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Wilcox, Wynn, ed. Vietnam and the West: New Approaches. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 2010.
Winters, Francis X. The Year of the Hare: America in Vietnam, January 25, 1963–February 15, 1964. Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1997.
Womack, Brantly. China and Vietnam: The Politics of Asymmetry. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2006.
Xiaoming Zhang. “Communist Powers Divided: China, the Soviet Union, and the Vietnam War.” In Gardner and Gittinger, eds., International Perspectives on Vietnam, 77–97.
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Young, Marilyn B. The Vietnam Wars, 1945–1990. New York: HarperCollins, 1991.
Zagoria, Donald S. “Khrushchev’s Attack on Albania and Sino-Soviet Relations.” China Quarterly, no. 8 (October–December 1961): 1–19.
_____. Vietnam Triangle: Moscow, Peking, Hanoi. New York: Pegasus, 1967.
Zasloff, J. J. Political Motivation of the Vietnamese Communists: The Vietminh Regroupees. Santa Monica, Calif.: RAND, 1968.
Zhihua Shen and Danhui Li. After Leaning to One Side: China and Its Allies in the Cold War. Washington, D.C.: Woodrow Wilson Center Press, 2011.
Zinoman, Peter. The Colonial Bastille: A History of Imprisonment in Vietnam, 1862–1940. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2001.
_____. “NhanVan-Giai Pham and Vietnamese ‘Reform Communism’ in the 1950s: A Revisionist Interpretation.” Journal of Cold War Studies 13, no. 1 (2011): 60–100.
Zubok, Vladislav M. A Failed Empire: The Soviet Union in the Cold War from Stalin to Gorbachev. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2008.
Zubok, Vladislav M., and Constantine Pleshakov. Inside the Kremlin’s Cold War: From Stalin to Khrushchev. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1997.
Dissertations and Unpublished Papers
Grosser, Pierre. “La France et l’Indochine (1953–1956): Une ‘carte de visite’ en ‘peau de chagrin.’” [France and Indochina, 1953–1956: A “Visiting Card” Reduced to a “Shagreen”]. PhD diss., Institut d’Études Politiques de Paris, 2002.
Journoud, Pierre. “Des artisans de paix dans le secret de la diplomacie: Vers un règlement pacifique de la guerre au Vietnam, 1967–1973” [Peace Artisans in the Secret of Diplomacy: Toward a Peaceful Settlement of the War in Vietnam, 1967–1973].
Le Cuong. “Phong trao Phat giao mien Nam Viet Nam nam 1963 voi cuoc dao chinh lat do che do Ngo Dinh Diem (01–11–1963)” [The 1963 Buddhist Movement in Southern Vietnam and the Overthrow of Ngo Dinh Diem (1 November 1963)]. Paper presented at the Second International Conference on Vietnamese Studies, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam, 14–16 July 2004.
Masur, Matthew. “Hearts and Minds: Cultural Nation-Building in South Vietnam, 1954–1963.” PhD diss., Ohio State University, 2004.
Metha, Harish C. “‘People’s Diplomacy’: The Diplomatic Front of North Vietnam during the War against the United States, 1965–1972.” PhD diss., McMaster University, 2009.
Miller, Edward. “Undoing the ‘Limited Partnership’: The Neutralization of Laos and the Origins of the Crisis of 1963 in South Vietnam.” Paper presented at an international workshop entitled “The Failure of Peace? Indochina between the Two Geneva Accords, 1954–1962,” Université du Québec à Montréal, 6–7 October 2006.
Nguyen, Lien-Hang T. “Between the Storms: An International History of the Second Indochina War, 1968–1973.” PhD diss., Yale University, 2008.
Stewart, Geoffrey. “Revolution, Modernization, and Nation-Building in Diem’s Vietnam: Civic Action, 1955–1963.” PhD diss., University of Western Ontario, 2010.
INDEX
Agent Orange, 210
“Agroville” program. See Rural Community Development Program
Albania, 86, 91, 108, 115, 116, 118, 130, 181, 183. See also Hoxha, Enver
Algeria, 104; war of independence, 11, 100, 105, 118, 154
Algiers, 156
American National Exhibition (Moscow, 1959), 49
“American War.” See Vietnam War
Andropov, Yuri, 149
Ang Cheng Guan, 5, 43, 59, 66, 115, 169, 200
An Lao, 204
“Anti-American Resistance for National Salvation,” 1, 208; aims of, 207
Army of the Republic of Vietnam (ARVN), 52, 55, 58, 69–70, 73, 74, 109, 129, 200; at battle of Ap Bac, 151–52; as communist target, 59, 166, 174–75, 177, 180, 190, 199, 204; and Diem overthrow, 160; defeat of, 211
August Revolution (1945), 12
Australia, 136–37
Bac Ky Committee for Education and Training (ICP), 16
Bac Lieu Province, 73
Ba Cut, 29
Ba Dinh Square, 12
Bandung Conference, 27–28, 133
Bao Dai, 12; as head of SOVN, 13, 32. See also State of Vietnam
Bao ve (PAVN security forces), 85, 241n84
Battle of Ap Bac (1963), 151–52, 269n117
Battle of Dien Bien Phu (1954), 11, 13, 14, 87, 105, 114, 130, 172, 194
Bay of Pigs invasion (1961), 100
Ben Tre Town/Province, 56, 62, 70, 73, 74, 75, 110
Beria, Lavrentiy, 85
Berlin, 75, 116; crisis of 1958, 49, 58; crisis of 1961, 91, 100
Berlin Wall, 91
Binh Tri Thien Province, 16
Binh van (propaganda work among enemy soldiers), 60
Binh Xuyen, 28, 29, 30
Blackwell, J. K., 138
Boun Oum, 119
Brazil, 116
Brezhnev, Leonid, 202, 203, 288n21. See also Communist Party of the Soviet Union; Soviet Union
Brigham, Robert, 128, 132–133
Budapest, 150
Bui Chu, 20
Bui Cong Trung, 170
Burma, 47, 123
Cambodia, 12, 17, 64, 204; communists in, 125; as neutral state, 123, 127, 130, 139, 141; U.S. interference in, 119. See also Sihanouk, Norodom
Canada: as ICSC member, 14–15, 102, 103, 159, 160, 176, 177, 197, 202, 218n29; mediation efforts (1964), 190–92. See also International Commission for Supervision and Control in Vietnam
Can Tho Province, 62, 73
Cao Dai, 21, 28, 29, 30, 54, 73
Castro, Fidel, 91, 145, 154. See also Cuba
Catton, Philip, 110
Central Highlands (Vietnam), 22, 58, 59, 60, 62, 68, 69, 73, 92, 94, 110, 204, 206
Central Military Commission (VWP), 124, 125, 199, 200, 204. See also People’s Army of Vietnam; Vietnamese Workers’ Party
Central Office (Directorate) for Southern Vietnam (COSVN), 15, 16, 29, 95–97, 110–13, 128, 129, 134, 136, 169, 204, 243n11; and strategic hamlet program, 110. See also Le Duan; Nam Bo Executive Committee; Nguyen Chi Thanh; Nguyen Van Linh
Chapman, Jessica, 28
Chau Doc Province, 73
Chen, K. C., 178
Chen Jian, 49
Chen Yi, 181, 190, 208
Cheysson, Claude, 24
Chiang Kai-shek. See Jiang Jieshi
China, 40, 94, 135; revolution of 1949, 165, 178; and Vietnam, 182. See also Chinese Communist Party; People’s Republic of China
Chinese Communist Party (CCP), 15, 44, 72, 80, 94, 154, 201; Eighth National Congress (1956), 38; and Hundred Flowers movement (1956), 40. See also China; Mao Zedong; People’s Republic of China
Chinh quyen van (propaganda work among civil servants in enemy regime), 76
Cholon, 69
“Christmas bombing” (1972). See Linebacker II
Cochinchina, 17
Cold War, 1, 5, 11, 26, 34, 44, 58, 63, 79, 91, 100, 101, 104, 118, 124, 149, 153; and Laos, 119; and Vietnam, 1, 2, 4, 12, 25, 27, 104, 145, 172
Committee for Afro-Asian Solidarity (PRC), 139
Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU), 47, 80, 154, 168, 181, 183, 185, 202–203; support for national liberation, 81, 107; Twentieth Congress (1956), 34, 36; Twenty-Second Congress (1961), 108. See also Khrushchev, Nikita; Sovi
et Union
Con Dao (Poulo Condore) Island, 16
Congo (Leopoldville), 91, 100. See also Lumumba, Patrice
Congress (U.S.), 175, 196, 211
Council of Ministers (DRVN), 37, 67
Cuba, 100–101, 116, 130; missile crisis (1962), 118, 142–43, 145, 149, 154, 184; revolution of 1959, 91, 94, 100, 165. See also Castro, Fidel
Cultural and Ideological Committee (VWP), 146
Czechoslovakia, 104, 121
Dalai Lama, 49
Dao (ethnic minority), 46
De Buzon, Jacques, 202
Decolonization, 100, 104–5, 154
De Gaulle, Charles: call for neutralization of South Vietnam of 1963, 156, 191
Democratic People’s Republic of Korea (North Korea), 65, 86, 104, 107, 121, 143, 179, 184; relations with DRVN, 157. See also Kim Il-sung
Democratic Republic of Vietnam (DRVN, North Vietnam), 1, 144, 186; acceptance of/respect for 1954 Geneva accords on Indochina, 1, 4, 12, 13–14, 22–23, 24, 27, 28, 102, 127, 141; agricultural collectivization/cooperatives in, 48, 66, 79, 83, 100, 149; anti-Diem initiatives, 21, 29; assistance to southern insurgents, 64–66, 75, 85–86, 120, 122, 124, 132, 144, 148, 159, 168, 176, 178, 198, 201; commitment to peaceful/political struggle in South Vietnam, 14, 15, 17, 21, 22–23, 26, 28, 29–30, 32–34, 39, 47, 60, 65, 78, 97, 101, 128, 167; commitment to victory in “American War,” 207, 209–211, 289n28; and Catholics, 14, 19–20, 77, 83; compulsory military service/military mobilization in, 47, 62, 100, 190, 207; democratization and liberalization in, 37–40, 100; dependence on/solicitation of foreign aid, 4, 33, 50, 80, 81, 98–99, 100, 102, 104, 107, 131–32, 150, 181–82, 186, 195–96, 208, 247n77; deployment of PAVN units to South Vietnam, 7, 174–75, 176, 179, 180, 198–201, 284n181; deployment of southern regroupees to South Vietnam, 64–66, 95, 113, 159, 172, 264n43; deployment of support personnel to South Vietnam, 64, 96, 159; destruction in, 14, 48; diplomatic struggle/manipulation of world opinion, 18, 26–28, 34, 45–46, 63, 89, 101–2, 103–4, 117, 132, 140–41, 150–51, 167, 172, 179, 193, 208, 259n123; dissidence in, 38, 40, 46, 83, 98–100, 132, 189; economic hardship in, 24, 46, 66–67, 83, 97–99, 113, 149, 196; economic development of, 3, 5, 12, 17, 23–24, 33, 38–39, 48, 53, 61, 72, 97, 143; effects of U.S. bombings in, 197–98, 199, 200–201, 202, 207; evacuations of cities, 197; fear of U.S. intervention in Vietnam, 1, 3, 13, 14, 24–26, 44, 64, 91–92, 100–101, 113–14, 121, 123, 131, 134, 140, 149, 160, 178, 186, 194, 207, 275n31; food rationing in, 24, 83, 98; formation/expansion of militias, 24, 207; and Geneva accords/Conference on Laos (1961–62), 122–25; and ICSC, 102–4, 132–33; and Khrushchev’s ouster, 203–4; land reform program (1953–56), 20, 24, 38–39, 46, 226n170; Liu Shaoqi visit (1963), 153–54; negotiations with France, 13, 224n129; negotiations with U.S., 142, 150, 190–95, 207–8, 210–11; and peaceful coexistence, 35, 86, 106, 125, 126, 130, 142–43, 149, 160, 162, 171, 184, 186, 203–4; as police state, 77, 85; recognition by PRC, 12; recognition by Soviet Union, 12; relations with Cambodia, 17, 119; relations with France, 18, 29, 34, 126–27, 139; relations with India, 103, 127, 133; relations with Laos, 17–18, 119, 120–22, 125, 142, 189; relations with PRC, 1, 28, 34, 50–51, 63, 79, 89, 99, 100, 104, 114–16, 131, 133, 144, 157–58, 181–83, 278n85; relations with Soviet Union, 1, 28, 34, 35, 36, 45, 50–51, 63, 89, 100, 104, 107, 130, 131–32, 138, 143, 159, 168–69, 171, 179, 180–82, 183–86, 203–4, 278n85; relations with SOVN/RVN, 14, 29–30, 31, 47–48, 78, 127, 142, 150, 155–57, 162, 192–95; repression in, 40–41, 77, 99–100; “resistance centers” in, 99–100; and reunification elections of 1956, 3, 6, 12, 14, 20, 28, 30, 37, 39, 130; RVN commando infiltrations into, 99–100, 111, 189; secret contact with UK (1964), 192; and Sino-Soviet dispute, 3, 4, 45, 50–51, 77, 78–82, 86, 104, 106–8, 112, 115, 118, 131, 181, 182, 183, 204, 208; and socialist unity/proletarian internationalism, 4, 5, 36, 80–81, 82, 86, 101–2, 104, 108, 118, 177, 185–86, 208; “Three Readinesses” campaign, 207; “Three Responsibilities” campaign, 207; and UN membership, 45, 78; women in, 207; and world revolution, 35, 50, 57, 81, 82, 104, 106, 150, 154, 210. See also Five-year plan; Ho Chi Minh; Le Duan; “North-first” policy; People’s Army of Vietnam; “People’s diplomacy”; Pham Van Dong; Three-year plan; Viet Minh; Vietnamese Workers’ Party
“Denounce the Communists” (To Cong) campaign (SOVN), 30–31, 33. See also Ngo Dinh Diem
Department for Liaison with Communist and Workers’ Parties in Socialist Countries (CPSU), 149
Department of External Affairs (Canada), 193
Détente (Soviet Union–U.S.), 34–35, 44, 49, 63, 72, 76, 79, 118. See also Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty; Peaceful coexistence; Soviet Union; U-2 incident; United States
Devillers, Philippe, 56
Dong Anh, 98
Duiker, William, 4–5, 87, 112, 134, 171
Duong Bach Mai, 170
Duong Van Minh, 160
East Germany. See German Democratic Republic
Egypt, 104. See also United Arab Republic
Eisenhower, Dwight, 25, 44, 72; presidential administration, 11, 24, 37, 49, 74. See also United States
Elliott, David, 31, 60, 68, 69, 110, 129, 162, 175
Fall, Bernard, 134
Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany), 25
Federation of Trade Unions (DRVN), 15
Five-year plan (DRVN, 1961–65), 83–87, 107, 134, 149. See also Democratic Republic of Vietnam; “North-first” policy
Foreign Office (UK), 102, 127, 129
“Former Resistance Fighters of the Nam Bo Region,” 75
Four-Power Paris Summit. See Paris Summit
France, 75, 113, 131, 155, 167; end of colonial rule in Vietnam, 12; High Command (Vietnam), 37; mission civilisatrice in Indochina, 12; occupation of Indochina (1945–46), 12; recognition of Algerian independence, 118; recognition of PRC, 174; relations with DRVN, 46; relation with U.S., 20–21; and SOVN, 12, 13, 25. See also Geneva accords on Vietnam/Indochina; Indochina War
Franchini, Philippe, 161
Gaiduk, Ilya, 122, 149, 202
General Political Department (GPD, PAVN), 15, 146
General Staff (PAVN), 79, 146, 175, 199
Geneva, 127
Geneva accords on Laos (1962), 118, 124–25, 126, 127, 134–35, 204, 208, 254n38; collapse of, 6, 118, 142, 143, 154–55. See also Geneva Conference on Laos; Laos; Pathet Lao
Geneva accords on Vietnam/Indochina (1954), 2, 11, 12, 17, 27, 66, 95, 102–3, 109, 112, 114, 115, 120, 125, 140, 142, 149, 150, 167, 171, 179, 193, 204, 208, 209, 211; collapse of, 36–37, 132; “Final Declaration of the Geneva Conference,” 13, 27, 215n4; provisions of, 13; reunification elections of 1956, 12, 13, 28, 36; signing of, 1, 13; and voluntary migration of civilians, 13, 19–20. See also Geneva Conference on Indochina; International Commission for Supervision and Control
Geneva Conference on Indochina (1954), 14, 34, 126, 127, 156. See also Geneva accords on Vietnam/Indochina
Geneva Conference on Laos (1961–62), 122–25, 126, 130, 131; origins of, 119–20, 122. See also Geneva accords on Laos; Laos; Pathet Lao
German Democratic Republic (East Germany), 121
Germany, 25, 44, 116, 210, 288n21
Gnoinska, Margaret, 156
Goa, 103
Golan, Galia, 34
Goscha, Christopher, 120
Government Workers’ Trade Union (DRVN), 57
Great Britain. See United Kingdom
“Great Leap Forward” (PRC), 48, 49, 107
Gromyko, Andrei, 204
Guatemala, 11
Guinea. See Republic of Guinea
Guzmán, Jacobo Árbenz, 11
Hainan Island, 49
Haiphong, 16, 98; U.S. bombing of, 211
Hai Xo, 51
Hammer, Ellen, 155
Hanoi, 3, 19, 36, 98, 157, 185, 219n40; U.S. bombing of, 211; preparations for war, 190, 197, 205
Hau Kien Village, 16
Ha Van Lau, 160
Hmong (ethnic minority), 46,
99
Hoa Binh, 99
Hoa Hao, 21, 28, 29, 30, 54
Hoang Minh Chinh, 170
Hoang Quoc Viet, 15, 39
Hoang Van Hoan, 40, 87, 120, 146, 164
Hoang Van Thai, 106
Ho Chi Minh, 16, 25, 32, 37, 39, 58, 62, 78, 80, 84, 87, 89, 108, 130, 131, 134, 143, 146, 170, 173, 209; acting general secretary of VWP, 40; as “Asian Tito,” 82; declaration of Vietnamese independence, 12; and diplomatic struggle, 27, 28, 150–51, 172, 273n175; mediation of Sino-Soviet and other communist disputes, 80–81, 82, 108, 154, 163, 171; moderate tendencies of, 40, 41, 50, 53, 61, 106, 126, 146, 148, 149, 151, 159–60, 171, 187; and peaceful coexistence, 35; personality cult of, 35–36, 171; “rectification” address of 1956, 38; “rectification” address of 1961, 100; sidelining from VWP leadership, 82, 163, 171; and “special political conference” of 1964, 186–88; support for 1954 Geneva accords, 5–6, 15, 23, 36, 171; visit to Burma (1958), 47. See also Democratic Republic of Vietnam; Vietnamese Workers’ Party
Ho Chi Minh Trail, 64, 108, 120, 124, 142
Hoc tap (journal, DRVN), 46, 61, 69, 97, 113, 159, 160, 177, 178, 180, 184–86, 196; on Khrushchev’s ouster, 203; and VWP strategic debate of 1963, 147–48
Hon Me Island, 196
Hon Ngu Island, 196
Houa Phanh (Sam Neua) Province, 123
Ho Viet Thang, 39
Hoxha, Enver, 108, 183. See also Albania
Hue, 210
Hungary, 104; revolution of 1956, 40, 226n156
India, 34, 46, 49, 133; as ICSC member, 102–3, 146. See also International Commission for Supervision and Control in Vietnam; Nehru, Jawaharlal
Indochina, 1, 12, 17, 22, 26, 104, 122, 125, 127, 143, 192, 202, 203, 255n46
Indochina War, 1, 11, 13, 15, 16, 23, 45, 55, 75, 76, 95, 105, 111, 112, 120, 169, 170, 194; internationalization of, 12–13; onset of, 12. See also Democratic Republic of Vietnam; France; Geneva accords on Vietnam/Indochina; Viet Minh; Vietnamese Workers’ Party
Indochinese Communist Party (ICP), 16
Indonesia, 104
Institute of International Relations (Hanoi), 89
Institute of Philosophy (Hanoi), 170
International Commission for Supervision and Control in Vietnam (ICSC), 14, 24, 27, 30, 102–4, 109, 114, 116, 144, 146, 150, 154, 155–56, 159, 176, 197, 200, 247n72; and regroupment of military forces in Vietnam, 18–19; report of June 1962, 132–33; and voluntary migration of civilians in Vietnam, 19–20. See also Canada; Geneva accords on Vietnam/Indochina; India; Poland