by Stalingrad- The City that Defeated the Third Reich (epub)
27. Kratkaia evreiskaia ntsiklopediia, vol. 1 (Jerusalem, 1976), pp. 682–691; Dopolnenie 2 (Jerusalem, 1995), pp. 286–291.
28. Yuri Slezkine, The Jewish Century (Princeton, NJ, 2004), pp. 297–313; Gennadi Kostyrchenko, Out of the Red Shadows: Anti-Semitism in Stalin’s Russia (Amherst, MA, 1995).
29. I. Mints, Velikaia Otechestvennaia voina Sovetskogo Soiuza (Moscow, 1947).
30. It was the Institute of Red Professors in Moscow, led by historian Mikhail Pokrovsky (1868–1932).
31. A. L. Sidorov, “Institut krasnoi professury,” in Mir istorika: Istoriograficheskii sbornik, vol. 1 (2005), p. 399; see also K. N. Tarnovskii, “Put’ uchënogo,” Istoricheskie zapiski 80 (1967): 207–251, at p. 223.
32. His doctoral thesis examined the war economy of the Russian empire during the First World War. Sidorov submitted the work in December 1942; it appeared in full only after his death. A. L. Sidorov, Ekonomicheskoe polozhenie Rossii v gody Pervoi Mirovoi voiny (Moscow, 1973). Compare Tarnovskii, “Put’ uchënogo,” pp. 226–228, at p. 244.
33. Tarnovskii, “Put’ uchënogo,” p. 225; NA IRI RAN, f. 2, razd. XIV, d. 22, l. 18–19; d. 23, l. 14, 23, 56; Mints, Iz pamiati vyplyli vospominaniia, p. 50. Sidorov conducted many interviews for the commission. In fall 1943 he talked with dozens of residents of Kharkov shortly after the liberation of the city; in 1945 he interviewed Red Army soldiers who had taken part in the assault on Königsberg and the liberation of Czechoslovakia. For his service in the Red Army, Sidorov was awarded the Order of the Red Star. Tarnovskii, “Put’ uchënogo,” pp. 225–227.
34. Prof. A. Sidorov, “O knige akademika I. Mintsa ‘Istoriia SSSR’,” Kul’tura i zhizn’ 33 (1947): 4; compare V. V. Tikhonov, “Bor’ba za vlast’ v sovetskoi istoricheskoi nauke: A. L. Sidorov i I. I. Mints (1949 g.),” Vestnik Lipetskogo gosudarstvennogo pedagogicheskogo universiteta. Nauchnyi zhurnal. Seriia Gumanitarnye nauki 2011, no. 2: 76–80. That Sidorov’s review appeared in Kul’tura i zhizn’, a highly political magazine, suggests that the campaign against Mints was supported or controlled from above. Mints seems to have fallen out of favor because, among other reasons, in the book discussed by Sidorov he had claimed that some of his editorial staff on the history of the Civil War had laid the “foundations” of the history of Soviet society. Yet only one publication could claim such a role: the 1938 The Short Course of the History of the Communist Party that was ascribed to Stalin. Mints was also accused of neglecting the work on the history of the Civil War. Indeed, only two volumes had been published so far. Since 1942 Mints had incorporated the entire staff into the Commission on the History of the Great Patriotic War. K istorii russkikh revoliutsii, pp. 224, 251.
35. Detailed in Kostyrchenko, Out of the Red Shadows, pp. 179–221.
36. In this connection Mints also wrote to Stalin and Malenkov, confessing various errors and offenses in his scientific work. K istorii russkikh revoliutsii, p. 251.
37. Kostyrchenko, Out of the Red Shadows, pp. 198–199. Sidorov’s obituaries are silent about the campaign against “cosmopolitanism,” and Sidorov’s participation in it. Tarnovskii, “Put’ uchënogo”; P. V. Volobuev, “Arkadii Lavrovich Sidorov,” Istoriya SSSR 3 (1966): 234–238. In 1959 Sidorov relinquished his position as director for health reasons. His works are listed in Tarnovskii, “Put’ uchënogo,” pp. 245–251.
38. Edele, Soviet Veterans of World War II, pp. 61, 129–136; A. M. Nekrich, “Pokhod protiv ‘kosmopolitov’ v MGU,” Kontinent 28 (1981): 304–305; Tarnovskii, “Put’ uchënogo,” p. 229.
39. Sidorov, “Institut krasnoj professury,” pp. 397, 399–400.
40. On his seventieth birthday Mints was awarded the Order of Lenin, the highest award of the Soviet Union. The leading Soviet historical journal published a tribute to his life’s work. It was written by the Stalingrad veteran Alexander Sheliubskii, the former head of the intelligence department of the 62nd Army. Sheliubskii mentioned the Historical Commission, founded by Mints during the war, and expressed his regret that its documentary record remained virtually unexplored. Sheliubskii, “Bol’shevik, voin, uchënyi,” p. 168; see also K istorii russkikh revoliutsii, p. 277. For his work on the history of the battle of Stalingrad, Samsonov (himself a veteran of the battle) had access to the documents from the Mints commission, but he made virtually no use of them.
41. His posthumously published diaries are anything but instructive. Mints, Iz pamiati vyplyli vospominaniia. Mints’s estate in the archives of the Academy of Sciences is currently not available.
42. The main outcome of this work was the History of Great October, volume 1 of which appeared on the fiftieth anniversary of the October Revolution (I. I. Mints, Istoriia Velikogo Oktiabria, 3 vols., Moscow, 1967–1973). In 1968 Mints drew a straight line from his work in the 1930s as a responsible editor of the history of the Civil War to his research on the history of the Revolution after the war. He passed over his activity during the war. “Nashi interv’iu: Akademik I. I. Mints otvechaet na voprosy zhurnala ‘Voprosy istorii,’” Voprosy istorii 1968, no. 8: 182–189, at p. 187. Mints’s collected writings are listed in K istorii russkikh revoliutsii, pp. 280–330.
43. In 1957 the third volume of the History of the Civil War in the Soviet Union appeared, but without Mints’s involvement. The volume devotes eight pages to a description of the battle of Tsaritsyn in the summer and fall of 1918. Stalin is mentioned just three times. The main actors in this account are the workers of Tsaritsyn, the “Tsaritsyn Central Committee” (to which Stalin belonged), and Stalin’s colleague Voroshilov. Istoriia grazhdanskoi voiny v SSSR, vol. 3 (Moscow, 1957), pp. 250–257.
44. Robert Chandler, “Introduction,” in Grossman, Life and Fate, pp. xv–xvi.
45. RGAFD, f. 439, op. 4m, N. 1–2 (Memories of Nadezhda Trusova); see also p. 73, n. 247.
INDEX
Abramov, Konstantin Kirikovich, 64 (photo), 226, 252–254
Abukhov (Captain), 394
AC-34 (boats), 214–219, 221, 222
Academy of Sciences, 73, 75, 436
Afanassyev, Andrei, 49, 50
Afanassyev, Ivan, 293
Afonin, Ivan, 207, 209, 210, 214–215
Agitcult case, 45
Airport Garden, 166, 168–170
Air raids, 103–105, 110 (photo), 375
Aircraft
Bredahl on, 422
Conrady on, 419
dive-bombers, 108, 118, 124, 196, 197, 200, 215
of Germans, 86, 123–124, 194, 196, 220, 279
at Latoshinka, 220
Luftwaffe, 133, 151, 197
Messerschmitts, 123, 220, 284, 296, 335
of Russians, 32, 279, 286–287
at Stalingrad Tractor factory, 397
U-2s, 219, 279, 287, 297–298, 335
Akatovka, 399
Akhtuba, 209
Aksyonov, Nikolai Nikitich, 17, 331–356, 367
Barricades munitions factory and, 350–351
Commission on the History of the Great Patriotic War and, 83
64th Army and, 348
snipers and, 337–338
Stalin and, 353–354
Alexandrov, Georgy, 73
Alekseyev (company commander), 187
Alexander I, 434
Alltagsgeschichte (everyday history), 15
Andrusenko, Korney Mikhailovich, 279, 280, 477 (n. 40)
Anpilogov, Grigori Nikolayevich, 381
Anti-Nazism, in Germany, 15
Anti-Semitism, 261, 435, 438–439
Antitank ditches, 98 (photo)
Antitank rifles, 159, 166, 169, 170–172, 194, 300, 321, 322
Antonov (Private), 344–345
AOK 6. See Army high command
Army Group A, 7
Army Group B, 7
Army Group South, 7
Army high command (AOK 6), 223
Artillery, 122–123, 196–198, 210, 222, 422
Chuikov and, 274, 279, 283, 286
Conrady on, 419
Gurtyev and, 194
<
br /> at Latoshinka, 210, 219
1011th Artillery Regiment, 146, 188–189, 191
Rodimtsev and, 298
at Stalingrad Tractor factory, 397–398
24th Panzer Division and, 407
284th Rifle Division and, 342
Atrocities, 81, 125, 128, 133, 391
see also Torture
Averbakh, Leopold, 69
Averbukh, Alexander, 316–324
Ayzenberg, Izer, 45, 54, 60–61, 78
Azin, Vladimir, 265
Babayev (Lieutenant), 344, 350
Babel, Isaac, 26
Babkin, Sergei Dmitrievich, 91, 123–124
Balka (gully), 142, 210
Barannikov (soldier), 177
Barbotko, Sergei Ignatievich, 208, 210, 214–215
Barkovsky (commander), 158, 159
Barricades munitions factory, 5, 26, 86, 89, 94, 96, 112, 120, 129–130, 173, 177, 350–351
Bathhouses, 109, 183
Batrakov (communications officer), 200
Batyuk, Nikolai, 280, 281 (photo), 305, 331–332, 332 (photo), 353
Commission on the History of the Great Patriotic War and, 78
at Mamayev Kurgan, 341
Zaytsev and, 362
Beevor, Antony, 17–18, 21
Beketovka, 90, 252, 375
Beletski, Pyotr, 77
Belkin, Abram, 77, 266–292, 294–310, 312–313
Belugin, Vasily Georgievich, 145, 147–148, 157–161, 167–168, 175–176
Belyayev (Major), 376
Belyayev (Seaman), 217
Benesh, Georgy, 339–340
Benjamin, Walter, 466 (n. 227)
Bereznikov (Private), 322
Blinkino station, 376
Blitzkrieg, 9
Blocking detachments (NKVD), 17, 33, 53, 58, 100, 162, 463 (n. 166)
Bobruysk Army Group, 270
Bode, Natalya, 14 (photo), 48 (photo), 62 (photo), 349 (photo), 427 (photo)
Bolsheshchapov, Vasily, 364
Bolsheviks, 24–25, 48–49, 227, 264, 268
Boltenko, Vasily Yakovlevich, 144, 145, 158, 158 (photo)
Bolvachyov (Lieutenant), 344
Borisov (Lieutenant), 229
Bormann, Rudolf, 390
Böse Waffe, 409
Brauchitsch, Walther von, 416
Bredahl, Waldemar, 421–422
Brendahl (Colonel), 405
Brontman, Lazar, 8
Brovkin, 157
Brysin, Ilya Mironovich, 145, 177–181, 178 (photo)
Bubyonnov, Mikhail, 435
Bukharov, Ivan Zakharovich, 56, 225, 237–238, 246, 247–248
Burin, Ilya Fyodorovich, 92, 121, 129
Burmakov, Ivan Dmitrievich, 92, 114, 225, 226, 232, 233–237, 239–241, 240 (photo), 242, 247–252, 258–261, 359
Bytko (Lieutenant), 211
Cadet Corps, 378, 380, 381
Campaign women (PPSh), 311
Cat, for propaganda, 393
Cauldron. See Kessel
Censorship
by Bolsheviks, 24
of Commission on the History of the Great Patriotic War, 80–82
by Glavlit, 80–82
NKVD and, 40, 67–68
Chamov, Andrei Sergeyevich, 145, 168–170, 175, 184, 189–191, 200
Gurtyev and, 195
Chapayev (film), 25–26, 28
Chapayev (Furmanov), 25, 371
Chapayev (gunboat), 52, 210–211, 222
Chapayev, Vasily, 25–26, 318
Chekov, Anatoly, 358
Chiang Kai-shek, 270
Children
in air raid, 110 (photo)
evacuation of, 114–115
food for, 115
starvation of, 138
Chuikov, Vasily Ivanovich, 4, 23, 34 (photo), 64, 70, 92, 99, 119–120, 176, 264–290, 266 (photo), 272 (photo), 281 (photo), 300, 301, 304, 335, 348
artillery and, 274, 279, 283, 286, 287
Barricades munitions factory and, 274, 277–288
Commission on the History of the Great Patriotic War and, 77, 79, 83
on discipline, 51
executions by, 17, 264, 273, 288, 477 (n. 43)
Grossman and, 36–37, 285, 432, 477 (n. 52)
Group of Soviet Forces in Germany and, 266
on heroes, 49, 61–62
Hitler and, 286, 288
Khrushchev and, 271, 289
as Marshal of the Soviet Union, 266
Military Council and, 280, 289
Motherland Calls and, 266
NKVD and, 265–266
non-Russians with, 276
“Not one step back!” and, 264, 279
Pravda and, 290
prisoners and, 287–288
propaganda and, 288
Red October steelworks and, 278
Stalin and, 290
Stalingrad Tractor factory and, 89
tanks and, 273–274, 275, 276, 277, 283
Tolstoy, L., and, 285
War and Peace and, 434
in Winter War, 265
women and, 284–285, 311
Yeryomenko and, 271, 278, 280, 289
Zaytsev and, 372 (photo)
Chuyanov, Alexei Semyonovich, 39 (photo), 87, 91, 96, 97, 100, 118, 126–127
Burmakov and, 259
Stalingrad Tractor factory and, 90
City Defense Committee, 28, 88, 99–101, 109, 118, 127
City Party Committee, 99, 101–102, 105
see also Piksin, Ivan Alekseyevich
Civilians
deaths of, 13, 87–89, 108, 134
execution of, 125–126
mass graves for, 13
Commissars, 24–25, 38–42, 44–45
Commission for the Study of the October Revolution and of the Russian Communist Party (Istpart), 68–69
Commission on the Establishment of a Chronicle of the Defense of Moscow, 73–75
Commission on the History of the Great Patriotic War, 4, 70, 75, 77–84, 135–141, 359, 400, 436–440
Communist party, 19, 20, 21, 22, 29, 35–36
Aksyonov and, 356
Averbukh and, 321
of Bolsheviks, 24–25
Commission on the History of the Great Patriotic War and, 82
Demchenko and, 227
Duka and, 226–227
Fugenfirov (junior officer) and, 187
Gurova in, 311
heroes and, 184, 186
Koshkarev in, 188
at Kotluban, 187
Kovalenko and, 227
Mints in, 438
Red Army and, 34–35, 42–46
Rodimtsev and, 292
Smirnov in, 186–187
at Stalingrad Front, 37
Trifonov and, 189
Zayonchkovsky in, 379–381
Zaytsev and, 82, 361, 370, 370 (photo)
Communists
execution of, 8, 133
propaganda to surrender by, 11
Conrady, Otto, 402, 418–420
Cossacks, 26–27, 470 (n. 51)
Council of Fili, 122
Counteroffensive, 9, 10, 72, 134
see also Operation Uranus
“Daddy Is Dead” propaganda poster, 386, 386 (photo), 482 (n. 189)
Daily Telegraph, 2
Das Schwarze Korps, 9–10
Defense of Tsaritsyn (film), 28
Demchenko, Vladimir Kharitonovich, 92, 100, 103, 107, 108–109, 117–119, 121–122, 227
Demyansk, 10
Denisenko, Mikhail Ivanovich, 52, 226, 233, 235
Denisova, Claudia Stepanovna, 91, 97, 104–105, 106, 108, 112–113, 117, 130
Deserters
execution of, 58, 189, 264, 273, 288
at Stalingrad Tractor factory, 395–396
from 13th Guards Rifle Division, 282
from 308th Rifle Division, 162
Destruction battalions, 97, 100, 101–102
Discipline
with food, 405
of Germans, 256, 394–395, 403,
405, 417, 421–422
in Red Army, 51–59
of Wehrmacht, 53, 224
Dive-bombers, 32, 108, 118, 124, 196, 197, 200, 215
Dobryakov (Colonel), 36
Don Front, 9, 58, 312
Chuikov and, 278
executions on, 59
Operation Ring on, 11
62nd Army and, 346
Dornemann (Captain), 414
Dry Ravine, 386, 388
Dubrovsky (Senior Lieutenant), 63–64
Dubrovsky, Yakov, 43, 44
Dubyansky (Colonel), 326–327, 331
Dudnikov, Yefim Yefimovich, 145, 177–180, 178 (photo), 180–181
Duka, Alexander Semyonovich, 38, 225–231
Duplenko (Lieutenant), 387
Dvoyashkin (Private), 366
Dyatlenko (chief of staff), 187, 200
Economic organization, 108–109
Education
by Bolsheviks, 24
in Red Army, 57–59
reeducation (perekovka), 55
Ehrenburg, Ilya, 39, 54, 357, 395, 437
Eichhorn, Ernst, 402, 406–408
803rd Artillery Regiment, 394
8th Air Army, 9
8th Airborne Corps, 316
8th Guards Airborne Regiment, 316–324, 318–324
8th Reserve Army, 382
8th Soviet Air Fleet, 87
87th Rifle Division, 292, 298
Enemy at the Gates (film), 17, 356, 359
Erickson, John, 17
Evacuation, 8, 72, 86, 87–89
of children, 114–115
of families, 97, 113, 121
of livestock, 97
by 6th Army, 133
of Stalingrad Medical Institute, 105–106
of wounded, 289
Everyday history (Alltagsgeschichte), 15
Executions, 51–52
see also Blocking detachments (NKVD)
by Chuikov, 17, 264, 273, 288, 477 (n. 43)
of civilians, 125–126
of communists, 8, 133
of deserters, 58, 189, 264, 273, 288, 464 (n. 206)
of Jews, 8, 133
from Order no. 227, 58–59
of prisoners, 26, 256, 331, 348, 407
in 62nd Army, 17
on Stalingrad Front, 17
in 13th Guards Rifle Division, 293
35th Guards Rifle Division and, 316
Volga River and, 273
in White Army, 24
Extraordinary State Commission for Ascertaining and Investigating Crimes Perpetrated by the German-Fascist Invaders, 74–75, 207–208
Factory Emergency Rifle Regiment, 121
Families
encouragement for, 29–30
evacuation of, 97, 113, 121
Federal Writers Project, 468 (n. 271)