Behave: The Biology of Humans at Our Best and Worst

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Behave: The Biology of Humans at Our Best and Worst Page 93

by Robert M. Sapolsky


  Hrdy, Sarah Blaffer, 119, 121, 334, 384

  Hubbard, Ruth, 384

  Hughes, Robert, 556–57

  Huizinga, Johan, 204

  Human Being Died That Night, A (Gobodo-Madikizela), 629–30

  Human Rights Caucus, 632

  Hume, David, 56

  hunger, 301

  economic decisions and, 92, 449, 566

  judicial decisions and, 448, 449, 566, 583, 643

  Hunter, Kim, 387

  hunter-gatherer societies, 291, 315–25, 318, 372–73, 407, 499, 616–17, 620

  gods in, 297, 623

  Hadza, 317–19, 318, 498, 620

  !Kung, 319, 320, 324, 373n

  Mbuti, 317, 318, 373n

  violence in, 319–25, 322

  hunting, 323–24

  Huntington’s disease, 53

  Hussein, King, 576–77, 670

  Hutu and Tutsi tribes, 372, 469, 570–73

  hyenas, sex reversal system in, 120

  Iacoboni, Marco, 539, 540

  Ibn Saud, 367

  Ibrahim, Meriam, 397

  icons, 553

  imitation, see mimicry

  immigration, 277, 562

  Implicit Association Test (IAT), 116, 388, 389, 416, 582

  imp of the perverse, 62

  impulse control, 77, 103, 142, 592–93

  inbreeding, 339

  India, Sepoy Mutiny in, 391n

  indigenous and prehistoric cultures, 305–26, 307, 310, 318, 320, 322

  individualistic cultures, 97, 156, 206–7, 273–82, 474, 501–3

  Indonesia and the New Order, 13

  infants:

  competitive infanticide, 334–36, 354, 367, 383

  faces and, 391–92

  moral reasoning in, 483–84

  mother-infant bond, 189–90

  status differences recognized by, 432–33

  stress in newborns, 193

  influence, social, 274–75

  Innocence Project, 581

  Insanity Defense Reform Act, 587

  insects, eusocial, 333

  Insel, Thomas, 110

  insular cortex (insula), 41–42, 46, 59, 69, 398–99, 454, 531, 560–61, 10

  insulin resistance, 359

  integrative complexity, 447

  intelligence:

  IQ, 157, 215, 246, 249, 582, 617

  political orientation and, 446–47

  interoceptive information, 90–92, 528, 529, 566

  Iran, 415

  Iraq, 632–33

  Irgun, 16n

  Irish Republican Army (IRA), 468, 555, 577

  irrationalities, recognizing, 642–44

  Islam, Muslims, 372, 396n, 553–54, 624, 626

  isomorphic sensorimotor response, 86, 395, 522

  Israel, 16n, 575–77, 640

  Jordan and, 576

  kibbutz system in, 371

  Palestine and, 575

  Is Shame Necessary? (Jacquet), 502

  Jackson, Andrew, 285

  Jacquet, Jennifer, 502, 503

  James, LeBron, 397

  James, William, 56, 90–91

  James-Lange theory, 90–91

  Jamison, Leslie, 542–43, 546

  Japan, Japanese, 413

  in World War II, 413, 640, 653–55, 668, 669

  Jews, 372, 396, 464

  in Holocaust, 572, 574, 576n

  Jindal, Bobby, 397

  Johnson, Mark, 558

  Jones, Steve, 362n

  Jost, John, 400, 450

  justice, sense of, see fairness and justice

  justice system, see criminal justice system

  Jyllands-Posten, 553–54

  Kagame, Paul, 572n

  Kahneman, Daniel, 93, 512n, 643

  Kamin, Leon, 240, 384

  Kant, Immanuel, 481

  Kaplan, George, 294, 295

  Kaplan, Michael, 147–48, 295

  karaoke and “My Way” killings, 555

  Kass, Leon, 454

  Katchadourian, Herant, 502

  Kaufman, Irving, 396

  Kawachi, Ichiro, 294

  Keeley, Lawrence, 306–11, 313, 315, 317, 321, 325

  Keizer, Kees, 96

  Kelling, George, 95

  Keltner, Dacher, 533–34

  Kendler, Kenneth, 238, 239

  Kennedy, Anthony, 171

  Kennedy, John F., 403

  Kenya, 191, 208n, 283n, 370n

  Mau Mau rebellion in, 630

  Kerry, John, 443

  Kidd, Kenneth, 280–81

  Kiehl, Kent, 54

  Kikuyu, 630

  Kimberly-Clark and corporate shaming, 503

  King, Martin Luther, Jr., 652

  King, Mary-Claire, 228

  King David Hotel, 16n

  Kipling, Rudyard, 381

  Kluckhohn, Clyde, 271

  Klüver, Heinrich, 24

  Klüver-Bucy syndrome, 24–25

  Knutson, Brian, 70, 75, 275

  Kohlberg, Lawrence, 182, 184–85, 449, 479, 488, 519

  Koreans, 115, 259, 275

  Korean War, 647

  Kramer, Heinrich, 606–7

  Kreipe, Heinrich, 410

  Kroeber, Alfred, 271

  !Kung, 319, 320, 324, 373n

  Kusserow, Adrie, 208

  Kuwait, 632–33

  lactase persistence, 379

  Lakoff, George, 558

  Lamarck, Jean-Baptiste, 221n, 230, 332

  Lange, Carl, 90–91

  language, 175, 557

  grammatical gender in, 558n

  metaphors, 557–58

  see also metaphorical and symbolic thinking

  moral context and, 491

  unconscious effects of, 92–93

  Lantos, Tom, 633

  Lavater, Johann, 515n

  L-DOPA as dopamine precursor, 693

  leaders, 425–26, 436, 442

  choosing, 442–44, 476

  lead exposure, 196n

  learning, 139, 141, 523

  observational, 523–24, 537, 538

  pattern separation, 149

  social, conformity in, 456–57

  LeDoux, Joseph, 36, 37, 38n, 41n

  Lee, John, 554

  Lee, Robert E., 284–85

  legal system, see criminal justice system

  Leigh Fermor, Patrick, 410

  Lenski, Richard, 380

  Leukotomies (aka lobotomies), 9

  Levitt, Steven, 190

  Lewontin, Richard, 381–82

  Libet, Benjamin, 594

  lie detectors, 516–17

  limbic system, 24–30, 65, 84

  frontal cortex and, 58–64

  hypothalamus, 25–28, 100, 708

  interface between cortex and, 28–29

  Lincoln, Abraham, 652

  lions, 352

  Lipton, Judith, 382

  Little Rock Central High School, 640

  Liulevicius, Vejas, 369

  liver, 703, 703

  Lobello, Lu, 639–40

  lobotomies, 9 (aka leukotomies)

  locus coeruleus, 43

  Lømo, Terje, 140

  London taxi drivers and hippocampal expansion, 151

  Lorenz, Konrad, 10, 83n, 316, 470

  love, 15, 19, 44

  loyalty, 395, 449, 450, 451, 456

  lying, 63–64, 512–17, 557, 564, 568

  Lying (Harris), 513n

  Maasai, 208n, 284, 310, 310, 319n, 324n, 630

  Macbeth effect, 564–65

  Maccoby, Eleanor, 203


  MacFarquhar, Larissa, 18

  MacLean, Paul, 22–24

  Madoff, Bernie, 403

  Mafia, 284, 395–96

  Magritte, René, 556–57, 556

  Maimonides, Moses, 548

  Malleus Maleficarum (Kramer and Sprenger), 606–7

  malnutrition, 187, 200, 219, 239

  Mandela, Nelson, 468, 578–79, 652, 670

  mandrills, 355, 357

  MAO-A (monoamine oxidase-A), 251–55, 257, 264, 605

  Maori, 253n

  Marcus, Gary, 541

  market integration and economic game play, 498, 499

  marshmallow test and impulse control in children, 185–87

  Martin, John, 203

  Maslach, Christina, 463

  Massery, Hazel Bryan, 640

  maternal behaviors, 109, 115–16

  aggression, 118–19, 121

  math skills, 266–67, 267, 406

  Mau Mau rebellion, 630

  Mayr, Ernst, 354n, 362

  Maze Prison, 468, 555

  Mazrui, Ali, 302

  Mbuti, 317, 318, 373n

  McCarthy, Joseph, 451n

  McClintock, Barbara, 231

  McDonald’s, 620

  McGaugh, James, 38n

  McGuinness, Martin, 577

  Mead, Margaret, 122

  Meaney, Michael, 195, 220–22

  Medina, Ernest, 657

  meditation, 19, 544, 545

  Meinhof, Ulrike, 32–33

  Méliès, Georges, 398

  Melzack, Ronald, 699

  memory, 38n, 138–42, 147, 150

  spatial maps and the hippocampus, 151

  menstrual cycle, 144n

  ovulation, 88, 122n, 402

  premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD), 121–22

  premenstrual syndrome (PMS), 121–24

  meritocratic thinking, 167

  metaphorical and symbolic thinking, 553–79

  dark side of, 570–74

  pseudospeciation, 372, 570, 572–73, 574, 632–33

  real vs. metaphorical sensation, 565–68

  sacred values in conflict resolution, 575–79, 643–44

  Metaphors We Live By (Lakoff and Johnson), 558

  MHC (major histocompatibility complex) and individual recognition, 340–41, 370

  mice, 35, 110–12, 133, 134, 247, 250, 524–25, 555–56

  Middle East conflict, 575–77

  Milgram, Stanley, 461–62, 464–66, 468, 469, 470, 471, 473, 474

  Milk, Harvey, 92n

  Miller v. Alabama, 171, 589

  mimicry, 390

  empathic, 102, 522–24

  mirror neurons and, see mirror neurons

  minimal group paradigm, 389–91

  Minsky, Marvin, 603, 605

  mirror neurons and supposed functions, 166n, 180n, 536–41

  autism and, 539–40

  empathy and, 540–41

  social interactions and, 538–39

  Mischel, Walter, 186–87

  Mitchell, David, 657

  M’Naghten, Daniel, 586–87, 598

  Mogil, Jeffrey, 133, 524, 544

  mole rats, 120, 352

  Moniz, Egas, 9

  Money, John, 215

  monkeys, 4, 35, 36, 47, 48, 50–51, 55, 67, 68, 70, 71, 73–74, 82, 104, 109–10, 123, 148, 172, 221, 429, 535, 557

  baboons, 17, 123, 131–32, 162, 172, 191–92, 196, 207, 295, 303, 337, 338, 429, 648–52, 648, 650

  “Garbage Dump” troop of, 648–50, 649

  hierarchies and, 426–27, 427, 428, 436–39, 442, 455

  deception in, 513

  “executive,” stress in, 436

  Harlow’s experiments with, 189–90, 190, 192

  kinship understanding in, 337–38

  langurs and competitive infanticide, 334–35

  moral judgments in, 484–85, 487

  sex differences in behaviors of, 213–14, 214

  social rank and, 433, 434

  tamarins, 110, 213, 355, 357

  monoamine oxidase-A (MAO-A), 251–55, 257, 264, 605

  monogamy, 339, 366

  morality and moral decisions, 478–520

  in animals, 484–87

  applying science of, 504–20

  automaticity and, 50

  in children, 181–85

  reasoning in, 182–83

  competition and, 495–500

  consequentialism and, 504–7, 520

  context in, 488–503

  cultural, 275, 493–503

  framing, 491–92

  language, 491

  proximity, 491

  special circumstances, 492–93

  cooperation and, 495–500, 508–9

  cultural differences and, 275

  deontology and, 504, 505, 520

  disgust and, 398, 454, 561–65

  doing the harder thing when it’s the correct thing to do, 45, 47–48, 50, 51, 55, 56, 63, 64, 74, 75, 92, 130, 134, 513, 515, 614

  dumbfounding in, 483

  honesty and duplicity and, 512–20

  in infants, 483–84

  internal motives and external actions in, 493

  intuition in, 478, 479, 481–83, 507–8

  “me vs. us” and “us vs. them” in, 508–12

  obedience and, 471, 473

  see also obedience and conformity

  political orientation and, 449–50

  punishment and, see punishment

  reasoning in, 169, 478–81, 487–88, 507–8, 542

  in adolescents, 167–69

  in children, 182–83

  in infants, 483–84

  runaway trolley problem (killing one person to save five) and, 55, 56, 58–59, 117, 482, 488–91, 505–7

  self-driving cars and, 612n

  saving person vs. dog, 368, 371

  and sins of commission vs. omission, 490

  and tragedy of the commons vs. tragedy of commonsense morality, 508–11, 533

  universals of, 494–95

  utilitarianism and, 505–7

  virtue ethics and, 504, 520

  Moral Life of Children, The (Coles), 181n

  Moral Origins: The Evolution of Virtue, Altruism, and Shame (Boehm), 323

  Moral Politics: How Liberals and Conservatives Think (Lakoff), 558

  Moral Tribes: Emotion, Reason, and the Gap Between Us and Them (Greene), 508–9

  Mormons, 367

  Morozov, Pavlik, 368–69, 487

  Morse, Stephen, 598–600

  Moscone, George, 92n

  Mother Teresa, 535

  motivation, “you must be so smart” vs. “you must have worked so hard” and, 595–96, 598

  Mubarak, Hosni, 653

  Muhammad, controversies surrounding cartoon images of, 553–54

  multifactorial nature of behavior, 602–3

  Munchausen Syndrome by Proxy, 18n–19n

  Muslims, Islam, 372, 396n, 553–54, 624, 626

  Mutual of Omaha’s Wild Kingdom, 332

  Myth of Mirror Neurons, The (Hickok), 540

  My Lai Massacre, 464, 655–58, 657, 658

  “My Way” killings in the Philippines, 555

  Naipaul, V. S., 13

  Napoleon, 624

  Native Americans, 619, 657

  natural abilities, 596

  “you must be so smart” vs. “you must have worked so hard” and, 595–96, 598

  Nature, 262, 352n, 485, 491, 526

  Nature Neuroscience, 220

  Nauta, Walle, 28–29, 54

  Navarrete, Carlos, 402, 408

  Nayirah testimony conce
rning supposed atrocities during the Gulf War, 632–33

  Nazis, 10, 403, 414, 465, 469, 470, 506

  Eichmann, 464, 475

  Hitler, 1–2

  Holocaust, 572, 574, 576n

  Nelson, Charles, 201

  autonomic, 22, 26–27

  parasympathetic, 27

  sympathetic, 26–27, 37, 43, 60–62

  remapping of, 144–46

  Netanyahu, Benjamin, 575

  neurobiology and neuroscience (see brain)

  neurons, 11, 37–38, 175, 680–87, 681, 686, 704

  action potentials of, 683–87

  axons of, 681–82, 681

  myelin sheath around, 157–59, 175, 705, 705

  plasticity of, 144–46

  BLA (basolateral amygdala), 37–39, 143

  circuits of, 680, 694–706, 700

  neuromodulation in, 694–95, 695

  and sharpening a signal over time and space, 695–98, 696, 697

  dendrites of, 681–82, 681

  glia cells and, 680

  mirror, supposed functions of 166n, 180n, 536–41

  autism and, 539–40

  empathy and, 540–41

  social interactions and, 538–39

  neurogenesis, 147–50, 152, 341

  pain types and, 698–99, 698

  plasticity of, 137–53, 172, 188, 223

  axonal, 144–46

  resting potential of, 682–83

  reuse of, 569

  synapses and, 138–43, 145, 146, 175, 687–94

  LTD (long-term depression) and LTP (long-term potentiation), 140–42

  von Economo (aka spindle neurons), 46, 569

  neuropeptides, 108

  neuropharmacology, 693–94

  neurotransmitters, 27, 31, 37, 139, 223, 689–91, 690, 707–8

  acetylcholine, 27, 692, 694

  dopamine, see dopamine

  GABA, 119, 692

  glutamate, 139–41, 143, 692

  hormones and, 707–10

  norepinephrine, 27, 43, 253, 692

  serotonin, see serotonin

  substance P, 560

  types of, 691–93

  New Guinea, 310, 310

  Newton, John, 659–61, 661, 670

  New Yorker, 18, 79, 148n, 639

  New York Times, 151, 541, 555

  Nichols, Shaun, 600

  Niebuhr, Reinhold, 404

  Nigeria, 413, 631–32

  Nike, 503

  9/11 attacks, 619

  Nisbett, Richard, 275, 284, 285, 286, 287

  Nixon, Richard, 624n

  NMDA glutamate receptors, 139–40

  Nobel Prize, 9, 10, 83n, 231, 643, 688n

  Norenzayan, Ara, 297, 623, 625–26

  norepinephrine, 27, 43, 253, 692

  Nottebohm, Fernando, 148

  novelty, 161–62, 168, 450

  Nowak, Martin, 350

  Ntaryamira, Cyprien, 571n

  nucleus accumbens, 64–65, 103

  Nurture Assumption, The (Harris), 203–4

 

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