Red Fortress: History and Illusion in the Kremlin

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Red Fortress: History and Illusion in the Kremlin Page 64

by Catherine Merridale


  Kremlin history:

  Riurikid dynasty: evidence of 12th-century construction; receives city bell of Tver; first referred to as ‘Kremlin’; development under Ivan I (Kalita); ‘Peter the Wonder-Worker’ becomes Kremlin’s first saint; early religious foundations; sacked by Mongol Horde; building of present structure under Ivan III; becomes art and treasure repository; 15th-century building and development; re-building of the Dormition Cathedral; European building and architectural influences; moat created; foreign merchants banned from; renovation under Ivan the Terrible; houses government officials; Ivan the Terrible’s use of; funeral of Tsarevich Ivan Ivanovich; Kremlenagrad (map); boyars’ obligation to serve at court; Buildings Chancellory; ‘False Dmitry’ arrives with Polish retainers; ‘False Dmitry’ murdered; Dmitry of Uglich’s corpse brought back for burial; houses Polish and mercenary troops in the Time of Troubles; looting of the Treasury during the Time of Troubles

  Romanov dynasty: rebuilding under the Romanovs; foreign artists and craftsmen enlisted by Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich; revolt; European influences on architecture and decor; theatre introduced by Aleksei Mikhailovich; revolt; Peter the Great takes command of Kremlin; builds arsenal; builds new fortifications; moves court to St Petersburg; treasury on display as visitor attraction; Catherine the Great’s improvements; development under Paul I; demolition and rebuilding under Alexander I; abandoned as Napoleon’s troops advance; Napoleon enters; desecration and looting by Napoleon’s troops; survives mining by Napoleon’s retreating army; reconstruction after Napoleon’s occupation; described by Marquis de Custine; Grand Kremlin Palace commissioned by Nicholas I; demolition of ancient churches by Nicholas I; establishment of museums and archives; celebrated by Fabergé egg; features on mass-produced icons and souvenirs; treasure collection catalogued; Armoury Chamber Museum; monument to Alexander II; life in the last years of the Tsars; Zabelin The History of the City of Moscow; Bartenev The Moscow Kremlin in Old Times and Now; electricity generating station; assassination of Grand Duke Sergei Aleksandrovich; coronation of Nicholas II; houses Empress Alexandra’s hospital during First World War

  Soviet era: claimed by the Moscow city government; staff form union; damaged by the Bolsheviks; loss of valuable artefacts after revolution; Bolshevik government move in; ownership claimed by the People’s Republic; stores recovered loot and treasure after revolution; expulsion of monks and nuns by the Bolsheviks; removal of imperial monuments by the Bolsheviks; Easter celebration; seizure of Church assets; becomes symbol of Soviet power; demolition of religious buildings under the Bolsheviks; living conditions under the Soviets; Kremlin Affair; object of fear and isolation under Stalin; security under Stalin; hidden underground systems; bombed during Second World War; renovation post; souvenir guidebooks; becomes term used for government; becomes tourist attraction under Khrushchev; Lenin museum-apartment; propaganda department; Ministry of Culture; research staff appointed; religious buildings under Soviet regime; ‘Treasures of the Kremlin’ Exhibition; archaeological explorations under the Soviets; orchard planted by Khrushchev; Soviet infrastructure; ceases to be centre of power under Brezhnev; as shorthand for Soviet leadership; used to receive foreign guests under Brezhnev; ‘Kremlin ration’; opens up under Gorbachev

  post-Soviet era: Russian flag raised; 1991 houses presidential staff after; Boris Yeltsin’s official residence; restoration post-Soviet era; historical role promoted under Putin; popularity as tourist attraction

  Kremlin buildings: Alexander Gardens; Armoury; Armoury Chamber museum; Arsenal; Ascension monastery/ convent; Beklemyshev tower; Borovitsky Gate; Cathedral of Nikola Gostunsky; Cathedral of the Annunciation; Cathedral of the Archangel Michael; Cathedral for the Ascension convent; Cathedral of the Saviour in the Forest; Cathedral Square; Cavalry Building; Chudov (Miracles) Monastery; Church of Konstantin and Elena; Church of St Catherine; Church of St John the Forerunner; Church of the Deposition of the Robe; Church of the Nativity of the Virgin; Corner Arsenal tower; Dormition Cathedral; Faceted Palace; Frolov (Saviour) gates; Golden Palace; Grand Kremlin Palace; Ivan the Great (bell tower); Kutafia Tower; monasteries; Nicholas Palace; Nikolskaya Tower; Palace of Congresses; Peter the Great’s arsenal; Poteshnyi Palace; Red Stair; Riverside Palace; Saviour Cathedral; Saviour Gate; Saviour Monastery; Saviour Tower; Senate; Senate Tower; Sretensky Cathedral; Sverdlov Hall; Sviblova tower; Terem Palace; Trinity Tower; underground tunnels; Vodovzvodnaya tower; walls; Winter Palace

  Kremlin Commission

  Kremlin-9 (television series)

  ‘Kremlinology’

  Krivtsov, Ivan

  Krupskaya, Nadezhda

  Kurbsky, Andrei

  Kutuzov, Mikhail

  Kuznetsov

  Lamberti da Montagnana, Alevisio

  language: French; Old Russian

  Larionov, Samson

  Latsis, Otto

  Lef (magazine)

  Lefort, Franz

  Leiden, Netherlands

  Lenin, Vladimir Ilyich; storms the Winter Palace; establishes Bolshevik government in the Kremlin; and state ‘rest-homes’; attempts on his life; replaces imperial monuments with Soviet art; opposition to the Church; orders seizure of church assets; mausoleum; museum-apartment

  Lenin Library

  Leningrad see also St Petersburg

  Leningradskaya Hotel

  Lentulov, Aristarkh

  Leon the Jew

  Leonidov, Ivan

  Lermontov, Mikhail

  lions, in the Kremlin

  Lithuania; rival to Moscow sovereignty; Soviet troops suppress demonstrations

  Livonia

  London, England

  Lopez, Jennifer

  Lopukhina, Evdokiya

  Louis XIV of France

  Lübeck

  Lubyanka building

  Lunacharsky, Anatoly

  Luzhkov, Yury

  Mabetex Project Engineering

  Macarius III, Patriarch of Antioch

  Makary, Metropolitan of Moscow and all Russia

  Malevich, Kasimir; A Lady in a Tram

  Malinovsky, A. F.

  Malinovsky, Pavel

  Malkov, Pavel

  Malvern, England

  Margeret, Jacques; The Russian Empire and the Grand Duchy of Muscovy

  Marina Mniszeck (wife of Dmitry I)

  Mariya Godunova

  Mariya Nagaya

  Mariya of Tver (wife of Ivan III)

  Mariya Temryukovna

  Marx, Karl

  Marxist movement

  Maslov, Kupriyan

  Massa, Isaac, A Short History of the Peasant Wars in Moscow

  Matisse, Henri, La Danse

  Matlock, Jack (US ambassador)

  Matorin (artist)

  Matveyev, Artamon

  Mayakovsky, Vladimir

  Mayo, Earl of

  Medici, Lorenzo di

  Medvedev, Dmitry

  Mehmet II

  Melnikov, Konstantin

  Mendelsohn, Erich

  Mengli-Girey

  Menshikov, Alexander

  Merian, Matthäus

  Merv

  mestnichestvo

  metro (underground railway); secret

  Metropolitans, Archbishops and Patriarchs of the Russian Orthodox Church: Peter (the Wonder-Worker); Aleksii; Isidor; Yona; Filipp I; Geronty; Daniil; Yoasaf; Makary; Afanasy; FilippII; Dionysii II; Yov; Hermogen; Filaret; Nikon; Amvrosii; Platon II; Augustin; Tikhon

  Meyerberg, Augustin

  Michelangelo

  Mikhail Glinsky

  Mikhail I Fedorovich, Tsar

  Mikhail of Tver

  Mikhail the Brave

  Mikhalkov, Nikita

  Mikoyan, Nami

  Mikoyan, Sergo

  Miloslavsky, Ilya

  Miloslavsky family

  Minin, Kuzma

  Mironov, Sergei

  Mitrofan, Patriarch of Constantinople

  Mitterand, François

  Mniszeck, Jerzy

  Mniszeck, Marina


  Molotov, Vyacheslav

  Molotov-Ribbentrop pact

  Monakhitin, Sergei

  monasteries: closed under Stalin; of the Kremlin

  Mongol Horde

  Mongol rule in Russia

  Monkhouse, Allan

  Monomakh, Cap of

  Monomakh, Vladimir

  Mons, Anna, mistress of Peter the Great

  Morea, Despotate of

  Morozov, Boris

  Mortier, Marshal

  Moscow: xii, xiii, xiv; early history; origins of name; sacked by Mongol Horde; growth in population and significance; prospers under rule of Ivan I; liberated from Mongol rule; civil war 1433–47; expansion of regional power; Kitai-gorod; siege; destruction by Polish troops; plague; foreign (German) quarter; 18th-century salons; university; plague; population; society at the beginning of the 19th century; serfdom; improvements under Alexander I; battle of Borodino; 1812 occupation by Napoleon; ruined by fires during Napoleon’s occupation; re-building after Napoleon’s occupation; railway terminus; reacts to Nicholas II’s abdication; falls to the Bolsheviks; reconstruction in the 1920s; 800th anniversary; Olympic Games, 1980; open air swimming pool; Stalin’s towers; storming of the White House, 1993; post-Soviet era restoration of lost buildings; 850th anniversary celebrations; Cathedral of Christ the Saviour; Chapel of the Iberian Virgin; English Club; fires; Kazan Cathedral; Krutitskoe Residence; markets and religious ceremonies on ice; metro; Novodevichy Convent (New Convent of the Virgin); Red Square; Shchusev Museum of Architecture; Tretyakov Art Gallery; White City

  Moscow Archaeological Society

  Moscow Historical Museum

  Moscow River

  Moscow Society of Architects

  Moscow University

  Moskovskaya Pravda

  Moskovskie vedomosti (newspaper)

  Mosproekt-2 (construction company)

  Mstislavsky, Fedor

  Mstislavsky, Ivan

  Mukhanova

  Munich, Germany

  Murov, Evgeny

  Muscovy see Moscow

  Muscovy Company, London

  music, Russian

  Mussorgsky, Modest, Boris Godunov (opera)

  Napoleon Bonaparte; rise of; invades Russia; occupies Moscow; retreat from Moscow

  Narva, Estonia, Russian defeat

  Naryshkin, Ivan

  Naryshkina, Natalya

  national anthem, Russian

  nationalism, rise of in post-Communist Russia

  Nazarbayev, Nursultan

  Neglinnaya River

  Nerl River

  Neva River

  Nevsky, Alexander; demolition of chapel dedicated to

  Nevsky, Vladimir

  New Convent of the Virgin see Novodevichy Convent

  New Jerusalem Monastery

  New Year celebrations, under Peter the Great

  New York Metropolitan Museum

  New York Times

  Nicholas I, Tsar; accession; described by Marquis de Custine; encourages Russian nationalism; builds the Grand Kremlin Palace; orders demolition of Church of St John; approves Armoury Chamber museum; founds Imperial Russian Archaeological Society; death

  Nicholas II, Tsar: nostalgia for Russian past; anti-Semitic views; coronation; unveils statue to Alexander III; opens monument to Alexander II; response to revolution; takes personal command of armed forces; abdicates; murder by the Bolsheviks; re-interment in St Petersburg 1998

  Nikolai Aleksandrovich (son of Alexander II)

  Nikon, Metropolitan and Patriarch

  Nizhnyi Novgorod

  NKVD (Commissariat for Internal Affairs)

  Nora, Pierre

  North Ossetia

  Nöteborg (fortress)

  Novgorod; absorption into Moscow state; plague; sacked by Ivan the Terrible; under Swedish rule

  Novodevichy Convent

  nuclear weapons system, Soviet

  Nuremberg

  Odoevsky-Maslov, Prince

  Ogurtsov, Bazhen

  Oka River

  Old Believers/ Old Belief

  Olearius, Adam

  Olenin, Aleksei

  oprichnina/ oprichniki

  Oranovsky, Evgeny

  Orthodox calendar

  Osipov

  Ostei (temporary ruler of Moscow 1382)

  Otrepev, Grigory see also DmitryI (‘False Dmitry’)

  Ottoman Turkish Empire

  Owen, David

  Pacolli, Behgjet

  Paisein, Ivan

  Palace of the Soviets

  Palazhchenko, Pavel

  Palladio, Andrea

  Palm Sunday, ceremony at Kremlin

  Panova, Tatiana

  paper-milling, in Moscow

  Paris Exposition

  Pashkov House

  Pasternak, Boris

  Patrikeyev, Ivan Yurevich

  Pauker, Karl

  Paul I, Tsar: coronation, 1797; unpopularity and murder

  Paul II, Pope

  Paul of Aleppo

  Pavlov, Valentin

  Peace of Nystad

  People’s Commissariat for the Preservation of Historic and Artistic Monuments

  perestroika

  Pereyaslavl

  Perovaskaya, Sofiya

  Perry, John

  Peter I, Tsar (Peter the Great): childhood; elected Tsar; escapes plot on his life; introduces classical themes to the Kremlin; establishes parodic court; Grand Embassy (travels in Europe); orders beards to be shaved off; brings Russian calendar in line with Europe; takes part in killing of the streltsy; military reform; building projects; builds arsenal in the Kremlin; military campaigns; re-fortifies Kremlin; moves court to St Petersburg; signs Peace of Nystad with Sweden; creates Senate; abolishes the Orthodox patriarchate; and record keeping; reform of the alphabet; disinherits Aleksei Petrovich; crowns his wife Catherine I; European influences on court; introduces European architectural practices; coffin desecrated by Bolsheviks; funeral

  Peter III, Tsar

  Peter, Metropolitan of Kiev and all Russia (the ‘Wonder-Worker)

  Peter Petrovich (infant son of Peter the Great)

  Peter-Paul Cathedral, St Petersburg

  St Petersburg; choice of site; transfer of Peter the Great’s court to; 1917 revolution; Winter Palace; under Catherine the Great; Kazan Cathedral; Church of the Saviour on Spilled Blood; changes name to Petrograd; storming of the Winter Palace; desecration of Tsar’s tombs; re-interment of Romanov family, 1998 see also Leningrad; Petrograd Peterson,

  Rudolf Petrograd; re-named Leningrad see also St Petersburg

  Petrovna-Solovaya, Praskovya

  Petrovsky, Boris

  Petrovsky Palace

  Philip, Duke of Edinburgh

  Picart, Pieter

  Picasso, Pablo

  Pickering, Thomas

  Pikhoia, Rudolf

  Pimen, archbishop of Novgorod

  Pipes, Richard

  Piscator, Johannes

  plague: (1570); (Moscow, 1654); (Moscow, 1771)

  Platon, Metropolitan of Moscow

  Plekhanov, Georgy

  Pleshcheyev, Levonty

  Podgorny, Nikolai

  Pogodin, Mikhail

  Pokrovsky Convent

  Poland; Polish influence on court of False Dmitry; ambition for Russian throne; Polish troops occupy and loot the Kremlin; Treaty of Eternal Peace; as source of radical ideas; represented in film 1612

  Poland-Lithuania

  Politburo; Thursday meetings in Kremlin; working conditions relaxed under Brezhnev

  Polotsky, Simon

  Polovtsy (tribe)

  Polyakov, Leonid

  Polytechnical Exhibition 1872

  Pomerantsev, N. N.

  pomeshchiki

  Pompeii, re-discovery of

  Ponomarev, Lev

  Poppel, Nikolaus

  Poskrebyshev, Alexander

  Posokhin, M. V.

  Possevino, Antonio

  Potanin, Vladimir

  Poteshnyi D
vorets (Palace)

  Pozharsky, Dmitry

  Praskoveyevka

  Preobrazhenskoe

  Presnya ponds

  prikazy

  printing presses, in Moscow

  Prokopovich, Feofan

  Pronsky, Mikhail

  Provisional Government

  Prozorovsky clan

  Pskov

  Pugin, Augustus

  Pulci, Luigi

  Pushkin, Alexander

  Putin, Vladimir: dismisses corruption investigation against Yeltsins; takes over as Head of State; encourages Russian nationalism; third term of office

  Quarenghi, Giacomo

  Rabinovich, Mikhail

  Radishchev, Alexander

  railway: links Moscow and St Petersburg; terminus

  Rastrelli, Francesco Bartolomeo

  Ravel, Maurice

  Reagan, Ronald

  Red Army

  Red Guards, occupy the Kremlin 1917

  Red Square; space created as fire-break in 1493; begins to be called Red Square under Peter the Great; acquires current shape; statue commemorating Minin and Pozharsky erected, 1818; site of Bolshevik victims’ graves, 1917; parades; designated World Heritage Site by UNESCO

  Reed, John

  Rerberg, I. I.

  revolution

  revolution

  Rhos see also Rus

  Riga, Latvia

  Rikhter, F. F.

  Riurikid dynasty

  Robespierre, Maximilien de

  Roman Catholicism; and Polish ambition for the Russian throne

  Romania; fall of Ceausescu

  Romanov, Aleksei Mikhailovich see Aleksei Mikhailovich, Tsar

  Romanov, Fedor Nikitich (‘Filaret’); installed as Patriarch

  Romanov, Mikhail see Mikhail Fedorovich, Tsar

  Romanov, Nikita

  Romanov dynasty; accession; tercentenary celebration of accession, 1913; murder of royal family at Ekaterinburg

  Rome, Italy; Capitoline Hill

  Romodanovsky, Fedor

  Rossi, Karl

  Rossiya (television channel)

  Rostopchin, Fedor

  Rublev, Andrei

  Rudolf II, Holy Roman Emperor

  Rumyantsev, Nikolai

  Rus; under Mongol rule

  Russian Archive (journal)

  Russian Federation

  Russian Orthodox Church; founded in the 10th century; separates from Constantinople; creation of the patriarchate; crisis in authority of; calendar abolished; reduction in power under Peter the Great; abolition of the patriarchate; refuses permission for sacred objects to be displayed at Paris Exposition of 1867; suppressed under the Bolsheviks; liquidation of assets by the Bolsheviks see also Metropolitans, Archbishops and Patriarchs of the Russian Orthodox Church

 

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