123 Amanda Paulson, “New Report Ranks U.S. Teens 29th in Science Worldwide,” December 5, 2007, Christian Science Monitor, http://www.csmonitor.com/2007/1205/p02s01-usgn.html (accessed January 26, 2012).
124 Richard Allen Green, “China Shoots Up Rankings as Science Power, Study Finds,” March 29, 2011, CNN World, http://articles.cnn.com/2011-03-29/world/china.world.science_1_china-output-papers?_s=PM:WORLD (accessed January 26, 2012).
125 “Knowledge, Networks and Nations: Final Report,” March 28, 2011, Royal Society, http://royalsociety.org/policy/projects/knowledge-networks-nations/report/ (accessed January 26, 2012).
126 Quoted in “New Countries Emerge as Major Players in Scientific World,” March 28, 2011, Royal Society, http://royalsociety.org/news/new-science-countries/ (accessed January 26, 2012).
127 Richard Matthews, “China’s Green Innovation and the Challenge for America,” February 23, 2011, Global Warming Is Real, http://globalwarmingisreal.com/2011/02/23/chinas-green-innovation-and-the-challenge-for-america/ (accessed January 26, 2012).
128 Fiona Harvey, “UK Slips Down Global Green Investment Rankings,” March 28, 2011, Guardian, http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2011/mar/29/uk-global-greeninvestment-rankings (accessed January 26, 2012).
129 “Germany Seventh in G-20 Members in Clean Energy Investments,” March 25, 2010, Pew Environment, http://www.pewenvironment.org/uploadedFiles/PEG/Newsroom/Press_Release/Germany%20Seventh%20Among%20G-20%20Members%20in%20Clean%20Energy%20Investments.pdf (accessed January 26, 2012).
130 Jürgen Schmidhuber, “Evolution of National Nobel Prize Shares in the 20th Century,” September 14, 2010, Dalle Molle Institute for Artificial Intelligence, idsia.ch/~juergen/nobelshare.html (accessed January 26, 2012).
131 Neil deGrasse Tyson, “Scientifically Literate See a Different World,” September 22, 2009, Curious Cat Science and Engineering Blog, http://engineering.curiouscatblog.net/2009/09/22/neil-degrasse-tyson-scientifically-literate-see-a-different-world/ (accessed January 26, 2012).
132 Carl Sagan, The Demon-Haunted World: Science as a Candle in the Dark (New York: Random House, 1996), 26.
INDEX
Page numbers refer to the print edition but are hyperlinked to the appropriate location in the e-book.
NUMBERS IN ITALICS REFER TO PAGES ON WHICH FIGURES APPEAR.
Abominable Snowman, name of, 76–77. See also Yeti
Adomnán (abbot of Iona), 135–137
Africa: giant snakes in, 185–186; home ranges of large animals in, 24; idea of Brontosaurus in, 270–278, 274, 287, 382n.41; idea of giant spiders in, 285–286; tourism in, 279–280. See also Mokele Mbembe
Agassiz, Louis, 178, 222–223, 302
Agnagna, Marcellin, 283–284, 383nn.64,83
Agogino, George, 97
Ahmed, Enas, 291
Alaskan Monster Hunt (television show), 246
Albertus Magnus, 197–198, 369n.54
Alexander the Great, 186
alien abductions, 15–16, 310, 315–316, 365n.202
Almasti (“Wild Man of the Snows”), 103–104
Amaghino, Forentino, 19
Among the Himalayas (Waddell), 78
Anderson, Sydney, 303
Andrews, Roy Chapman, 146
animals: biological and ecological constraints on, 20–24, 158–159; discovery of “new” species of, x, 17–23, 21; discovery of “new” species of, known from fossils, x, 19–20; former cryptids, x, 18; and habitat fragmentation, 24; mistaken identity of, and cryptids, 21, 56–62, 159–164, 233–236; “new” species of, and cryptids, 20–21. See also coelacanth; specific animals; specific cryptids
Anning, Mary, 218
Apatosaurus. See Brontosaurus
Aristotle, 184–185, 187, 188, 197
Asten, Janet, 317
Australopithecus, 91
Baby: Secret of the Lost Legend (film), 280
Bader, Christopher, 311–314, 321
Bahadur, Man, 351n.24
Baker, Joseph, 311–314, 321
Bakewell, Robert, 219, 380n.16
Barber, Richard, 193
Barklay, John, 213
Barnacle Goose, 210
Basilosaurus, 229, 230, 374n.155
basking sharks, carcasses of, 213–216, 214, 216
Bauer, Aaron, 322
Bauer, Henry, 135, 153, 159
Bayanov, Dmitri, 104
Baylor Religion Survey, 310–317
BBC, 285, 384n.93
Beach, Peter, 286, 384n.100
bears: and Bigfoot, 57–59, 58; bones of, 69, 69–71; footprints of, 81, 90, 90–92; and Yeti, 75, 78–83, 82, 92, 95, 100, 102, 113–115, 351n.16
Beasts and Men (Hagenbeck), 270
Beauman, E. B., 83–84
Beckjord, Jon-Erik, 321
belief systems, 7–8, 310–320; and church attendance, 314, 320; and cryptozoology subculture, 298–303; demographics of paranormal believers, 310–313; and “early adopters,” 315–316; and interest in cryptids, 312, 316; and pseudoscientific ideas, 9, 313–316; and psychological contagion, 250; and social costs and benefits of cryptozoology, 328–336
Belon, Pierre, 201–202
Beowulf, 31
Bernstein, Carl, 3
bestiaries, encyclopedias, and other catalogues of creatures, 191–194, 192, 198–205
biasd na srogaig (Scottish folkloric monster), 123
Bible, 180–181
Bigfoot (Sasquatch), 28–71; biological and ecological constraints on, 22–24; connection of, to UFOs or other supernatural phenomena, 321, 369n.61; credible researchers of, 12; descriptions of, 34, 37, 343n.28; financial benefits of publicity about, 35–36, 50, 67; historical perspective on, 30–35; and media, 35–36, 41–43; organizations on, 2–3; origin of legend of, 34–35; statistics on belief in, 317; subculture of believers in, 299–300, 318–320; and tourism, 35–36; unlikelihood of existence of, 4, 22–24, 68–71
EYEWITNESS AND HEARSAY REPORTS of, 2–4; in Ape Canyon, 343n.28; backdated, 343n.28; by Burns, 34–35; claims of shooting, 34, 70, 349n.184; and mistaken identity, 56–62; by Native Americans, 31–36; planetary extent of, 71; by Roe, 37–40; variability of, 34, 37, 343n.28
FOOTPRINTS OF: by Marx (“Cripple Foot”), 50–54, 51, 65, 345n.91; by Pickens, 52–53; as problematic physical evidence, 60–62; by Wallace, ix–x, 40–44, 48, 60
HOAXES OF, 2–4, 36, 65–68; Jacko, 66; by Marx (“Cripple Foot”), 50–54, 51, 65, 345n.91; Minnesota Iceman, 302, 303; by Patterson and Gimlin, 38, 47–50; by Pickens, 52–53; and problematic footprint evidence, 60–62; by Rael, 68; and Roe, 38–40, 49; by Wallace, ix–x, 40–44, 48, 60
HUNTERS OF: in British Columbia, 35–36, 39; conflict of, with professional scientists, 301–303; and credibility, 11, 47–48, 307; and “Cripple Foot” (Marx) hoax, 51–52; Dahinden, 36; demographics of, 300; hostility of, to other paranormal beliefs, 315; subculture of, 299–300, 318–320
PHOTOGRAPHS AND VIDEOS OF: by Marx (“Cripple Foot”), 51, 52–53; by Patterson and Gimlin, 38, 44–50, 45, 67, 153, 302–303, 344n.63; by Rael, 68; Roe sketch, 37
PHYSICAL EVIDENCE OF, 2–3; and fossil evidence, 26–27; hair and DNA as, 62–65, 347n.145; lack of, 4, 22–23, 68–71
Bigfoot Bulletin, 300
Bigfoot Field Research Organization, 3
Bindernagel, John, 11, 12, 57, 70
Binns, Ronald: on Dinsdale film, 154; on King Kong and Loch Ness monster, 129; on lack of plesiosaur bones in Loch Ness, 170; on Loch Ness before monster, 122, 357n.1; on paid lake observers, 165; on sonar surveys, 171; on Spicer account, 161; on Stuart photograph, 150–151; on Surgeon’s Photograph, 149
birds, mistaken for Loch Ness monster, 139, 159–160. See also specific birds
Biscardi, Tom, 3–4, 337n.3
Black, Davidson, 105
Blaneou, Lucien, 17
Boardman, John, 183
boat wakes, mistaken for sea serpents, 238–239
boobrie (Scottish folkloric monster), 123
Bord, Colin a
nd Janet, 349n.184
Bousfield, Edward, 233, 247–249, 251
Boyd, Alastair, 145, 147, 149
Bradbury, Ray, 178
British Columbia Scientific Cryptozoology Club, 245
Brontosaurus, 267, 268, 268, 270–278, 287, 289, 382n.41
Brookes, Charles, 273
Browne, Sir Thomas, 204–205
buarach-bhaoi (Scottish folkloric monster), 123
Buhs, Joshua Blu, 299, 300–301, 307
burden of proof, 256–257, 326
Burns, John W., 34–35, 36
Burrard, Gerald, 79
Burroughs, Edgar Rice, 226, 268
Burton, Maurice, 147–148
Byrne, Peter, 52–53, 97–98, 115, 354nn.92,98
Cadboro Bay (British Columbia), 241, 377n.215
Cadborosaurus (Caddy), 179, 239–251, 243; and birth of modern sea serpent, 205, 207–211; as dinosaur, 243; and hippocamp, 188, 188, 250–251, 255–256, 368n.34; and King Kong, 241, 244, 249; and McTaggart-Cowan on mistaken identity, 236; and Naden Harbour carcass, 246–249, 377n.214; origin of legend of, 239–244, 249–250; origin of name of, 241; recent sightings of, 246; sighting of, by Kemp, 241–244; sighting of, by Langley, 241–242; and type specimen, 247; and undiscovered species of marine animals, 246
Cadborosaurus (LeBlond and Bousfield), 251
Campbell, Alex, 127–128, 139–140, 144, 160, 161, 236, 358n.20
Carl, Clifford, 245, 247
Carnegie, Andrew, 267, 269–270
Carpenter, William, 250
Carrier, Jill, 57
Cartier, Jacques, 125
Chambers, Maurice, 147
Champ (monster of Lake Champlain), 26, 323
Chehalis (Native Americans), 34–35
China: “dragon bones” from, 104–106; and Gigantopithecus, 103–110; and scientific literacy, 334–335; and Yeti, 99, 100
Chorvinsky, Mark, 42–43
Christian allegory, and hippocamp, 191–193
Chubb, E. C., 271–272
chupacabra (goat sucker), 178, 322
Ciochon, Russell, 106
Clancy, Susan, 15–16, 310, 316
Clupekwe (mythical Brontosaurus), 272
Codex canadensis (Nicolas), 205, 206, 370n.72
coelacanth, x, 19–20, 20, 293–294, 309, 323–324
Coleman, Loren, 308, 319; on Georgia Bigfoot hoax, 3; on Native American legends, 33; on otters mistaken for sea serpents, 234; on persistence of hoaxes, 65–66; on “plesiosaur hypothesis,” 156–157; on psychological contagion, 250; on Slick and Byrne’s Yeti-hunting expeditions, 96, 97; on variability of eyewitness reports, 252; on Wallace hoax, 41, 43
Collins, M. J., 149
Columba, Saint, 135–137
confirmation bias, 33
Coon, Carleton, 97, 98, 108
cormorants, 139, 140, 160, 235
Cosgrove, Jim, 248
Cosgrove, Stephen, 250
Cotting, John Ruggles, 220
Crabtree, Smoky, 319
creationism, 7–8; and burden of proof, 10; and credential mongering, 305, 309; and cryptozoology, 308–309; and Mokele Mbembe, 265, 285–286, 292–295, 308–309, 384nn.93,96,100; and scientific illiteracy, 333–335; and sea serpents, 216, 224
credibility issues, 10–12; and credential mongering, 11, 305, 309; and Dinsdale film, 154–155; and eyewitness reports, 143–144; and Hydrarchos sillimani, 228–231; and Patterson–Gimlin film, 47–48; and scientific credentials, 11–12, 305, 306, 309; and Shipton photograph, 88–89; and universities, 11, 338n.21, 388n.43. See also hoaxes
Crew, Jerry, 41–44, 47
“Cripple Foot” (Bigfoot hoax [Marx]), 50–54, 51, 65, 345n.91
crocodiles, mistaken for Mokele Mbembe, 288
Crowley, Matt, 387n.32
cryptids: biological and ecological constraints on, 20–24, 158–159, 288; body size of, 20–21, 23, 24; definition of, 17; discovery of former, x, 18; and “new” species, 20–21. See also specific cryptids cryptozoology: and classical world, 188–189; and creationism, 308–309; definition of, 17; and gender, 317–320; image problem of, 322; levels of involvement with, 299–300; origin of term, 16–17; and other paranormal beliefs, 320–322; and professional scientists, 301–303; scientific perspectives of, 16–27; scientific standards of, 322–328; significant figures in, 304–309; social costs and benefits of, 328–336; statistics on interest in, 312, 316, 318; subculture of, 298–303, 318–320, 330–331; and “where there’s smoke, there’s fire” argument, 71, 231–232. See also Coleman, Loren; credibility issues; Greenwell, Richard; Heuvelmans, Bernard; Krantz, Grover; Mackal, Roy; Sanderson, Ivan T.
Curley, Michael, 191–192
Curtis, Wardon Allan, 137
Cuvier, Georges, 218
Daegling, David: bear bones found by, 70; on competence of hoaxers, 67; on “Cripple Foot” (Marx) hoax, 53–54; on lack of physical evidence, 69, 71; on Patterson–Gimlin film, 48; on problematic footprint evidence, 61; on problematic hair samples, 63; on Wallace hoax, 42
Dahinden, René: cave expeditions by, 36; and conflict between cryptid hunters and professional scientists, 301, 303; and “Cripple Foot” (Marx) hoax, 50–52; and Patterson–Gimlin film, 303; on Patterson’s credibility, 47–48
Daily Mail (newspaper), 93–96, 97, 98, 144–145
Dalai Lama, 116
Dana, James Dwight, 229
Darwin, Charles, 220, 221, 225, 373n.136
Dass, Petter, 207–208
Davis, Richard, 349n.184
Dawkins, Richard, 255
De animalibus (Albertus Magnus), 197–198
De aquatilibus (Belon), 202
DeAtley, Al, 50
dermatoglyphics, 307, 387n.32
DeNovo Scientific Journal, 63–64
Description of the Northern Peoples, A (Olaus Magnus), 198–200, 203
Destination Truth (television show), 115, 287
deviance theory, 313–314
dinosaurs: and creationism, 293–295, 308–309; footprints of, 263; fossil record of, 26–27, 288–291; fossils of, 266–271, 268, 269; and King Kong, 130–134; origin of term, 221; and popular fiction, 226; sea serpents and Hydrarchos sillimani, 227, 227–231. See also Brontosaurus; Cadborosaurus; Diplodocus; elasmosaur; Mokele Mbembe; plesiosaur; sauropod
Dinsdale, Tim, 158, 160; film by, of Loch Ness monster, 151–155
Diplodocus, 131–134, 243–244, 267, 268, 269, 270, 271, 273
Disotell, Todd, 298
DNA, 62–65, 98, 347n.145
dogs, 143
Doig, Desmond, 99–100
Dolan, Brooke, II, 81
dolphins, mistaken for sea serpents, 233–234
Doyle, Arthur Conan, 138, 226, 268, 276
dragons, 185
du Toit, Johan, 23
Durrell, Gerald, 301–302, 332
Dyer, Rick, 2–3
Dzunuk’wa (Kwakwaka’wakw ogress), 32, 33
ecology: and cryptid body size, 23; and unlikelihood of existence of cryptids, 20–24, 158–159, 288; and viable population size, 23, 290. See also habitat
education: and creationism, 7–8; hoaxes as “teachable moments,” 4–5; and scientific literacy, 9, 333–336
Egede, Hans and Poul, 252, 253, 378n.229
Egginton, Major, 147
elasmosaur, 137, 138, 156–157, 360n.66
Ettel, Peter, 107
Etymologies (Isidore of Seville), 192–193
Everest Reconnaissance Expedition (1921), 76
evolution: deniers of, 10–11; and early humans, 108–109; “ladder of creation” model of, 294; and Mokele Mbembe, 293–295, 308–309; and “plesiosaur hypothesis,” 225–226; and scientific illiteracy, 334. See also Gigantopithecus
eyewitness reports: as credibility issue, 39–40; insufficiency of, x–xi, 13–16, 54–56, 252, 324, 327; and “leading the witness,” 281–283, 327; by local people, 278–284; and malleability of memory, 57, 164, 365n.202; and “memories” of strange experiences, 15–16; multiple, by same person,
139–140, 143–144; negative, investigators’ refusal to accept, 282–283, 339n.39; variability of, 140–141, 251–256, 287, 288. See also credibility issues; specific cryptids
Fairley, John, 74
Faulkes, Zen, 64
Ferry, Lawrence de, 208–210
Feynmann, Richard, 6, 328
Field Guide to Bigfoot and Other Mystery Primates, The (Coleman and Huyghe), 31
Fleischmann, Martin, 6
Fleming, Peter, 145
“Fog Horn, The” (Bradbury), 178
folklore. See myths and legends
footprints: of Gigantopithecus, 109–110; hoaxed Bigfoot, by Marx (“Cripple Foot”), 50–54, 51, 65, 345n.91; hoaxed Bigfoot, by Pickens, 52–53; hoaxed Bigfoot, by Wallace, ix–x, 40–44, 60;footprints (continued)
hoaxed Loch Ness monster, by Wetherell, 144–145; of Mokele Mbembe, 262–263, 286; of monkeys, 85, 95; as poor indicator of underlying anatomy, 53–54; as problematic physical evidence, 60–62, 89–92, 95–96; of sauropods, 263; of Yeti (or bear), 78–81, 83–92, 87, 115; of Yeti (or wolf), 76
fossils: of Basilosaurus, 229, 230; and Cadborosaurus, 246; of dinosaurs, 266–271, 268, 269, 288, 291; and discovery of “new” species, 19–20; and evolution, 293; of Gigantophithecus, 103–110, 105, 107; lack of, for cryptids, 26–27, 290, 292; “living fossils,” 309; of mastodon, 228; and sea serpents, 217–220; and sea serpents and Hydrarchos sillimani, 227–231
Fox, Ted, 241
Fraas, Eberhard, 270
Frechkop, Serge, 305
Freeman, Paul, 48, 65
Frere, Richard, 150, 362n.131
Friedrich Wilhelm IV (king of Prussia), 231
Gates, Joshua, 115
geology, 25, 25–26, 158
Gesner, Conrad, 201–204
ghosts, 222, 246, 311, 312
gibbons, 96
Gibbons, William: and Agnagna film, 283–284, 383n.83; on coelacanth, 293–294; as creationist, 265, 292–293, 308–309; credibility issues with, 11, 265, 309; and giant spiders, 285–286; on knowledge of dinosaurs among Africans, 264; and MonsterQuest expedition, 287; on payments to local people, 279; trips to Cameroon by, 285; trips to Lake Tele by, 284, 285
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