Gigantophithecus, ix, 91, 103–110, 105, 107, 324
Gillman, Peter, 88
Gimlin, Bob, 38, 44–50, 110, 302–303, 319
giraffe, 380n.14
glaciation, 25–26
Goebbels, Joseph, 141
gorilla, x, 18, 18, 21, 23
Gosse, Philip Henry, 137, 224–226, 373nn.132,136
Gould, Rupert: on Daedalus sea serpent sighting, 221; on Duke of Portland account, 134; on Fly sea serpent sighting, 224; on Gray photograph, 142; on lack of plesiosaur bones in Loch Ness, 170; on “plesiosaur hypothesis,” 138, 226; on seals in Loch Ness, 161–162; on Smith and Herriman account, 375n.176; on Spicer account, 133, 359n.45; on Stronsay Beast, 213; on underwater passage from Loch Ness to North Sea, 173–174; on variability of eyewitness reports, 141, 253
Gould, Stephen Jay, 224
Graetz, Paul, 272–273
Granger, Walter, 105
Gray, Hugh, 142–144
Gray, Wentworth D., 277
Great Sea Serpent. See Cadborosaurus; sea serpents
Great Sea-serpent, The (Oudemans), 17, 184–185
Greece, classical: hippocamp motif in art of, 188–189; and sea serpents, 181–193
Green, John: on Bigfoot hunt proposal, 35–36; on early accounts of Bigfoot, 34; on eyewitness reports, 55–56; on footprint evidence, 60–61, 345n.94; on hoaxes, 65; on Patterson–Gimlin film, 49; on physical evidence, 68, 70; on Roe account, 37, 39–40; on sightings of excessively tall creatures, 54; on Wallace hoax, 41, 42, 43
Greenwell, Richard, 11, 306, 323–324
Grendel, 31
Groot Slang (mythical giant snake), 382n.41
Groves, Colin, 327
Guide to Marine Life of British Columbia (Carl), 245, 247
Haas, George, 299–300
Habeler, Peter, 112
habitat: cryptid, 23, 24; cryptid, compared with dinosaur, 158–159, 275–276, 288; fragmentation of, 23–24
hafgufa (Norse sea monster), 193
Hagenbeck, Carl, 270–272, 275, 381nn.24,26,30
hair: as problematic physical evidence, 62–65; of Yeti, 98–101
Hale, Christopher, 81
Harmsworth, Tony, 155, 168, 358n.30
Harris, Richard, 337n.3
havhest (Scandinavian hippocamp), 201
Hawks, John, 298
Heironimus, Bob, 48–49
Herrick, Douglas, ix
Herriman, J. A., 237, 375n.176
Heuvelmans, Bernard, x; background and training of, 305–306; on definition of cryptids, 17; on dinosaur sightings, 273; on discovery of saurian fossils, 220; on drawing sea serpents, 182–183; as father of cryptozoology, 305–306; on Gigantopithecus as Yeti, 103; In the Wake of the Sea-Serpents, 185; on Loch Ness monster and “plesiosaur hypothesis,” 158; on Mackal, 305; and Minnesota Iceman, 302; and Mokele Mbembe, 275, 278; on number of sea serpent sightings, 211, 211–212; on Olaus Magnus’s Description of the Northern Peoples, 200; On the Track of Unknown Animals, 17, 301–302, 306; on Pontoppidan’s sea serpent investigations, 210; on sea serpents in classical literature, 186; and Stevens, 382n.54; on variability of eyewitness reports, 254; and Waddell, 351n.16; on word “cryptozoology,” 17
Hibbert, Samuel, 369n.50
Hill, Sharon, 324–325
Hillary, Sir Edmund, 87, 92–93, 99–101, 355n.121
Himalayan brown (red) bear, 75, 81–83, 82, 95, 100, 113–114
Himmler, Heinrich, 84
hippocamp, 181, 187, 187–211, 204; and Albertus Magnus, 197–198; as art motif, 188–189; in Belon’s De aquitilibus, 202; and Cadborosaurus, 188, 250–251, 368n.34; and Christian allegory, 191–193; in classical Greece and Rome, 187, 187–190, 188, 189; evolution of, 201–206; in Gresner’s Historiae animalium, 202–204, 203, 204; in medieval Europe, 187, 190, 191–193, 192, 198–205, 202; and memes, 255–156; and mythology, 189–190; and Naden Harbour carcass, 247, 248; names of, 201; in Nicolas’s Codex canadensis, 205, 206; in Nordic culture, 193–197, 194, 195, 204; in Olaus Magnus’s Description of the Northern Peoples, 198–200, 200, 202–203; in Physiologus, 191–193; and water-horse tradition, 254
hippopotamus, 145, 288, 379n.7
Historiae animalium (Gesner), 202–204
History of Animals (Aristotle), 184–185
History of Loango, Kakonga, and Other Kingdoms in Africa (Proyart), 266
Hitler, Adolf, 84
hoaxes: “Carlos” channeling, 67–68, 348n.167; financial benefits from, 2, 67; Krantz on, 66–67; at Lake George, 125; at Loch Ness, 125–126; of Loch Ness monster, 144–151, 146, 148, 150, 154, 158; Minnesota Iceman, 302, 303; of Mokele Mbembe, 276–277; presented as evidence, even after debunking, 43, 65, 150–151; of sea serpents, 221, 227–231, 234, 240–244; as “teachable moments,” 4–5; of Yeti, 86, 88–89, 111–112. See also Bigfoot: hoaxes of
Hodgson, Brian, 78
Holiday, F. W., 167
Home, Everard, 213
Hooker, Sir William, 219
Hope, George, 223–226
horses, mistaken for water-monsters, 126, 165. See also hippocamp
Hovind, Kent, 293, 308, 309
Howard-Bury, Charles, 76
hrosshvalr (horse-whale), 193–195, 194, 195, 201, 204
Hunt, John, 93
Hunt, Mildred, 35
Huxley, Thomas Henry, 13, 178, 251, 254
Huyghe, Patrick, 252, 254
Hydrarchos sillimani, 227, 227–231
Hyman, Ray, 329–330, 391n.106
Ice Age, 25, 25–26, 121, 158
ichthyosaur, 217, 218, 219, 380n.16
In the Wake of the Sea-Serpents (Heuvelmans), 185
India: giant snakes in, 186; and Gigantopithecus, 107; seaweed mistaken for sea serpent in, 236–238; Yeti sightings in, 111
indigenous societies: and confirmation bias in interpreting legends, 33; and different views of myth, legend, and reality, 264; and investigators’ refusal to accept negative testimony, 282–283, 339n.39; and “leading the witness” in interviews, 263–264, 281–283; and pitfalls of investigations of legendary creatures, 16, 31–33, 264, 278–284. See also myths and legends
intelligent design, 8
International Society of Cryptozoology (ISC), 11, 306, 307
Introduction to Geology (Bakewell), 219
Inverness Courier (newspaper), 126–128
Irvine, Malcolm, 163
Isidore of Seville, 193–194
Izzard, Ralph, 84, 94–95
Jackson, John Angelo, 93
Jagger, Mick, 285
Janis, Christine, 327
Jason and the Golden Fleece, 185, 186
Java Man, 105–106
Jefferson, Thomas, 371n.105
Johnson, Stan, 321
Joint Air Reconnaissance Intelligence Centre (JARIC), 153
Jones, Wood, 93
Jörmungandr (Midgard Serpent), 195–197
Journey to the Center of the Earth (Verne), 137, 226
kelpy (Scottish folkloric monster), 123, 124, 254
Kemp, Fred W., 241–244
Ketchum, Melba, 63, 64, 347n.145
ketos (sea serpent–like creature), 181, 181–184, 188, 195
King Kong (film): and Cadborosaurus, 241, 244, 249; and Loch Ness monster, 129–134; water monster in, 131, 131–133
King’s Mirror, The (Norse text), 193–195
kipunji, 19
Kirk, John: Cadborosaurus sighting by, 246; on mistaken identity, 160, 164, 234, 285; Ogopogo sightings by, 376n.204; on quality control in cryptozoology, 322–224; on Roe account, 39–40
Knight, Charles R., 288
Koch, Albert, 227–231
Koffman, Marie-Jeanne, 104
Komodo dragon, x, 18, 21
kouprey, 18, 21
kraken, 193, 196, 252
Kramer, Harold, 14
Krantz, Grover, 302, 307; on credibility issues, 307; on “Cripple Foot” (Marx) hoax, 53; on “dermatoglyphic” evidence, 307, 387n.32; on mistaken identity, 56; on Native American legends
, 32; and “no dead bears” argument, 69–70; on number of hoaxes, 66–67; on Patterson–Gimlin film, 46, 48; on planetary extent of Bigfoot claims, 71; on problematic eyewitness reports, 55–56; on problematic footprints, 61–62; on problematic hair samples, 62; on Wallace hoax, 42
Kwakwaka’wakw (Native Americans), 32
Lake Bangweulu (Zambia), 272–273
Lake Champlain, 26, 323
“lake monsters,” 23–24. See also Loch Ness monster
Lake Tele (Republic of Congo), 266, 277–289
Land That Time Forgot, The (Burroughs), 226, 268
Landau, Elizabeth, 298
Langley, W. H., 241–242
Le Page, David, 276–277
LeBlond, Paul, 149, 233, 247–249, 251
Lee, Henry, 209, 238
Leviathan, 180–181, 229
Levin, A. Leo, 14
Ley, Willy, 17, 223, 274–275, 278, 302
Life of Saint Columba, The (Adomnán), 135–137
Lilienskiold, Hans, 205, 207
lindorm (Scandinavian snake or dragon), 200, 201, 207
Lister, Dr., 230
Liu Wulin, 103
Loch Ness, 120–123; elevation of, 26, 173; fish population of, 158–159; and hoaxes before monster, 125–126; maps of, 121, 122; seals and porpoises in, 160, 161–164; and tourism, 122–123, 141–142, 357n.1; underwater passage from, to North Sea, 173–174; underwater surveys of, 158–159, 164–173, 171, 172
Loch Ness and Morar Project, 125, 144, 155, 158–159, 170, 173
Loch Ness monster, 118–174; and Adomnán’s Life of Saint Columba, 135–137; biological and ecological constraints on, 23–24, 158–159; descriptions of, 128, 130–133, 132, 140–141, 155, 359n.45; financial benefits of publicity about, 141–142, 165; and King Kong, 129–134; lack of fossil evidence for, 26–27; lack of physical evidence for, 159; and media, 127–128; origin of name of, 358n.20; and “plesiosaur hypothesis,” 130–131, 137–140, 156–164; and popular culture, 137–138, 142; statistics on belief in, 317–318; and supernatural phenomena, 321–322; and tourism, 141–142; and water-based Scottish folkloric monsters, 123–126
EYEWITNESS REPORTS OF, 126–135, 139–141, 155, 158; backdated, 134–135; first modern, 126–129; by keeper [Miller], 127, 358n.27; and King Kong, 129–134; by Mackal, 304; by Mackay, 127–129, 359n.37; and memory distortion, 164; by Spicer, 130–134, 359n.45; by “three young anglers,” 126–127, 164; variability of, 140–141, 155
HOAXES OF: by Searle, 144; by Stuart, 149–151, 150; Surgeon’s Photograph, 145–149, 146, 148, 154, 158; by Wetherell, 144–145
HUNTERS OF, AND EXPEDITIONS, 164–173; in archives, 165; with bottom dredging, 170; Dinsdale, 151–155; Shine, 125, 130, 133, 158–159, 171–172, 174; with sonar, 158–159, 170–173, 171, 172; with submarines, 167, 168; with surface cameras, 165–167, 166, 169; with underwater cameras, 167–169; Wetherell, 144–145
MISIDENTIFICATION OF: and birds, 139, 140, 159–160; and boats, 153; and dogs, 143; and otters, 160–161; and porpoises, 162; and salmon, 129; and seals, 128, 161–164
PHOTOGRAPHS AND VIDEOS OF, 142–155, 163; by Dinsdale, 151–155; by Gray, 142–144, 143; by Rines, 167–169, 169, 322; by Stuart, 149–151, 150; Surgeon’s Photograph, 145–149, 146, 148, 154, 158, 361n.110
Loch Ness Phenomena Investigation Bureau, 120, 166–167, 365n.206
Lockley, Martin, 263
Loftus, Elizabeth, 14
logging, 57, 341n.56
Long, Greg, 47
Lost World, The (Doyle), 138, 226, 268, 276
Lungfish and the Unicorn, The (Ley), 17
Lyons, Sherrie Lynne, 220
MacArthur, Robert, 24
Macdonald, John, 128–129, 134
Mackal, Roy: background and training of, 304; on camera vigils, 167; and creationism, 292; and credibility issues, 12, 304–305; on Dinsdale film, 151; on Gray photograph, 143; Loch Ness monster sighting by, 304–305; on misidentification errors, 159; and Mokele Mbembe, 278–279, 281–283, 304, 339n.39; The Monsters of Loch Ness, 305; on otters mistaken for Loch Ness monster, 161; on rock art, 380n.14; on Surgeon’s Photograph, 146
Mackay, Aldie and John, 127–130, 161, 358n.30, 359n.37
Mackay, Charles, 197, 369n.54
Marak, Dipu, 115
Marcy, Milt, 285–286, 384n.94
Martin, David, 33, 145, 147, 149, 174
Martin, Mungo, 33
Marx, Ivan, 48, 50–54, 65, 337n.3, 345n.91
Masao, Fidelis Taliwawa, 380n.14
mastodon, 228, 371n.105
Matthews, Justin, 316–317
Mayor, Adrienne, 184, 308, 327
McCormick, Cameron, 251
McGowan, Christopher, 217
McTaggart-Cowan, Ian, 236
media: and Bigfoot, 35–36, 41–43; and King Kong, 130; and Loch Ness monster, 127–128, 144–145; loose standards of proof in, 3, 67–68; and Mokele Mbembe, 270, 271, 273; and sea serpents, 215, 228, 240–244; and Yeti, 76, 93–96, 97, 98
Megalosaurus, 219
megamouth shark, x, 20, 22
Meldrum, Jeffrey, 12, 43, 46, 62–63, 115, 302, 308
memes, and hippocamp characteristics, 255–256, 378n.239
Memory, F. W., 140
memory, malleability of, 57, 164, 365n.202
Mencken, F. Carlson, 311–314, 321
Merman (Triton), 181, 188
Messner, Reinhold, 84, 112–116
Metlow, Joe, 51
Meurger, Michel, 125, 173–174, 200, 201, 209, 308, 322
Midgard Serpent, 195–197
Miller, William, 358n.27
Milne, Ian, 126–127
Minnesota Iceman, 302, 303
Missourium, 228
Mitchell, Chalmers, 275
Mokele Mbembe, 260–295; biological and ecological constraints on, 23, 288; and burrowing hypothesis, 264–265, 286–287, 379n.7; and creationism, 265, 285–286, 292–295, 308–309, 384nn.93,96,100; descriptions of, 266, 272, 274–275, 287, 288; and dinosaur fossils, 266–273; financial benefits of publicity about, 278–280; and footprints, 262–263, 286; and Greenwell’s classification system, 324; habitat of, compared with sauropod habitat, 275–276, 288; habitat of, location of, 266, 270–276, 274; and Hagenbeck’s Men and Beasts, 270–272; hoaxes of, 276–277; lack of fossil evidence for, 26–27, 290, 292; lack of photographic or physical evidence for, 283–284; and media, 270, 271, 273; name of, 265, 281; and rock art, 380n.14; and tourism, 279–280; unlikelihood of existence of, 271–272
EYEWITNESS AND HEARSAY REPORTS OF: and African colonial press, 271; “all who ate of it died,” 280, 280–283; by Brookes, 273; continent-wide extent of, 273–276, 274; copycat, 277; and dinosaur fossils, 266–273; early, 266–277; by Graetz, 272–273; and interviews with local people, 278–284; by Le Page/ Gapelle, 276–277; and “leading the witness” in interviews, 263–264, 281–283; and mistaken identity, 288; modern, 277–289; negative, investigators’ refusal to accept, 282–283, 339n.39, 379n.7; Orange River, 273; by Powell, 278–279; by Proyart, 266; in Rhodesia, 270–272; by Stein, 273–275, 278; variability of, 287, 288
HUNTERS OF, AND EXPEDITIONS: and creationism, 292–295; Gibbons, 284, 285; Japanese, 279, 284; lack of evidence from, 284–289, 290; Marcy-funded, 285–286; MonsterQuest, 262–265, 287; O’Hanlon, 284; Powell–Mackal, 278–279, 281–283; Regusters, 279, 284
monkeys, and Yeti, 85, 95
“Monster of Lake LaMetrie, The” (Curtis), 137
MonsterQuest (television show), 115–116, 262–265, 287
Monsters of Loch Ness, The (Mackal), 305
Morris, Tom, 300
Mount Everest, expeditions to, 92–93
Mount Everest Reconnaissance Expedition (1951), 85–87
Mountain, Sir Edward, 163, 165
movies: King Kong, 129–134, 241, 244, 249; and Loch Ness monster, 129–134, 142; and Mokele Mbembe, 280; and sea serpents, 241, 244, 249; and Yeti, 74–75
M’Quhae, Peter, 220–222, 256
Mullin, Robert, 265, 287
Murphy, Christopher, 57
myths and legends: and definition of cryptids, 17; and investigation of cryptids, 16, 31–33, 278–284; Native American, 31–36; Scottish, 123–126. See also hippocamp; indigenous societies; Nordic culture, and hippocamp
Naden Harbour carcass, 246–249, 247, 377n.214
Naish, Darren: on Cadborosaurus, 247, 251; on cryptozoology, 12, 308; on definition of cryptids and cryptozoology, 17; on mainstream science, 327; on newly discovered species, 18–19; on number of undiscovered pinnipeds, 21–22, 46
Napier, John: on Bigfoot, 31, 46; on “Cripple Foot” (Marx) hoax, 54; on lack of evidence for Yeti, 99; and Minnesota Iceman, 302, 303; on Patterson–Gimlin film, 46; on problematic eyewitness reports, 55–56; on Sherpas’ accounts of Yeti, 79; on Shipton photograph, 85, 86, 89; on Tombazi’s Yeti encounter, 80–81, 102
National Center for Scientific Education (NCSE), 10–11
Native Americans, 31–36
Natural History (Pliny the Elder), 186
Natural History of Norway, The (Pontoppidan), 178, 196, 207–212
Nelson, Thomas, 4
Newman, Edward, 223–224, 233
Newman, Henry, 76–77
Nickell, Joe, 14–15, 160, 161, 327
Nicolas, Louis, 205, 370n.72
Nord, Jack, 250
Nordic culture, and hippocamp, 193–197, 204, 369n.50
Northern Chronicle (newspaper), 126, 138–139
Novella, Steven, 64
nsagna (mythical swamp creature), 273
Nugent, Rory, 284, 379n.6
null hypothesis, 325–226
Occam’s razor, 256–257, 325
odedi, 19
Odell, Noel, 88
Ogden, Rob, 98
Ogopogo (monster of Lake Okanagan), 376n.204
ogres, 31–33
O’Hanlon, Redmond, 284
okapi, x, 18, 19, 21
Olaus Magnus, 198–200, 202–203
Olearius, Adam, 205
Omphalos: An Attempt to Untie the Geological Knot (Gosse), 224
On the Origin of Species (Darwin), 220, 221
On the Track of Unknown Animals (Heuvelmans), 17, 301–302, 306
Operation Deepscan, 171, 172
optical illusions, 234–236, 235, 238–239
Orange River (South Africa), 273
Ortelius, Abraham, 195, 204
Osman Hill, William Charles, 98, 100
otters, 160–161, 234, 364n.184
Abominable Science Page 50