Behave: The Biology of Humans at Our Best and Worst

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Behave: The Biology of Humans at Our Best and Worst Page 94

by Robert M. Sapolsky


  Nyangatom, 314

  Obama, Barack, 402n–3n

  obedience and conformity, 35, 449, 451, 455–75, 477

  in animals, 456–58

  brain and, 459–61

  modulators of, 469–75

  alternative actions, 474–75

  nature of authority, 470

  nature of victim, 473

  qualities of person being pressured, 473–74

  stress, 474

  what is being required and in what context, 470–73

  roots of, 456–59

  studies on, 461–69

  by Asch, 461, 464, 470, 474

  BBC Prison Study 467–68

  Hofling hospital experiment, 464n

  Milgram’s shock experiment, 461–62, 464–66, 468, 469, 470, 471, 473, 474

  Zimbardo’s Stanford Prison Experiment (SPE), 461, 463–68, 475

  object permanence, 176

  Ochsner, Kevin, 529

  O’Connor, Sandra Day, 590, 592

  olfaction, see smell

  olfactory bulb, 24

  On Killing: The Psychological Cost of Learning to Kill in War and Society (Grossman), 644–47

  operant conditioning, 37n, 82

  optimism, 102–3, 643

  organ donation to strangers, 18

  Organization of Behavior, The (Hebb), 138

  Otzi, 307, 307

  ovulation, 88, 122n, 402

  oxytocin and vasopressin, 107–17, 133, 134, 135, 530

  ASD (autism spectrum disorder) and, 114

  and behavior to out-groups, 116–17, 135, 389, 614

  contingent effects of, 115

  dark side of, 115–17

  genes and, 227, 258–59

  papers published on, 603, 604

  prosociality vs. sociality and, 113–14, 116, 117

  Pääbo, Svante, 365

  pain, 559–60

  aggression and, 91

  amygdala and, 41

  empathy and, 86, 133, 169, 180, 395, 522, 523, 527, 532, 533, 540, 545–47, 550–52, 560, 568

  two types of, 698–99, 698

  pair bonding, 109–12, 337

  tournament species vs., 354–58, 360, 383

  Paisley, Ian, 577n–78n

  Palestinians, 575

  Panglossian paradigm, 383

  Papez, James, 24

  parasites, 232n

  parasympathetic nervous system (PNS), 27

  parents, parenting, 202–9

  attachment, 189n

  authoritarian, 203

  authoritative, 203

  communal child rearing and, 371

  conflict with offspring, 358–59

  mother-infant bond, 189–90

  mothers, 109, 115–16, 188–94

  breastfeeding, 189n

  permissive, 203

  Parkes, A. S., 298

  Parkinson’s disease, 693

  Parks, Rosa, 652

  Pascual-Leone, Alvaro, 146

  pastoralism, 282–83, 288, 379

  religion and, 283, 304

  pattern separation, 149

  Pavlovian conditioning, 37n

  Paxton, Joseph, 518–19

  peace:

  peaceology, 647

  see also war and peace

  Pearl Harbor, 653–55

  pedophilia, 597, 598

  Peel, Robert, 586–87

  peers, 164–67, 204

  periaqueductal gray (PAG), 41, 42, 59, 527

  Perkins, Marlin, 332, 426, 427

  Perry, Gina, 466

  personality traits, 439

  compliance and, 473–74

  genes and, 236

  repressive, 63n

  perspective taking, 419, 522, 523, 617

  Peterson, Dale, 316

  Phelps, Elizabeth, 67, 85

  phenylketonuria, 246

  pheromones, 84, 90, 340

  phobias and amygdala, 36

  Piaget, Jean, 176–78, 181, 479

  Pinker, Steven, 306–9, 311–15, 319, 321, 541, 616–20

  pituitary gland, 99, 108, 125, 621, 708–9

  Planet of the Apes, 387, 388

  Plants and transposable genetic elements, 232

  play, 204–5

  playback experiments, 338, 352, 428

  Plomin, Robert, 239

  PMC (premotor cortex), 47, 166–68, 535–36, 540

  PMDD (premenstrual dysphoric disorder), 121–22

  PMS (premenstrual syndrome), 121–24

  Poe, Edgar Allan, 62

  political orientations, 88, 90, 444–55, 476–77

  biology and, 452–55

  genetic influences on, 455

  genetics as viewed via, 224n, 237n

  implicit factors underlying, 446–52

  affective psychological differences, 450–52

  intellectual style, 447–49

  intelligence, 446–47

  moral cognition, 449–50

  internal consistency of, 445–46

  right-wing authoritarianism (RWA), 422, 446–47, 450, 451

  polygamy, 339, 366

  polygraph tests, 516–17

  populations:

  density of, 297–99

  heterogeneity of, 299–301

  size of, 296–97

  Porter, John, 632–33

  post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), 34, 78, 150, 152, 153, 195, 645, 646, 656n

  poverty, 195–96, 249, 294, 295, 441, 576, 614

  prairie voles, 110–11, 113n, 116, 229, 525–26, 530

  Predictably Irrational (Ariely), 491

  prefrontal cortex (PFC), 46–51, 54–61, 63, 65, 72, 74, 75, 79, 85, 88, 103, 129, 130, 157, 168, 416, 433, 434, 460, 535, 545

  empathy and, 527, 531

  moral decision making and, 479–82, 487–89, 492, 505–7, 513, 515–19

  punishment and, 609–10

  prehistoric and indigenous cultures, 305–26, 307, 310, 318, 320, 322

  prejudice:

  racial, 89, 392, 416

  see also Us/Them dichotomies

  premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD), 121–22

  premenstrual syndrome (PMS), 121–24

  premotor cortex (PMC), 47, 166–68, 535–36, 540

  Price, Tavin, 555

  Prinz, Jesse, 546

  prisoners, 464, 468

  IRA, 468, 555

  judicial decisions on, 448, 449, 566, 583, 643

  Prisoner’s Dilemma (PD), 92, 116, 345–46, 372, 393, 557, 633, 634

  prison experiments:

  BBC, 467–68

  Stanford, 461, 463–68

  progesterone, 117–19, 124, 158, 211, 708

  prostate gland, 329

  proteins, 709, 711–17

  amino acids in, 712

  DNA as blueprint for, 712–14

  shape of, 711–12

  Provance, Samuel, 652

  Prozac, 694

  psilocybin, 693

  psychopaths, 44, 54, 97

  PTSD (post-traumatic stress disorder), 34, 78, 150, 152, 153, 195, 645, 646, 656n

  puberty, 158–59

  see also adolescence

  Punisher’s Brain, The: The Evolution of Judge and Jury (Hoffman), 609

  punishment, 2, 38, 39, 56, 57, 62, 66, 182–83, 297, 484, 609–11, 635–37

  antisocial, 272, 292–93, 496, 497

  free-riding, 496, 497

  third-party, 297, 636

  purity, hygiene, and moral judgment, 563–65

  quantum mechanics, 583n

  Rabin, Yitzhak, 576–77, 670

  race, 406–8,
425

  faces and, 85–87, 89, 391–92, 398, 408–9, 418–19, 614, 628–29

  stereotypes and racism, 89, 392, 416

  Raine, Adrian, 54

  Rakic, Pasko, 147–50

  Ramachandran, Vilayanur, 541, 594–95

  Ramón y Cajal, Santiago, 681, 684, 688

  Ramses II, 366–67

  Rand, David, 511

  Rapoport, Anatol, 346

  rats, 37, 71, 82, 103, 127, 142, 146, 148, 151, 193, 205

  population density and, 298

  ravens, 428

  Rayburn, Sam, 515n

  Reagan, Ronald, 587

  reappraisal strategies, 60–61, 160, 453

  reasoning, 617

  moral, 169, 478–81, 487–88, 507–8, 542

  in adolescents, 167–69

  in children, 182–83

  in infants, 483–84

  see also morality and moral decisions

  see also cognition

  reciprocal altruism, 324, 342–54, 372–73, 499, 547

  indirect, 324

  in single-cell amoeba, 344n

  red blood cells, 680, 680, 681

  reciprocity, 15, 523

  reconciliation, 3, 15, 18, 525, 614, 637–42, 670

  truth and reconciliation commissions (TRC), 638–39, 642

  Red Queen scenario, 344

  Reicher, Stephen, 467–68

  religion, 88, 304–5, 547, 553, 617, 621–26

  aggression and, 624–26, 625

  atheism and, 626

  Bible in, 11, 624–25, 625, 660

  commonalities in, 621–22

  and fairness and punishment, 498–99

  in hunter-gatherer societies, 297, 623

  Islam, 372, 396n, 553–54, 624, 626

  pastoralism and, 283, 304

  Theory of Mind and, 622

  violence and, 624

  Religion, Brain and Behavior, 622

  Reparations for slavery, 638, 640

  repressive personalities, 63n

  reputation, 95, 106, 393, 548, 634, 635

  revenge, 15, 501

  reward, 39–40, 65–70, 548

  adolescence and, 162–64, í163

  anticipation of, 70–73, 70, 72

  arbitrary markers and, 391

  pursuit of, 73–76, 75

  Ricard, Matthieu, 544–45

  rice farming and culture, 278–79, 278, 281

  rights revolution, 617

  right-wing authoritarianism (RWA), 422, 446–47, 450, 451

  risk taking, 103, 131 (see also dopamine, and DRD4)

  in adolescence, 160–64

  Rivers, Mendel, 658n

  Rizzolatti, Giacomo, 535, 538–39

  RNA, 225, 226, 230, 233, 713–14

  Robinson, Peter, 577

  Roof, Dylann, 641

  Roosevelt, Franklin Delano, 640

  Roper v. Simmons, 170–71, 589, 590, 592

  Rosenberg, Julius and Ethel, 396

  Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, 305, 309, 325, 616

  Rozin, Paul, 399, 562

  Rudolph, Wilma, 596

  runaway trolley problem (killing one person to save five), 55, 56, 58–59, 117, 482, 488–91, 505–7

  self-driving cars and, 612n

  Russell, Jeffrey, 606

  Rwanda, 570

  genocide in, 571–72, 573, 619

  Hutu and Tutsi tribes in, 372, 469, 570–73

  Sabah, Nayirah al-, and supposed atrocities during the Gulf War, 632–33

  sacred values, in conflict resolution, 575–79, 643–44

  Sahlins, Marshall, 318

  Saleh, Ali Abdullah, 653

  Samoans, 122

  Sandusky, Jerry, 597

  Sandy Hook Elementary School massacre, 561

  San Francisco earthquake (1989), 301

  Santayana, George, 669–70

  Saud, King, 367

  Saypol, Irving, 396

  Scalia, Antonin, 590

  scapegoating, 531

  schadenfreude, 15, 413

  Schiller, Friedrich, 443

  schizophrenia, 234, 235, 239, 582, 586, 593, 607

  Schultz, Wolfram, 68, 71

  Science, 133, 246–47, 251, 266, 278, 300n, 313, 322, 495, 524, 546, 549, 574–75, 636

  Scientific American, 298

  selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, 694

  self-confidence, 102–3, 237

  Semai, 313, 502n

  Semang, 317, 318

  sensorimotor contagion, 86, 395, 522

  sensory stimuli, 6–7, 15, 81–98

  amygdala and, 40–41

  in animals, 83–84

  auditory, 6, 83–84, 89

  cultural differences in processing, 276

  haptic (touch), 565–66

  hormones and, see hormones

  interoceptive information, 90–92, 528, 529, 566

  real vs. metaphorical sensation, 565–68

  and sensitivity of sensory organs, 96–97

  subliminal and unconscious, 84–90, 93–96

  language, 92–93

  temperature, 566

  visual, 6, 84

  Sepoy Mutiny, 391n

  September 11 attacks, 619

  Seromba, Athanase, 572

  serotonin, 134, 692

  aggression and, 76–77, 250–55

  genes and, 227, 246, 250–55, 264

  psilocybin and, 693

  selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, 694

  SES, see socioeconomic status

  sex, 11, 39, 43, 65–66, 95

  oxytocin and, 110

  sex differences, 266

  cultural, 272

  dimorphic, 366

  and hormones in prenatal environment, 211–19

  math skills and, 266–67, 267, 406

  obedience and, 474

  in monkey behaviors, 213–14, 214

  transgender individuals and, 215n

  sexual selection, 330–31

  Seyfarth, Robert, 337–38

  shame, 502–3

  Shariff, Azim, 623

  Shepher, Joseph, 371

  Sherman, Marshall, 554

  Shermer, Michael, 495

  Shweder, Richard, 271, 494

  Sigmund, Karl, 350

  Silkwood, Karen, 652

  Simpson, O. J., 396, 408n

  Simpson, Varnado, 656n

  Singer, Peter, 481, 491

  Singer, Tania, 544

  Skinner, B. F., 82, 190

  Skitka, Linda, 447–48

  slaves, slavery, 278n, 399, 508, 615–16, 619, 640

  on British ship, 661

  Newton and, 659–61

  Small, Meredith, 202

  smell, 6, 24–25, 84, 89–90

  kinship and, 340–41

  Snowden, Edward, 652

  SNS (sympathetic nervous system), 26–27, 37, 43, 60–62

  Sobell, Morton, 396

  Sobhuza II, King, 367

  social capital, 291–93, 496

  social group size, 430

  brain size and, 429, 430

  fairness and, 498, 499

  social identity theory, 459

  sociality, 113–14

  social sciences, 4

  social status, 88

  social-dominance orientation (SDO), 422, 440, 450

  unstable, 35, 88, 430, 433–34

  see also hierarchy; socioeconomic status

  sociobiology, 331–33, 374–76, 380–84

  socioeconomic status (SES), 195, 207–9, 249, 292–93, 425, 431, 476

  air rage and, 295–96


  Cinderella effect and, 367

  empathy and compassion and, 533–34

  health and, 293–95, 441–42

  inequality in, 292–94, 421, 431, 450

  poverty, 195–96, 249, 294, 295, 441, 476, 614

  sociogram, 274

  sociopaths, 179, 182–83, 517, 618

  Söderberg, Patrik, 322–23, 322

  Solzhenitsyn, Aleksandr, 465

  somatic markers, 61–62, 507, 538

  Son of Sam murders, 225n, 593n

  Sophie’s Choice, 62n

  South, American, 181n, 207, 284–88, 501

  South Africa, 578–79, 629, 639

  spandrels, 381–82, 382

  Spanish Civil War, 662

  spatial maps, 151

  Spence, Melanie, 211

  Sprenger, Jakob, 606–7

  Stalin, Joseph, 369, 487–88, 535, 618

  Stanford Prison Experiment (SPE), 461, 463–68

  Star Wars, 472, 472

  Steele, Claude, 89

  Steinberg, Laurence, 164, 166, 592

  stress, 115, 423

  acute, 125–27, 143

  aggression and, 131–32

  amygdala and, 62

  chronic, 125–27, 143, 151, 197

  conformity and obedience and, 474

  cultural differences and, 274–75

  fight or flight response in, 26, 125, 133–34, 149n

  frontal cortex and, 62

  hippocampus and, 78

  hormones and, 17, 36–37, 124–34, 708

  inverted U concept of, 127–28, 128, 142, 143

  in newborns, 193

  positive, 127–28

  rank and, 435–37

  selfishness and, 132

  sustained, 136, 143

  executive function and judgment and, 13031

  fear and, 128–30

  pro- and antisociality and, 131–34

  stroke, 28, 149n

  subliminal and unconscious cuing, 84–90, 93–96

  language, 92–93

  Suharto, 13

  Sullivan, Regina, 192, 193

  Suomi, Stephen, 221

  Supreme Court, 170–71, 403, 589

  Brown v. Board of Education, 415

  Roper v. Simmons, 170–71, 589, 590, 592

  Suu Kyi, Aung San, 652

  symbolism, see metaphorical and symbolic thinking

  sympathetic nervous system (SNS), 26–27, 37, 43, 60–62

  sympathy, 15, 18, 168, 522, 523, 542

  see also empathy

  Szyf, Moshe, 221

  tactile information, 144–46

  Tajfel, Henri, 459n, 389–90, 470

  tamarins, 110, 213, 355, 357

  Taylor, Shelley, 133

  temperament, 439

  temperature sensation, 566

  temporoparietal juncture (TPJ), 55n, 114, 178, 275, 480, 527, 531, 533, 535

  Territorial Imperative, The (Ardrey), 316

  terrorism, 624

  terror-management theory, 452

  Tetlock, Philip, 447

 

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