Abominable Science
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58 Johan T. du Toit, “Home Range–Body Mass Relations: A Field Study on African Browsing Ruminants,” Oecologia 85 (1990): 301–303.
59 Robert H. MacArthur and Edward O. Wilson, Theory of Island Biogeography (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1967).
60 Donald R. Prothero and Robert H. Dott Jr., Evolution of the Earth, 7th ed. (Dubuque, Iowa: McGraw-Hill, 2004), chap. 1.
61 Lars Werdelin and William Joseph Sanders, eds., Cenozoic Mammals of Africa (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2010).
2. BIGFOOT
1 John Napier, Bigfoot: The Yeti and Sasquatch in Myth and Reality (New York: Dutton, 1973), 202–203.
2 Loren Coleman and Patrick Huyghe, The Field Guide to Bigfoot and Other Mystery Primates (San Antonio, Tex.: Anomalist Books, 2006), 88–89.
3 Loren Coleman, Bigfoot! The True Story of Apes in America (New York: Paraview, 2003), 27.
4 “Mythology of the Two Americas: Iroquois and Hurons,” Larousse Encyclopedia of Mythology (New York: Prometheus, 1959), 437–438.
5 Anthony Wonderley, Oneida Iroquois Folklore, Myth, and History: New York Oral Narrative from the Notes of H. E. Allen and Others (Syracuse, N.Y.: Syracuse University Press, 2004), 98–99; Raymond Fogelson, “Stoneclad Among the Cherokees,” in Manlike Monsters on Trial: Early Records and Modern Evidence, ed. Marjorie Halpin and Michael M. Ames (Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press, 1980), 134.
6 Grover Krantz, Bigfoot Sasquatch Evidence (Surrey, B.C.: Hancock House, 1999), 143.
7 Wayne Suttles, Coast Salish Essays (Vancouver: Talonbooks, 1987), 90.
8 Quoted in ibid., 91.
9 Royal British Columbia Museum, “Thunderbird Park: Present Park: Kwakwaka’wakw Heraldic Pole, 1953,” Thunderbird Park: Place of Cultural Sharing, http://www.royalbcmuseum.bc.ca/exhibits/tbird-park/main.htm?lang=eng (accessed April 16, 2012).
10 The Dzunuk’wa figure from the Royal British Columbia Museum’s Thunderbird Park appears, for example, on the cover of John Green, Sasquatch: The Apes Among Us (Surrey, B.C.: Hancock House, 2006), and in the interior of Christopher L. Murphy, Meet the Sasquatch (Surrey, B.C.: Hancock House, 2004), 17, and Jeff Meldrum, Sasquatch: Legend Meets Science (New York: Forge, 2006), 75.
11 Suttles, Coast Salish Essays, 78–79.
12 Coleman, Bigfoot!, 27.
13 Suttles, Coast Salish Essays, 74.
14 J. W. Burns, “Introducing B.C.’s Hairy Giants,” Maclean’s, April 1, 1929, reprinted in John Green, The Sasquatch File (Agassiz, B.C.: Cheam, 1973), 10–11.
15 John Green, On the Track of the Sasquatch (Agassiz, B.C.: Cheam, 1968), 3.
16 Quoted in Burns, “Introducing B.C.’s Hairy Giants,” 10–11.
17 John Burns, as told to Charles Tench, “My Search for B.C.’s Giant Indians,” Liberty Magazine, 1954, reprinted in Murphy, Meet the Sasquatch, 32.
18 Ibid.
19 Ibid., 31.
20 Green, On the Track of the Sasquatch, 3.
21 Ibid.
22 “Let’s Not Forget the Sasquatchewan Trade,” Vancouver Sun, May 7, 1957, 5.
23 “Wanted: Sasquatch—$5000 Reward,” Vancouver Sun, May 4, 1957, 25.
24 “Sasquatch Hunt Delayed by Intrepid Lillooet Band,” Vancouver Sun, May 10, 1957, 3.
25 Jack Brooks, “Sasquatch-Hunters Get Sasquatched,” Vancouver Sun, May 24, 1957, 3, final edition.
26 Don Hunter, with René Dahinden, Sasquatch: The Search for North America’s Incredible Creature (New York: Signet, 1975), 83.
27 “‘Nothing Monstrous About Sasquatch,’ Says Their Pal,” Vancouver Sun, May 25, 1957, 14.
28 Although there are chimpanzee- or gorilla-like monster yarns that predate that of Roe, they are distinct in two ways: they are outside the direct lineage of Sasquatch tradition, and their descriptions differ in one or more important respects from the modern composite description of Bigfoot. For example, the creatures featured in the Ape Canyon story of 1924 are retroactively included in Bigfoot lore, but their description is very different: “Their ears are about four inches long and stick straight up. They have four toes” (Oregonian [Portland], July 3, 1924, reprinted in John Green, The Best of Sasquatch Bigfoot [Surrey, B.C.: Hancock House, 2004], 61).
29 Green, On the Track of the Sasquatch, 10.
30 Ibid., 3.
31 Quoted in ibid., 11–12.
32 Ibid.
33 Daniel Loxton, “Junior Skeptic 20: Bigfoot Part One: Dawn of the Sasquatch,” Skeptic 11, no. 2 (2004): 96–105.
34 John Green to Daniel Loxton, August 10, 2004.
35 Ibid.
36 Green, On the Track of the Sasquatch, 10.
37 Ibid.
38 John Green to Daniel Loxton, August 20, 2004.
39 John Kirk to Daniel Loxton, July 21, 2004.
40 Quoted in Roger Patterson and Christopher Murphy, The Bigfoot Film Controversy (Surrey, B.C.: Hancock House, 2005), 98.
41 It is possible that one or more Bigfooters eventually did see photographs of Roe, after his death (perhaps supplied by his daughter), but I am not aware of any published photograph of him.
42 Coleman, Bigfoot!, 68–69.
43 John Green, “The Ape and the IM Index,” July 11, 2009, Southeast Sasquatch Association Archive, http://southeastsasquatchassociationarchive.blogspot.com/2009/07/work-of-john-green.html (accessed February 28, 2010).
44 Ivan T. Sanderson, Abominable Snowmen: Legend Come to Life (New York: Pyramid Books, 1968), 153.
45 Quoted in “This Yeti Has Big Feet: Abominable Snowman on Klamath,” Independent Press-Telegram (Long Beach, Calif.), October 5, 1958, 19.
46 “Promised Hoax Exposé of Mysterious Footprints Fails to Materialize,” Humboldt Standard (Eureka, Calif.), October 14, 1958, 11.
47 Coleman, Bigfoot!, 80.
48 Loren Coleman, “The Ray Wallace Debate: Part I,” February 12, 2006, CryptoMundo, http://www.cryptomundo.com/cryptozoo-news/ray-wallace-1/ (accessed April 1, 2010).
49 Joshua Blu Buhs, Bigfoot: The Life and Times of a Legend (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2009), 105.
50 Quoted in Green, Best of Sasquatch Bigfoot, 12.
51 “Eye-Witnesses See Bigfoot: Humboldt Sheriff’s Office Has No Jurisdiction in Footprint Case; Scene of Activity in Del Norte,” Humboldt Standard, October 15, 1958, 1.
52 Michael McLeod, Anatomy of a Beast: Obsession and Myth on the Trail of Bigfoot (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2009), 179.
53 David J. Daegling, Bigfoot Exposed: An Anthropologist Examines America’s Enduring Legend (Walnut Creek, Calif.: Altamira Press, 2004), 212.
54 Ibid., 211.
55 Mark Chorvinsky, “New Bigfoot Photo Investigation,” Strange Magazine, no. 13 (1994), http://www.bigfootencounters.com/articles/strange14.htm (accessed April 1, 2010).
56 Daegling, Bigfoot Exposed, 180.
57 Ibid.
58 Loren Coleman to Daniel Loxton, August 24, 2004.
59 Loren Coleman, “Bad Bigfoot Data Is Still Bad Bigfoot Data,” March 30, 2012, CryptoMundo, http://www.cryptomundo.com/cryptozoo-news/bad-bf-data/ (accessed March 30, 2012).
60 Murphy, Meet the Sasquatch, 109.
61 Green, Best of Sasquatch Bigfoot, 15.
62 Loren Coleman, discussion comment following “Bad Bigfoot Data Is Still Bad Bigfoot Data,” March 30, 2012, CryptoMundo, http://www.cryptomundo.com/cryptozoo-news/bad-bf-data/#comment-78426 (accessed March 30, 2012).
63 In early 2012, an online Bigfoot critic who posts under the name Kitakaze alleged that his investigations into the case of the Patterson–Gimlin film have given him “specific knowledge of the suit and it still exists today” (“Bob Heironimus on Pax TV’s Lie Detector,” Bigfoot Forums, http://bigfootforums.com/index.php?/topic/7624-bob-heironimus-on-pax-tvs-lie-detector/page_view_findpost_p_576952 [accessed April 21, 2012]). According to Kitakaze, the still-confidential whereabouts and circumstances of the suit will be revealed in his upcoming independent documentary, for release in “anywhere from a y
ear to two or more” (“Kitakaze’s Patty Suit Bombshell,” Bigfoot Forums, http://bigfootforums.com/index.php?/topic/30016-kitakazes-patty-suit-bombshell/page_view_findpost_p_577280 [accessed April 21, 2012]).
64 Quoted in Greg Long, The Making of Bigfoot: The Inside Story (New York: Prometheus Books, 2004), 192.
65 Green to Loxton, August 10, 2004.
66 Napier, Bigfoot, 95.
67 Krantz, Bigfoot Sasquatch Evidence, 122.
68 Meldrum, Sasquatch, 135.
69 Napier, Bigfoot, 91–92.
70 Quoted in Daegling, Bigfoot Exposed, 126.
71 Sanderson, Abominable Snowmen, 150.
72 John Kirk, interview with Daniel Loxton, Kitsilano, B.C., March 27, 2004.
73 John Green, quoted in Long, Making of Bigfoot, 179.
74 Ibid., 123.
75 Ibid., 47, 430.
76 Quoted in ibid., 192.
77 Ibid., 430.
78 Benjamin Radford, “Bigfoot at 50: Evaluating a Half-Century of Bigfoot Evidence,” Skeptical Inquirer 26, no. 2 (2002): 31.
79 Patterson and Murphy, Bigfoot Film Controversy, 30.
80 Daegling, Bigfoot Exposed, 116.
81 Krantz, Bigfoot Sasquatch Evidence, 32.
82 Long, Making of Bigfoot, 39, 109–110.
83 John Green, letter to the editor, Skeptical Inquirer, July 25, 2004 [forwarded to Daniel Loxton by Green, August 9, 2004].
84 Long, Making of Bigfoot, 47, 364.
85 Ibid., 385.
86 Roger Patterson, Do Abominable Snowmen of America Really Exist? (Yakima, Wash.: Franklin Press, 1966); Matt Crowley, “Roger Patterson’s Plagiarism,” January 11, 2012, Orgone Research, http://orgoneresearch.com/2012/01/11/roger-patterson’s-plagiarism/comment-page-1/ (accessed March 8, 2012).
87 Quoted in Long, Making of Bigfoot, 70.
88 Quoted in ibid., 249.
89 Daegling, Bigfoot Exposed, 47.
90 Coleman, Bigfoot!, 127.
91 Most recent sources tend to name a local butcher, Joe Rhodes, as the discoverer of the tracks, perhaps because of Marx’s reputation as a hoaxer. However, newspaper reports at the time identified Marx as the actual discoverer: “Rhodes suggested Marx might look for possible tracks of Big Foot when he was hunting, and during the early fall Marx spotted some tracks at a dump” (“Cold Freezes Hounds off Humanoid’s Trail,” Montana Standard [Butte], December 7, 1969, 20).
92 Hunter, with Dahinden, Sasquatch, 151.
93 Ibid., 153.
94 Krantz says, “The trail also began and ended on a steep slope coming out of and going back into Lake Roosevelt behind the Grand Coulie Dam” (Bigfoot Sasquatch Evidence, 43); John Green agrees that “the tracks came out of the water and went back to it” (Year of the Sasquatch [Agassiz, B.C.: Cheam, 1970], 50).
95 Hunter, with Dahinden, Sasquatch, 154–157.
96 Ibid., 156.
97 “Searchers Seek Big-footed Sasquatch,” Idaho State Journal (Pocatello), February 1, 1970.
98 René Dahinden’s account of the Metlow affair is detailed and fascinating, as recounted in Hunter, with Dahinden, Sasquatch, 159–165.
99 Ibid., 165–166.
100 “Legendary Big Foot Is Captured on Film,” Fairbanks Daily News-Miner, November 14, 1970, 3.
101 Tom Page offered $25,000 for a copy of the film, as reported in Hunter, with Dahinden, Sasquatch, 168.
102 Peter Byrne, “The Hoaxed Ivan Marx Footage, as Told by Peter Byrne, Former Head of ‘The Bigfoot Project,’” September 2003, Bigfoot Encounters, http://www.bigfootencounters.com/hoaxes/marx_footage.htm (accessed April 5, 2010).
103 “Footprints Add to Tale of Giant Creature Living in Washington,” Idaho State Journal, February 17, 1971; “Tourtists Flock to See Sasquatch’s Foot Prints,” Lebanon (Pa.) Daily News, February 18, 1971.
104 Byrne, “Hoaxed Ivan Marx Footage.”
105 Quoted in “Sasquatch Quashed Again?” Walla Walla (Wash.) Union Bulletin, April 9, 1971, 1.
106 Hunter, with Dahinden, Sasquatch, 169–170.
107 Quoted in “Sasquatch Tracks Were Made by Man,” Centralia (Wash.) Daily Chronicle, April 1, 1971, 4.
108 Byrne, “Hoaxed Ivan Marx Footage.”
109 Murphy, Meet the Sasquatch, 109.
110 Grover Krantz, interview with John Yager, KXLY-TV, 1992, quoted in Michael Dennett, “Bigfoot Evidence: Are These Tracks Real?” Skeptical Inquirer 18, no. 5 (1994): 499–500.
111 Daegling, Bigfoot Exposed, 84.
112 Napier, Bigfoot, 125.
113 Ibid., 124.
114 McLeod, Anatomy of a Beast, 126.
115 Green, Year of the Sasquatch, 66.
116 “Scoftic” is a derisive jargon term coined by Roger Knights in 2003. The word is now used by cryptozoological enthusiasts to describe those they view as unreasonable, dogmatic skeptics. According to Knights, “scoftic” refers to someone who “gives witness testimony no weight whatsoever, on ideological grounds, and who asserts numerous other bits of unreasonable dogma, such as that the quantity of reports is insignificant. Scofticism is thus fanaticism behind a pose of reasonableness” (quoted in Loren Coleman, “Is ‘Scoftic’ a Useful Term?” April 28, 2007, CryptoMundo, http://www.cryptomundo.com/cryptozoo-news/scoftic/ [accessed March 19, 2010]).
117 Green, Year of the Sasquatch, 66.
118 Green, Best of Sasquatch Bigfoot, 9.
119 Krantz, Bigfoot Sasquatch Evidence, 41.
120 Green, Year of the Sasquatch, 55.
121 Krantz, Bigfoot Sasquatch Evidence, 250.
122 See, for example, “Phantom Bigfeet and UFOs,” in Janet Bord and Colin Bord, Bigfoot Casebook Updated: Sightings and Encounters from 1818 to 2004 (Enumclaw, Wash.: Pine Winds Press, 2006), chap. 7.
123 Napier, Bigfoot, 198.
124 Ibid.
125 Krantz, Bigfoot Sasquatch Evidence, 5.
126 Jeffrey D. Lozier, P. Aniello and Michael J. Hickerson, “Predicting the Distribution of Sasquatch in Western North America: Anything Goes with Ecological Niche Modeling,” Journal of Biogeography 36 (2009): 1623–1627.
127 Murphy, Meet the Sasquatch, 123.
128 John A. Bindernagel, North America’s Great Ape: The Sasquatch (Courtenay, B.C.: Beachcomber Books, 1998), 28–29.
129 “Three-Legged Bear Walking Upright,” February 11, 2010, CoolestOne.com., http://www.coolestone.com/media/1102/3_Legged_Bear_Walking_Upright/ (accessed March 4, 2010).
130 Green, On the Trail of the Sasquatch, 30.
131 Green, Sasquatch File, 48.
132 Ibid.
133 Radford, “Bigfoot at 50,” 31.
134 Murphy, Meet the Sasquatch, 124–125.
135 Krantz, Bigfoot Sasquatch Evidence, 36.
136 Daegling, Bigfoot Exposed, 175.
137 Ibid.
138 Green, On the Track of the Sasquatch, 71.
139 Krantz, Bigfoot Sasquatch Evidence, 125–126.
140 Meldrum, Sasquatch, 261–262.
141 Daegling, Bigfoot Exposed, 207.
142 Benjamin Radford, “Science Looks for Bigfoot,” September 3, 2005, Committee for Skeptical Inquiry, http://www.csicop.org/specialarticles/show/science_looks_for_bigfoot (accessed March 25, 2010).
143 Doug Haijcek, dir., Sasquatch: Legend Meets Science (Minneapolis: Whitewolf Entertainment, 2003).
144 Meldrum, Sasquatch, 270.
145 Lead author Melba Ketchum’s claims to have DNA evidence to proved the existence of Bigfoot have been bouncing around the mainstream press since at least 2011 (and even earlier in the cryptozoological corners of the blogosphere). See, for example, Monisha Martins, “Sasquatch: Is It Out There?” August 16, 2011, Maple Ridge News, http://www.mapleridgenews.com/news/127905518.html (accessed February 14, 2013).
146 M. S. Ketchum, P. W. Wojtkiewicz, A. B. Watts, D. W. Spence, A. K. Holzenburg, D. G. Toler, T. M. Prychitko, F. Zhang, S. Bollinger, R. Shoulders, and R. Smith, “Novel North American Hominins: Next Generation Sequencing of Three Whole Genomes and Associated Studies,�
� special issue, DeNovo Scientific Journal (2013): 1–15.
147 Quoted in Sharon Hill, “Ketchum Bigfoot DNA Paper Released: Problems with Questionable Publication,” February 13, 2013, Doubtful News, http://doubtfulnews.com/2013/02/ketchum-bigfoot-dna-paper-released-problems-with-questionable-publication/ (accessed February 14, 2013).
148 Craig Woolheater, “Ketchum Sasquatch DNA Study Update: Questions Answered …” February 13, 2013, CryptoMundo, http://www.cryptomundo.com/bigfoot-report/ketchum-sasquatch-dna-study-update/ (accessed February 14, 2013).
149 Benjamin Radford, “Bigfoot DNA Discovered? Not So Fast,” February 14, 2013, Live-Science, http://www.livescience.com/27140-bigfoot-dna-study-questioned.html (accessed February 14, 2013).
150 Zen Faulkes, “Sasquatch DNA: New Journal or Vanity Press?” February 13, 2013, NeuroDojo, http://neurodojo.blogspot.ca/2013/02/sasquatch-dna-new-journal-or-vanity.html (accessed February 14, 2013).
151 Ketchum et al., “Novel North American Hominins,” 1, 11.
152 “Dr. Melba Ketchum’s Press Release About Bigfoot DNA,” November 24, 2012, Before It’s News, http://beforeitsnews.com/paranormal/2012/11/dr-melba-ketchums-pressrelease-about-bigfoot-dna-2445438.html (accessed February 14, 2013).
153 Steven Novella, “Bigfoot DNA,” November 26, 2012, Skepticblog, http://www.skepticblog.org/2012/11/26/bigfoot-dna/ (accessed February 14, 2013).
154 John Timmer, “Bigfoot Genome Paper ‘Conclusively Proves’ That Sasquatch Is Real—And It Only Took Founding a New Journal to Get the Results Published,” February 13, 2013, Ars Technica, http://arstechnica.com/science/2013/02/bigfoot-genome-paper-conclusively-proves-that-sasquatch-is-real/ (accessed February 14, 2013).
155 Green, Year of the Sasquatch, 51.
156 Hunter, with Dahinden, Sasquatch, 169–171.
157 Michael Dennett, “Evidence for Bigfoot? An Investigation of the Mill Creek ‘Sasquatch Prints,’” Skeptical Inquirer 13, no. 3 (1989): 272.
158 Meldrum, Sasquatch, 110–112, 237–240.
159 Coleman, Bigfoot!, 40–42.
160 Ibid., 42.