Many Worlds in One: The Search for Other Universes
Page 23
Everett, Hugh, III
Everett interpretation of quantum mechanics
evolution, Darwin’s theory of
false vacuum
in “chaotic” inflation
decay of
energy density of
island universes in
in parallel universes
repulsive gravity of
strings of
tunneling and
Fermi, Enrico
fermions
Ferris, Timothy
final theory of nature
gravity and
mathematics of
search for
see also string theory
fireball, cosmic
in cyclic universe
at end of universe
ignited by decaying false vacuum
images of
five-nucleon gap
flatness problem
fluxes
foam, spacetime
Fomin, Piotr
Ford, Larry
fractals
French Communist Party
Friedmann, Alexander
big crunch predicted by models of
Gamow and
on geometry and density of universe
fundamental theory of nature, see final theory
galaxies
clusters of
in contracting universe
dark matter and
distant
distribution of
duplicate
formation of
helium content of
in island universes
in open universe
properties of
radio emissions from
type Ia supernova explosions in
Galileo
gamma rays
Gamow, George
Gamow, Lyuba
Garriga, Jaume
gases, expansion of
gauge symmetry
Gell-Mann, Murray
general theory of relativity, see relativity theory, general
genetic code
geometry
Euclidean
spacetime
George Washington University
Georgi, Howard
giant galaxies
Glashow, Sheldon
Gleiser, Marcelo
Gliner, Erast
gluons
God
and cosmic egg scenario
before creation
existence of
as mathematician
gold
Gold, Thomas
googol
googolplex
Gore, Al
Gott, Richard
Göttingen, University of
graceful exit problem
grand unified theories
grand-unified vacuum
Grassmann, Hermann
Grassmann numbers
gravitational constant
gravitational waves
gravitons
gravity
amplification of perturbations by
of dark matter
instability of
Newton’s theory of
quantum
and rate of cosmic expansion
repulsive, see repulsive gravity
strength of
in string theory
Great Depression
Greeks, ancient
Green, Brian
Green, Michael
Griffiths, Robert
Grishchuk, Leonid
Gross, David
Guinness Book of Records
Gunzig, Edgard
Guth, Alan
calculation of density perturbations
calculation of density perturbations by
graceful exit problem recognized by
on repulsive gravity
success of inflation theory of
half-life
Hartle, James
Harvard University
Hawking, Stephen
heat-death problem
Heisenberg, Werner
Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle
helium
Helmholtz, Hermann von
Herman, Robert
High-Redshift Supernova Search Team
Hinduism
histories
Hogan, Craig
horizon, cosmic, see cosmic horizon
horizon problem
horoscopes
Hoyle, Fred
Hubble, Edwin
human race, longevity of
Hunter College
hydrogen
heavy
imaginary numbers
inertial motion
inflation
chaotic
density perturbations from
eternal, see eternal inflation
graceful exit problem in
no-boundary proposal and
observational evidence for
quantum fluctuations during
repulsive gravity and
success of theory of
tunneling and
inflaton
inhomogeneities, cosmic see also density perturbations
instability, gravitational
Institut des Hautes Études Scientifiques
intelligent life
evolution of
future of
interference, quantum
International Congress on Nuclear Physics (Rome, 1930)
inverse square law
iron
island universes
computer simulation of
in de Sitter spacetime
frontiers of
time in
Jainism
Jinasena
Kac, Victor
kelvin scale
Kepler, Johannes
Khvolson, Orest
“kickspan”
Kiev Institute for Theoretical Physics
kicks, quantum
Kirshner, Robert
Knobe, Joshua
Kragh, Helge
Krauss, Lawrence
Krutkov, Yuri
Landau, Lev
Langevin, Paul
last scattering
Lebedev Institute
Lemaître, Georges
Leslie, John
Li, Li-Xin
life, evolution of
anthropic selection and
in closed universe
constants of nature and
light
from distant galaxies
Doppler shift of
quantum nature of
spectrum of
speed of
light-years
Linde, Andrei
lithium
Livio, Mario
Local Group of galaxies
Loeb, A.
logarithms, “natural”
Long Island University
Lou Gehrig’s disease
Ludwig-Maximilians University
magnetic fields, see electromagnetism
many-worlds theory
see also multiverse hypothesis; parallel universes
Martel, Hugo
Marxism-Leninism
Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
mathematics, nature and
Mayer, Jean
McCarthy, Kathryn
McMullin, Ernan
mediocrity, principle of
Mendeleyev, Dmitry
Mermin, David
messenger particles
microwaves, cosmic
polarization of
Milky Way galaxy
replicas of
Milne, Edward
Minkowski, Hermann
Mohammed, Gul
Moon
Moscow State University
motion
inertial
planetary
Mukhanov, Slava
multiverse hypothesis
muons
Nagamine, K.
Nambu, Yoichiro
nanosecond
; Nature
Ne’eman, Yuval
Nernst, Walter
neutrinos
mass of
weakly interacting
neutrons
mass of
neutron stars
New Scientist
Newton, Isaac
New York University
Niels Bohr Institute
Nielsen, Holger
night sky paradox
Nobel Prize
nuclear physics
nuclear reactions
nucleation
see also bubble nucleation
nucleons
decay of
Nuffield Workshop (Cambridge, 1982)
Olum, Ken
Omega parameter
Omnes, Roland
O-regions
histories of
possible states of
Oxford University
oxygen
Page, Don
Pagels, Heinz
pair annihilation
parallel universes
mathematical structures of
particle physics
calculation of magnetic moment in
cosmic strings in
cosmological constant and
gauge symmetry in
scalar fields in
search for final theory in
Standard Model of
string theory and
strong and electroweak interactions in
variable constants in
see also elementary particles
pendulum, dynamics of
Penrose, Roger
Penzias, Arno
periodic table
Perlmutter, Saul
Perry, Malcolm
Petrograd University
photons
interaction of
Physical Review
Physical Review Letters
Physics Letters
pi
Pi, So-Young
Pius XII, Pope
Planck, Max
Planck length
Planck satellite
planets
formation of
motion of
Plato
pocket universes, see island universes
polarization
Polchinski, Joseph
Pontifical Academy of Sciences
Popper, Karl
Port Alguer (Cadaqués) (Dalí)
positrons
annihilation into photons of
virtual
primeval fireball, see fireball, cosmic
Princeton University
probabilities, quantum-mechanical
protons
in hydrogen nucleus
mass of
Ptolemy
Pythagoras
Pythagorean theorem
quantum kicks
quantum theory
gravity in
histories in
parallel universes in
probabilities in
tunneling in, see tunneling, quantum
uncertainty in
vacuum in
quarks
masses of
in string theory
quarternion
Queen Mary College
QUIET Observatory
quintessence model
Rabi, Isidor
radiation
cosmic
electromagnetic
radioactivity
radio astronomy
radio waves
redshift
Rees, Martin
relativity theory
general
special
repulsive gravity
anthropic selection and
in de Sitter spacetime
of false vacuum
Riess, Adam
Rockefeller University
Roman Catholic Church
Rosenfeld, Leon
Rubakov, Valery
Russian Revolution
Rutherford, Ernest
Ryle, Martin
Sakharov, Andrei
Salam, Abdus
Sato, Katsuhiko
scalar fields
in chaotic state
quintessence
and end of universe
energy landscape of
random walk of
Scherk, Joel
Schmidt, Brian
Schwartz, John
Shapiro, Paul
Siding Springs Observatory
Simpsons, The (television show)
singularities
initial
solar system
formation of
solids, properties of
Solvay Congress (Brussels, 1933)
Sommerfeld, Arnold
sound waves
Space Telescope Science Institute
spacetime
curvature of
de Sitter
eternally inflating, see eternal inflation
quantum fluctuations in
singularities
without past boundary
special theory of relativity, see relativity theory, special
Spinoza, Baruch
spiral galaxies
Stalinism
standard candles
Standard Model
Stanford University
Starobinsky, Alexei
stars
stars
age of
dark matter and
death of
element formation in
formation of
masses of
steady-state cosmology
Steinhardt, Paul
stock market crash of 1929
strings, cosmic
string theory
landscape of
see also superstring theory
strong force
Sun
lifetime of
motion of planets around
nuclear reactions in
superconductivity
Supernova Cosmology Project
supernovae
superstring theory
supersymmetric theories
surface of last scattering
Susskind, Leonard
Tegmark, Max
temperature, scalar field of
tension
Texas, University of
Theory of Everything, see final theory of nature
thermal equilibrium
thermal fluctuations
thermodynamics, second law of
’t Hooft, Gerard
time
Euclidean
see also spacetime
Tipler, Frank
top quark
tritium
true vacuum
energy density of (see also cosmological constant)
quantum fluctuations of
Tryon, Edward
Tufts University
Institute of Cosmology
tunneling, quantum
Turner, Michael
Turok, Neil
Twain, Mark
uncertainty, quantum
unified theory, see final theory of nature
universe
age of
beginning of (see also big bang)
bubbling
closed
cyclic
density of
disordered
exhaustive randomness of
expanding (see also inflation)
fine-tuning of
geometry of
observable, end of
Ptolemy’s model of
as quantum fluctuation
spherical
steady-state theory of
structure of
super-large-scale view of
without past boundary
see also island universes, parallel universes
Unruh, Bill
Upanishads
uranium
vacuum
in cyclic universe
creation of matter ou
t of
decay of
fluctuations in
gravity of
in string theory
see also false vacuum; true vacuum
Vanchurin, Vitaly
Vaucouleurs, Gerard de
virtual particles
visible light
Wadlow, Robert Pershing
weak force
Weinberg, Steven
white dwarfs
Wigner, Eugene
Wilkinson, David
Wilkinson Microwave Anistropy Probe (WMAP) satellite
Wilson, Robert
Winitzki, Serge
Witten, Edward
WMAP satellite, see Wilkinson Microwave Anistropy Probe (WMAP) satellite
world lines
wormholes
W particles
X rays
Yeshiva University
Young, Thomas
Zel’dovich, Yakov
Z particles
Zurich Polytechnic
Zweig, George
Notes
a For example, time can be measured in years and distance in light-years. (A light-year is the distance traveled by light in a year.) Then the speed of light is c = 1.
b In fact, Einstein did not offer any physical explanation for the new constant. The modern interpretation in terms of the vacuum energy and pressure was later suggested by the Belgian physicist Georges Lemaître.
c The simple connection between the geometry of the universe and its fate holds only assuming that the vacuum energy density (or cosmological constant) is equal to zero. More on this in Chapter 18.
d The expanding universe model was reinvented in 1927 by Georges Lemaître. Just like Friedmann’s work, Lemaître’s paper remained completely unknown until Hubble’s discovery.
e Boltzmann established the connection between entropy and disorder and elucidated the meaning of the second law.
f In the kelvin scale, often used by physicists, the temperature is measured in centigrade units starting from absolute zero (–273.15 degrees Celsius). For the very high temperatures we are discussing here, there is little difference between the Celsius and kelvin scales.
g Also present in the fireball were very light, weakly interacting particles called neutrinos.
h Radioactive elements, such as uranium, which spontaneously decay into lighter elements, are an important exception. A uranium atom decays into lead with an average lifetime of 4.5 billion years, so the amount of uranium is gradually decreasing. In fact, our best estimate for the age of the Earth comes from measurements of the relative abundances of uranium and lead.