Behave: The Biology of Humans at Our Best and Worst
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arbitrary signals and, 391
charitable acts and, 548–50
childhood adversity and, 196
D4 receptor, gene for (DRD4), 256, 258, 260, 261, 279
7R variant, 256, 279–81
empathy and, 534, 545, 546
genes and, 255–58, 264, 279–81, 280
L-DOPA and, 693
DRD4 gene, 256, 258, 260, 261, 279
7R variant of, 256, 279–81
drone pilots, 645–46
drought, 303
drugs, 65, 76, 196
neuropharmacology, 693–94
Drummond, Edward, 586
Dunbar, Robin, 429
Dunbar’s number, 430
Dweck, Carol, 595
Dylan, Bob, 184
Eakin, John, 554
East Asia, 277–78
Eckford, Elizabeth, 640
E. coli, 343, 380
economic games and game theory, 18, 55, 66, 77, 89, 93, 104, 112, 116, 255, 272, 292, 345, 393, 398, 497–500, 609, 610, 624
Dictator Game, 497, 498
hunger and, 92, 449
language effects on, 92–93, 491
Prisoner’s Dilemma (PD), 92, 116, 345–46, 372, 393, 557, 633, 634
public good, 495–96
third-party punishment, 497
Tit for Tat, 346–53, 363, 634, 666
Contrite, 350
Forgiving, 350, 351
Ultimatum Game, 38–39, 106, 486, 497, 498, 500, 610, 635
educational attainment, 263
egalitarian cultures, 291–96
egalitarianism, 167, 180–81
Eichmann, Adolf, 464, 475
Eisenberger, Naomi, 165
Eisenegger, Christoph, 106
Eldredge, Niles, 374–75, 385
Elias, Norbert, 617
Ellsberg, Daniel, 652
El Niños, 302
Emanuel African Methodist Episcopal Church, 641
Ember, Carol, 319, 321
Emerson, Ralph Waldo, 520
emotional contagion, 522
in animals, 523–26, 569
in children, 527–58
brain and, 22–28
cognition and, 54–58
eyes and, 89, 97
and frontal cortical changes in adolescence, 160
reappraisal and, 60–61, 160, 453
empathy, 3, 4, 15, 18, 46, 169, 454, 521–52, 617
in adolescence, 167–69
affective side of, 528–31, 552
cognitive load and, 534–35, 546
cognitive side of, 528, 531–35, 552
compassionate acts and, 542–45, 551, 614
effectiveness in, 545–46
emotional contagion, 522
in animals, 523–26, 569
in children, 527–28
group loyalty and, 395
mimicry and, 102, 522–24
mirror neurons and supposed role in, 540–41
pain and, 86, 133, 169, 180, 395, 522, 523, 527, 532, 533, 540, 545–47, 550–52, 560, 568
self-interest in, 547–50, 642
stress and, 133
Us/Them and, 532–35
wealthy people and, 533–34
in young children, 179–81
endocrinology, 7
basics of, 707–10
see also hormones
Enlightenment, 615, 617
environmental degradation, 302
envy, 15, 67
epilepsy, 605–6, 610, 611
epinephrine, 27, 126
equality, 395
Escherichia coli, 343, 380
estrogen, 117, 118, 144, 158
genes and, 260
prenatal, 211–13
ethology, 10, 81–84
Evans, Robert, 294–95
evolution, 7, 15, 21, 328–86
adaptation in, 380–85
basics of, 328–31
behavior and, 331–32
continuous and gradual, 374–80
evidence for, 329–30
exaptation in, 381, 569
fossil record and, 329, 330, 375, 376
founder populations and, 353–54, 633
genes and, 328–29, 373–74
genotype vs. phenotype in, 360–62
group selection in, 332–33, 426
human, 365–73
individual selection in, 366–68
kin selection in, 368–72, 499
and reciprocal altruism and neo-group selectionism, 372–73
as tournament vs. pair-bonded, 365–66
individual selection in, 333–36, 366–68
intersexual genetic conflict and, 359–60
kin selection in, 336–42, 368–72, 499, 570
cousins and, 339–40
green-beard effect and, 341–42, 353, 390, 409, 633, 637
and recognizing relatedness, 340–41, 570
misconceptions about, 328–29
multilevel selection in, 360–65
natural selection in, 330–31
neo-group selection in, 360, 363–65, 372–73
observed in real time, 379–80
and pair-bonding vs. tournament species, 354–58, 360, 365–66, 383
parent-offspring conflict and, 358–59
punctuated equilibrium in, 374–80, 384–85
reciprocal altruism and, 342–54, 372–73
optimal cooperation strategy and, 345–53
starting cooperation and, 353–54
selection for complexity and, 329
selection for preadaptation and, 329
sexual selection in, 330–31
sociobiology and, 331–33, 374–76, 380–84
spandrels and, 381–82, 382
survival of the fittest and, 328–29
tinkering and improvisation in, 381, 568–69
evolutionary psychology, 331–32
executions, 170–71, 472, 582
firing squads, 471–72
executive function, 48
sustained stress and, 130–31
see also cognition; frontal cortex
executive stress syndrome, 436
eyes, social impact of, 89, 97, 623
Facebook, 164, 667
faces, 85–89, 129, 275
amygdala and, 85, 89, 388, 395, 408–9, 416, 418
beauty in, and confusion with goodness, 88, 443
disgust and, 411
dominant, 432, 433
eyes, social impact of, 89, 97, 623
fear and, 85, 395, 411
fusiform response to, 80, 85–86, 88, 114, 122n, 388, 402
gender of, 88
infants and, 391–92
race of, 85–87, 89, 391–92, 398, 408–9, 418–19, 614, 628–29
testosterone and, 102, 104
voting and, 442–44
FADS2 gene, 246
Fail-Safe (Burdick and Wheeler), 349n–50n
Fairbanks, Lynn, 337
fairness and justice, 323–24, 449, 450
children’s sense of, 181, 483–84
see also morality and moral decisions
Farah, Martha, 195
fascism, 202, 308, 401
fear:
aggression and, 44
amygdala and, 34, 36–40, 42, 44, 85, 87–90, 97, 129
faces and, 85, 395, 411
innate vs. learned, 36
pheromones and, 90
sustained stress and, 128–30
Fehr, Ernst, 55, 106, 517
Felt, W. Mark, 652
Ferguson, R. Brian, 308, 309
fetus
, 210–11
conflict with mother, 358–59
prenatal environment and, 7, 210–21
hormones in, 211–19
fight or flight response, 26, 125, 133–34, 149n
finches, 379
firing squads, 471–72
Fischer, David Hackett, 288
fish, tit for tat behavior in, 351–52
Fiske, Richard, 654–55, 655, 660, 668, 670
Fiske, Susan, 408, 411, 421, 522, 533, 628–29
5HTT gene, 246, 251, 260, 261
fission-fusion species, 51, 429–30
flags, symbolic power of, 391, 554
Floyd, Pretty Boy, 184
Flynn effect, 617
Forbes, Chad, 89
forgiveness, 15, 18, 395, 638, 640–42
truth and reconciliation commissions (TRC), 638–39, 642
fossils, 329, 330, 375, 376
founder populations, 353–54, 633
foxes, domestication of Siberian silver, 377–78, 378
Francis, Darlene, 220
Frank, Laurence, 120
Franklin, Rosalind, 714
free will, 583n, 585, 586, 591, 598, 605, 607–9, 612–13
brain damage and, 590–91, 597, 598, 601–2, 609
and causation vs. compulsion, 593
Libet experiment and, 594
mitigated, 586–90, 592, 593, 595–98, 605
homunculus concept of, 588–89, 595–97, 600, 602, 607, 608
and starting a behavior vs. halting it, 594–95
Freud, Sigmund, 188–90, 222
Friedman, Thomas, 620
frontal cortex, 18, 19, 30, 38, 42, 45–64, 88, 91–92, 100, 132–34, 143, 144, 557, 607, 614
childhood adversity and, 195, 196
cognition and, 47–50, 159
damage to, 53, 590–91, 609
and doing the harder thing when it’s the correct thing to do, 45, 47–48, 50, 51, 55, 56, 63, 64, 74, 75, 92, 130, 134, 513, 515, 614
genes and, 173
insular cortex (insula), 41–42, 46, 59, 69, 398–99, 454, 531, 560–61, 10
limbic system and, 58–64
maturation in adolescence, 154–60, 171–73, 589–90, 592–93
subregions of, 46–47
Us/Them dichotomies and, 416–17
see also prefrontal cortex
frontal lobotomies (aka leukotomies), 9
Fry, Douglas, 313, 314, 322–23, 322
fusiform face area, 80, 85–86, 88, 114, 122n, 388, 402
GABA, 119, 692
Gabrieli, John, 86
Gaddafi, Muammar, 653
Gage, Fred “Rusty,” 148
Gage, Phineas, 51–53, 52
Gallese, Vittorio, 535, 539, 540
galvanic skin resistance (GSR), 453
gambling, 73
game theory, see economic games and game theory
Gandhi, Mahatma, 652
Gauthier, Isabel, 80
Gazzaniga, Michael, 591
Geertz, Clifford, 271
gender:
differences, see sex differences
of a face, 88
grammatical, 558n
generosity, punishment for, 292n, 496
genes, 7–8, 10, 21, 108, 173, 223–65, 614
behavior and, 224, 233–49
“Big Five” personality traits and, 236
and difference between traits being inherited and having a high degree of heritability, 242–43
and fragile nature of heritability estimates, 241–45
gene/environment interactions and, 245–48
indirect routes in, 237
molecular genetics and, 249–50
papers published on, 605
suspicion of links in, 224
twin and adoption studies and, 234–41
violence, 224
candidate, study of, 250
chance and, 232–33
chromosomes, 223
and collectivist vs. individualistic populations, 277
and distortions of genetics, 224
DNA in, 108, 147, 223, 225–33, 261–62
as blueprint for constructing proteins, 712–14
mutations and polymorphisms and, 714–17
noncoding, 226
dopamine system and, 255–58, 264, 279–81, 280
DRD4, 256, 258, 260, 261, 279
7R variant, 256, 279–81
environment and, 225–29, 245–48
epigenetics, 220–21, 229–30
papers published on, 605
essentialism and, 224–25
evolution and, 328–29, 373–74
exons and introns, 230–31
FADS2, 246
“fishing expeditions” in study of, 261–63
5HTT, 246, 251, 260, 261
frontal cortex and, 173
oxytocin and vasopressin and, 227, 258–59
political orientation and, 455
reductionist view and, 224
RNA in, 225, 226, 230, 233, 713–14
“selfish,” 333, 342, 361, 367
serotonin and, 227, 246, 250–55, 264
steroid hormones and, 259–61
estrogen, 260
testosterone, 227, 259–60
transcription factor (TF) and, 226–29, 233
transposable elements in, 231–32
“warrior,” 77, 253–54
Genghis Khan, 367
genome, 223
genomewide association studies (GWAS), 261–64
genomics, 224
Genovese, Kitty, 94
Gettysburg, Battle of, 554, 644
Giuliani, Rudy, 95, 395–96
Gladwell, Malcolm, 152
glia cells, 680
global warming, 303
Glowacki, Luke, 314
glucocorticoids, 125–27, 129, 130, 132, 143, 144, 149n, 193, 275
early-life stressors and, 194–96
genes and, 260
prenatal, 219–20
rank and, 436–38, 438, 440
glutamate, 139–41, 143, 692
Gobodo-Madikizela, Pumla, 629–30
Golden Balls, 345n
Golden Rule, 494, 520
Golgi, Camillo, 688
Goodall, Jane, 269–71, 358n
Gopnik, Adam, 79
Gore, Al, 403
gorillas, mountain, 335–36
gossip, 324, 433, 503
Gould, Elizabeth, 148
Gould, Stephen Jay, 84, 362, 374–75, 380–85
Goy, Robert, 212–15
Graham v. Florida, 589
Grant, Peter and Rosemary, 379
graven images, 553
Grayling, Anthony, 541
Greely, Hank, 598n
Green Bay Packers, 405
green-beard effect, 341–42, 353, 390, 409, 633, 637
Greene, Joshua, 58, 450, 488–90, 505–9, 511, 518–19, 533, 575, 586, 609
Gross, James, 60
Grossman, David, 644–47, 660
guilt, 471–72, 502
Guilt: The Bite of Conscience (Katchadourian), 502
Gulag Archipelago, The (Solzhenitsyn), 465
Gulf War, 632
Guthrie, Woody, 184
Habituation to reward, 67–70
Habyarimana, Juvénal, 571
Hadza, 317–19, 318, 498, 620
Haidt, Jonathan, 400, 449, 450, 481, 483, 488, 494, 509, 562
Haig, David, 359
Haig, Douglas, 395
haka ritual, 17n
Haldane, J. B. S., 336
Hamad, Ghazi, 575
<
br /> Hamilton, W.D. (Bill), 333, 341–42, 344, 348, 634
Hamlin, Kiley, 484
Hancock, Winfield Scott, 409n
Harlow, Harry, 190–91, 205, 222
Harmless People, The (Thomas), 319
Harris, Judith Rich, 203–4
Harris, Sam, 513n, 583n
Hartley, L. P., 616
Haslam, Alex, 467–68
health:
disease, 302, 423
personality and, 439
status and, 293–95, 439, 441–42
Hebb, Donald, 138, 147, 248
Henrich, Joseph, 496–97, 623
Heraclitus, 624
Heston, Charlton, 387
Hickok, Gregory, 538–40
hierarchy(ies), 425–44, 475–76, 478, 491
leadership and, 425–26, 436, 442
nature and variety of, 426–30
pecking order, 427
rank, in humans, 430–44
body and, 435–39
brain and, 434, 475
detecting, 432–34
internal standards and, 432
leaders and, 442–44, 476
membership in multiple hierarchies, 431
specialization of, 431
ranking systems, 425–30
Us/Them categorization and, 421–22, 425
Hines, Melissa, 216
Hinkley, John, Jr., 587
hippocampus, 38n, 42, 45, 60, 78, 141–44, 148–53, 436
childhood adversity and, 195, 196
neurons in, 704
Hitler, Adolf, 1–2, 202, 664
Hoa, Do, 658
Hobbes, Thomas, 305, 309, 317, 321, 325, 616
Ho Chi Minh, 415
Hoffman, Abbie, 396n
Hoffman, Julius, 396n
Hoffman, Morris, 609
Hofling hospital experiment, 464n
Holland, John, 350
Holt, Luther, 188
homeostasis, 125, 126
homunculus, in free will, 588–89, 595–97, 600, 602, 607, 608
homosexuality, 236
honor, 501
cultures of, 207, 283, 284, 501
American South, 207, 284–88, 501
honor killings in, 288–91, 290
hormones, 6–8, 11, 15, 21, 27, 99–136, 223
ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone), 125, 708–9
and aggression in females, 117–24, 135–36
perimenstrual, 121–24
CRH (corticotropin-releasing hormone), 125, 129, 132, 708–9
endocrinology basics, 707–10
estrogen, 117, 118, 144, 158
genes and, 260
prenatal, 211–13
neurotransmitters and, 707–10
oxytocin, see oxytocin and vasopressin
in prenatal environment, 211–19
progesterone, 117–19, 124, 158, 211, 708
receptors of, 709–10
stress and, 17, 36–37, 124–34, 708
testosterone, see testosterone
vasopressin, see oxytocin and vasopressin