads and express anxiety as to whether the Queen’s successor will have the tact and talent to keep royalty upon its legs and out of the gutter”16 upon reading that Bertie was appearing in a divorce court.

  Bertie’s indiscretions were treated as crimes: he was hissed at in the streets of London, and greeted with boos and catcalls when he arrived at the theater. Princess Alix stood by throughout these events, accompanying Bertie to official functions, and winning hearts and minds of her own on account of her loyalty. On one occasion, at a City of London dinner, when the toastmaster summoned guests to raise their glasses to the Prince of Wales, the guests shouted: “To the Princess!”17 Three months later, at Ascot, Bertie was met with further abuse, but when one of his horses won the last race, the crowd relented and cheered him. “You seem to be in better temper now than you were this morning, damn you!”18 Bertie retorted, and the crowd whooped and laughed. All was forgiven. Bertie was the people’s Prince once more.

  Throughout the Mordaunt divorce case, Bertie demonstrated his extraordinary instinct for self-preservation. Had Bertie undergone a cutthroat cross-examination from Sir Charles’s counsel, and somehow implied that he had been involved with Harriet, the consequences were unimaginable. To sin so outrageously against the Victorian moral code could only lead to exile and death, as Oscar Wilde was to discover a generation later. But Bertie neatly sidestepped the allegations and it was accepted that Harriet, far from telling the truth by a confession of adultery to her husband, had been out of her mind. This would not be the last time that Bertie would escape a public whipping and leave a victim bobbing in his wake; he may not have intended to sacrifice Harriet, but that was the consequence.

  The real scandal in all this was the fate of poor Harriet. Whether or not Harriet had originally been mad, and her symptoms suggest postpartum psychosis, she had certainly become mad by the time of the trial. Harriet’s daughter, Violet, was taken from her, and raised in a cold and loveless fashion at Walton Hall. Harriet never recovered, and spent the remainder of her life in asylums. Mercifully, she was spared the worst excesses of Victorian mental treatment as a patient of the enlightened Dr. Tuke, who ran a progressive and liberal regime at the Manor House Asylum in Chiswick. Harriet later moved on to Hayes Park Private Asylum in Hillingdon, which specialized in distressed aristocrats, and died in 1906. She was buried in Brompton Cemetery.19 Harriet, mad or not, never had any doubt that Bertie had been responsible for her downfall; the last we see of Harriet is the poor woman hurling a teacup at a portrait of Bertie and screaming: “That has been the ruin of me. You have been the curse of my life, damn you.”20

  Chapter Five

  JENNIE CHURCHILL, THE DOLLAR PRINCESS

  Lady Randolph was like a marvellous diamond—a host of facets seemed to sparkle at once.

  —DAISY, COUNTESS OF WARWICK

  One of Jennie Jerome’s earliest memories was being hoisted onto the back of her father’s racehorse, Kentucky, after it won the Saratoga Cup in 1864.1 This image provides a lasting impression of young Jennie, with her huge gray eyes and glossy black hair: a young girl raised in luxury, seated upon a prizewinning racehorse, the apple of her father’s eye. Nothing was too good for Jennie Jerome.

  Jeanette “Jennie” Jerome had been born ten years earlier to Leonard Jerome, millionaire property speculator, and his wife, Clara, who claimed Iroquois descent in the days before it was socially acceptable to mention Native American ancestry. Named after the opera singer Jenny Lind, she was raised in New York City with her sisters, Clara (1851–1935) and Leonie (1859–1945). Leonard Jerome was the prototypical American millionaire: flamboyant, generous, larger than life. His passion for the theater and opera was surpassed only by his love of horses, and it was said that when he acquired land on which to build a mansion on Madison Square in 1860 he built his stable before he built his house. The mansion itself was spectacular, redbrick trimmed with white marble, looking like nothing so much as an enormous strawberry pie set amid the chocolate rows of brownstone houses.2 Above the stable Jerome built a private theater, handsomely adorned, and for years it was the center of fashion. New York’s top four hundred families eagerly sought admission to Jerome’s fantastic parties, and he “dazzled society with the glitter and novelty of his carriages, the costliness of his blooded horses, and excited its dubious admiration by his extravagance, his fantastic speculation, his scandalous love affairs, his incredible parties.”3 He made, lost, and made again fortunes; he was reputed to be worth more than ten million dollars. Jerome was also a ladies’ man, often seen driving around Manhattan in a coach loaded with beautiful women. On Sundays, he would wave to friends strolling to church. “[G]ay and laughing ladies in gorgeous costume filled the carriage … with a huge bouquet of flowers attached to his buttonhole, with white gloves, cracking his whip, and with the shouts of the parties, the four horses would rush up Fifth Avenue, on toward the Park,” as people said to one another, “That’s Jerome!”4

  Clara Jerome, who had been brought up to spend Sundays at home with the blinds drawn, disapproved of such extravagance and tried to keep her daughters in the country.5 But in 1867 Mrs. Jerome took the girls to Paris, along with their black nurse, Dobby.6 Mrs. Jerome was aware that she had three soon-to-be-marriagable daughters and was concerned about their future. Although the Jeromes were wealthy, Leonard’s boom-and-bust career was precarious, and the family was considered nouveau riche by the American top drawer. In Europe, their fortunes might be different; indeed, their wealth would be welcomed by impoverished titled families eager to marry “dollar princesses.” Mrs. Jerome emphasized their French surname, originally Huguenot, as evidence of their old-wo
rld breeding.7

  In 1867, with the Second Empire at its height, Paris reveled in a daily succession of “royal processions and cavalcades,” fetes and parties.8 Mrs. Jerome organized an exhausting course of cultural activities for her daughters, and introduced them to French high society. Still a great beauty, Mrs. Jerome was known as la belle Americaine,9 while her daughters experienced the French equivalent of the debutante scene at the French imperial court. Clara attended her first ball at the Tuileries at the age of eighteen, dressed in a white crinoline, curtseying to Emperor Louis Napoleon and Empress Eugénie. At a cotillion, resplendent in her white dress with marguerites, Clara played chat et souris (cat and mouse) and was chased by the Prince Imperial in and out of the crowd of guests, until she caught her foot in the Duchesse de Mouchy’s dress and fell over.10

  But storm clouds were gathering. France went to war with Prussia in 1870 and despite the court apparently carrying on as before, this way of life was about to change. France attacked Germany and suffered serious losses, but kept her spirits high. When the Jerome girls attended the opera, the entire audience stood up to sing “La Marseillaise.”11 Lessons ceased as the maids and governesses disappeared. Mrs. Jerome sprained her ankle and could scarcely walk, and the girls realized that this golden world they had inhabited all too briefly was about to disappear.12 The family fled to the Gare du Nord, Mrs. Jerome hobbling on the arm of Dobby, and caught the last train out of Paris.13