Prescription Alternatives

by Earl Mindell; Virginia Hopkins

  Gottsch, J., et al. “Light-Induced Deposits in Bruch’s Membrane of Protoporhyric Mice.” Archives of Ophthalmology 111, no. 1 (January 1993): 126–29.

  Head, K. A. “Natural Therapies for Ocular Disorders, Part Two: Cataracts and Glaucoma.” Alternative Medicine Review 6, no. 2 (April 2001): 141–66.

  Jacob, S., et al. “The Antioxidant Alpha-Lipoic Acid Enhances Insulin-Stimulated Glucose Metabolism in Insulin-Resistant Rat Skeletal Muscle.” Diabetes 45, no. 8 (August 1996): 1024–29.

  Jonas, J., et al. “Parapapillary Retinal Diameter in Normal and Glaucomatous Eyes.” Investigative Ophthalmology 30 (1989): 1599–1603.

  Kilic, F., et al. “Modelling Cortical Cataractogenesis 17: In Vitro Effect of A-Lipoic Acid on Glucose-Induced Lens Membrane Damage: A Model of Diabetic Cataracto-Genesis.” Biochemistry & Molecular Biology International 37, No. 2 (October 1995): 361–70.

  Leibowitz, H., D. Krueger, and L. Mauder. “The Framingham Eye Study Monograph.” Survey of Ophthalmology 24, supp. (1980).

  Li, J., R. C. Tripathi, and B. J. Tripathi. “Drug-Induced Ocular Disorders.” Drug Safety 31, no. 2 (2008): 127–41(15).

  McDougall, J., et al. “Rapid Reduction of Serum Cholesterol and Blood Pressure by a Twelve-Day, Very Low Fat, Strictly Vegetarian Diet.” Journal of the American College of Nutrition 14, no. 5 (October 1995): 491–96.

  Meyer, B. H., A. A. Stulting, F. O. Muller, et al. “The Effects of Forskolin Eye Drops on Intra-Ocular Pressure.” South African Medical Journal 71 (198): 570–571.

  Mozaffarieh, M., and J. Flammer. “Is There More to Glaucoma Treatment than Lowering IOP?” Survey of Ophthalmology 52, supp. 2 (November, 2007): S174–79.

  Nordoy, A. “Fish Consumption and Cardiovascular Disease: A Reappraisal.” Nutrition and Metabolism in Cardiovascular Disease 6 (1996): 103–9.

  Ritch, R. “Natural Compounds: Evidence for a Protective Role in Eye Disease.” Canadian Journal of Ophthalmology 42, no. 3 (June 2007): 425–38.

  Rozanowska, M., et al. “Blue Light-Induced Reactivity of Retinal Age Pigment: In Vitro Generation of Oxygen-Reactive Species.” Journal of Biological Chemistry 270, no. 32 (August 11, 1995): 18825–30.

  Sakai, T., M. Murata, and T. Amemiya. “Effects of Long-Term Treatment of Glaucoma with Vitamin B12.” Glaucoma 14 (1992): 167–70.

  Seddon, J. M., et al. “Dietary Carotenoids, Vitamins A, C, and E, and Advanced Age-Related Macular Degeneration.” Journal of the American Medical Association 272 (1994): 1413–20.

  Seto, C., S. Eguchi, M. Araie, et al. “Acute Effects of Topical Forskolin on Aqueous Humor Dynamics in Man.” Japanese Journal of Ophthalmology 30 (1986): 238–44.

  Snodderly, D. M. “Evidence for Protection Against Age-Related Macular Degeneration by Carotenoids and Antioxidant Vitamins.” American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 63, no. 6 supp. (December 1995): 1448S–61S.

  Tsai, J. C., B. J. Song, L. Wu, and M. Forbes. “Erythropoietin: A Candidate Neuroprotective Agent in the Treatment of Glaucoma.” Journal of Glaucoma 16, no. 6 (September 2007): 567–71.

  Williams, D. E., et al. “Effects of Timolol, Betaxolol, and Levobunolol on Human Tendon’s Fibroblasts in Tissue Culture.” Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences 33 (1992): 2233–41.

  Ziegler, D., et al. “Treatment of Symptomatic Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy with the Antioxidant Alpha-Lipoic Acid: A 3-Week Multicentre Randomized Controlled Trial (ALADIN Study).” Diabetologica 38, no. 12 (December 1995): 1425–33.

  Chapter 18

  Drugs for the Prostate and Their Natural Alternatives

  Giovannucci, E., et al. “A Prospective Study of Dietary Fat and the Risk of Prostate Cancer.” Journal of the National Cancer Institute 85, no. 19 (October 6, 1993): 1571–79.

  Klein, L. A., and J. S. Stoff. “Prostaglandins and the Prostate: An Hypothesis on the Etiology of Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia.” Prostate 4, no. 3 (1983): 247–51.

  Milne, D. B., Ph.D., and P. E. Johnson, Ph.D. “Effect of Changes in Short-Term Dietary Zinc Intake on Ethanol Metabolism and Zinc Status Indices in Young Men.” Nutrition Research 13 (1993): 511–21.

  Morrison, H., et al. “Herbicides and Cancer.” Journal of the National Cancer Institute 84 (1992): 1866–74.

  _____. “Farming and Prostate Cancer Mortality.” American Journal of Epidemiology 137, no. 3 (1993): 270–80.

  Rose, D. P. “Diet, Hormones and Cancer.” Annual Review of Public Health 14 (1993): 1017.

  Scaglione, F., V. Lucini, and M. Pannacci, et al. “Comparison of the Potency of Different Brands of Serenoa Repens Extract on 5alpha-Reductase Types I and II in Prostatic Co-Cultured Epithelial and Fibroblast Cells.” Pharmacology 82, no. 4 (October 10, 2008): 270–75.

  Talamini, R., et al. “Diet and Prostatic Cancer: A Case-Controlled Study in Northern Italy.” Nutrition and Cancer 18 (1992): 277–86.

  Chapter 19

  Synthetic Hormones and Their Natural Alternatives

  Conventional Hormone Replacement Therapy

  McDonough, P., et al. “The Randomized World Is Not Without Its Imperfections: Reflections on the Women’s Health Initiative Study.” Fertility and Sterility 78, no. 5 (May 2002): 951–56.

  Nelson, H. D., et al. “Postmenopausal Hormone Replacement Therapy: Scientific Review.” Journal of the American Medical Association 288, no. 7 (August 21, 2002): 872–81.

  Pradhan, A. D., et al. “Inflammatory Biomarkers, Hormone Replacement Therapy, and Incident Coronary Heart Disease: Prospective Analysis from the Women’s Health Initiative Observational Study.” Journal of the American Medical Association 288, no. 8 (August 28, 2002): 980–87.

  Writing Group for the Women’s Health Initiative Investigators. “Risks and Benefits of Estrogen and Progestin in Healthy Postmenopausal Women.” Journal of the American Medical Association 288 (2002): 321–33.

  Pregnenolone

  Akwa, Y., et al. “Neurosteroids: Biosynthesis, Metabolism and Function of Pregnenolone and Dehydroepiandrosterone in the Brain.” Journal of Steroid Biochemistry, and Molecular Biology 40, nos. 1–3 (1991): 71–81.

  De Wied, D. “Hormone Influences on Motivation, Learning and Memory Processes.” Hospital Practices 11, no. 1 (1976): 123–31.

  _____. “Pituitary Adrenal System Hormones and Behavior.” Acta Endocrinologica 85, supp. 214 (1977): 9–18.

  Flood, J. F., J. E. Morley, and E. Roberts. “Memory-Enhancing Effects in Male Mice of Pregnenolone and Steroids Metabolically Derived from It.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 89 (1992): 1567–71.

  Morfin, R., et al. “Neurosteroids: Pregnenolone in Human Sciatic Nerves.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 9, no. 15 (1992): 6790–93.

  Paul, S. M., and R. H. Purdy. “Neuroactive Steroids.” The FASEB Journal: Official Publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology 6, no. 6 (1992): 2311–22.

  Weidenfeld, J., R. A. Siegel, and I. Chowers. “In Vitro Conversion of Pregnenolone to Progesterone by Discrete Brain Areas of the Male Rat.” The Journal of Steroid Biochemisty and Molecular Biology 13, no. 8 (1980): 961–63.

  Wu, F. S., et al. “Pregnenolone Sulfate: A Positive Allosteric Modulator at the N-Methyl-D-Aspartate Receptor.” Molecular Pharmacology 40, no. 3 (1991): 333–36.

  Progesterone

  Cundy, T., et al. “Bone Density in Women Receiving a Depot Medroxyprogesterone Acetate for Contraception.” British Medical Journal 303 (1991): 13–16.

  Ellison, P. T., et al. “The Ecological Context of Human Ovarian Function.” Human Reproduction 8 (1993): 2248–58.

  Hargrove, J. T., et al. “Menopausal Hormone Replacement Therapy with Continuous Daily Oral Micronized Estradiol and Progesterone.” Obstetrics & Gynecology 71 (1989): 606–12.

  Lee, J. R., M.D. “Is Natural Progesterone the Missing Link in Osteoporosis Prevention and Treatment?” Medical Hypotheses 35 (1991): 316–18.

  _____. “Osteoporosis Reversal: The Role of Progesterone.” International Clinical Nutrition Rev
iew 10 (1990): 384–91.

  _____. “Osteoporosis Reversal with Transdermal Progesterone.” (letter) The Lancet 336 (1990): 1327.

  Prior, J. C., and V. M. Vigna. “Spinal Bone Loss and Ovulatory Disturbances.” New England Journal of Medicine 323 (1990): 1221–27.

  Prior, J. C., V. Vigna, and N. Alojado. “Progesterone and the Prevention of Osteoporosis.” Canadian Journal of Obstetrics/Gynecology & Women’s Health Care 3 (1991): 178–84.

  _____. “Progesterone as a Bone-Trophic Hormone.” Endocrine Reviews 11 (1990): 386–98.

  Reyes, F. L., J. S. Winter, and C. Paiman. “Pituitary Ovarian Relationships Preceding the Menopause: A Cross-Sectional Study of Serum Follicle-Stimulating Hormone, Luteinizing Hormone, Prolactin, Estradiol and Progesterone Levels.” American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 129 (1977): 557–64.

  DHEA

  Araneo, B., and R. Daynes. “Dehydroepiandrosterone Functions as More than an Antigluco-corticoid in Preserving Immunocompetence After Thermal Injury.” Endocrinology 136, no. 2 (February 1995): 393–401.

  Assan, R., et al. “Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) for Diabetic Patients?” European Journal of Endocrinology 135 (1996): 37–38.

  Barrett-Connor, E., and A. Ferrara. “Dehydroepiandrosterone, Dehydroepiandrosterone Sulfate, Obesity, Waist-Hip Ratio, and Noninsulin-Dependent Diabetes in Post-menopausal Women: The Rancho Bernardo Study.” Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 81, no. 1 (January 1996): 59–64.

  Baulieu, E. E. “Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA): A Fountain of Youth?” Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 81, no. 9 (1996): 3147–51.

  Beer, N. A., et al. “Dehydroepiandrosterone Reduces Plasma Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor Type 1 and Tissue Plasminogen Activator Antigen in Man.” The American Journal of the Medical Sciences 311, no. 5 (May 1996): 205–10.

  Daynes, R. A., and B. A. Araneo. “The Development of Effective Vaccine Adjuvants Employing Natural Regulators of T-Cell Lymphokine Production In Vivo.” Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 730 (August 15, 1994): 144–61.

  Eich, D. M., et al. “Inhibition of Accelerated Coronary Atheroslerosis with Dehydroepiandrosterone in the Heterotropic Rabbit Model of Cardiac Transplantation.” Circulation 87, no. 1 (January 1993): 261–69.

  Freiss, E., et al. “DHEA Administration Increases Rapid Eye Movement Sleep and EEG Power and Sigma Frequency Range.” American Journal of Physiology 268 (1995): E107–E113.

  Haffner, S. M., and R. A. Valdez. “Endogenous Sex Hormones: Impact on Lipids, Lipoproteins, and Insulin.” American Journal of Medicine 98, no. 1A (January 16, 1995): 40S–47S.

  Herbert, J., et al. “The Age of Dehydroepiandrosterone.” The Lancet 345 (May 13, 1995): 1193–94.

  McLachlan, J. A., C. D. Serkin, and O. Bakouche. “Dehydroepiandrosterone Modulation of Lipopolysaccharide-Stimulated Monocyte Cytotoxicity.” Journal of Immunology 156, no. 1 (January 1, 1996): 328–35.

  Morales, A. J., et al. “Effects of Replacement Dose of Dehydroepiandrosterone in Men and Women of Advancing Age.” Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 78 (1994): P1360–67.

  Padgett, D. A., and R. M. Loria. “In Vitro Potentiation of Lymphocyte Activation by Dehydroepiandrosterone, Androstenediol, and Androstenetriol.” Journal of Immunology 153, no. 4 (August 15, 1994): 1544–52.

  Skolnick, A. A. “Scientific Verdict Still Out on DHEA.” Journal of the American Medical Association 276, no. 17 (November 6, 1996).

  Toshiyuki, H., M.D., Ph.D., et al. “Effect of Dehydroepiandrosterone Sulfate on Ophthalmic Artery Flow Velocity Wave Forms in Full-Term Pregnant Women.” American Journal of Perinatology 12, no. 2 (March 1995): 135–37.

  Yen, S. S., A. J. Morales, and O. Khorram. “Replacement of DHEA in Aging Men and Women: Potential Remedial Effects.” Annual Report of the New York Academy of Science 774 (1995): 128–42.

  Testosterone

  Rako, S. The Hormone of Desire. New York: Three Rivers Press, 1996.

  Tenover, J. S. “Effects of Testosterone Supplementation in the Aging Male.” Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 75, no. 4 (October 1992): 1092–98.

  Growth Hormone

  Etherton, T., et al. “Mechanisms by Which Somatotropin Decreases Adipose Tissue Growth.” American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 58, supp. (1993): 287S–95S.

  Feldman, E. “Aspects of the Interrelations of Nutrition and Aging—1993.” American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 58, no. 1 (July 1993): 1–3.

  Hartman, M., et al. “Pulsatile Growth Hormone Secretion in Older Persons Is Enhanced by Fasting Without Relationship to Sleep Stages.” Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 81, no. 7 (July 1996): 2694–701.

  Jorgensen, J. O., and J. S. Christiansen. “Brave New Senescence: GH in Adults.” The Lancet 341 (May 15, 1993): 1247.

  Kraemer, W. J., et al. “Hormonal and Growth Factor Responses to Heavy Resistance Exercise Protocols.” Journal of Applied Physiology 69 (1990): 1442–50.

  Meling, T., and E. Nylen. “Growth Hormone Deficiency in Adults: A Review.” American Journal of the Medical Sciences 311, no. 4 (1996): 153–66.

  Rubin, C., M.D., FACP. “Southwestern Internal Medicine Conference: Growth Hormone-Aging and Osteoporosis.” American Journal of the Medical Sciences 305, no. 2 (1993): 120–29.

  Rudman, D., M.D. “Effects of Human Growth Hormone in Men Over 60 Years Old.” New England Journal of Medicine 323, no. 1 (July 5, 1990): 1–6.

  Schwartz, R. “Trophic Factor Supplementation: Effect on the Age-Associated Changes in Body Composition.” Journals of Gerontology: Series A, Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences 50, spec. no. (November 1995): 151–56.

  Toogood, A., P. O’Neill, and S. Shalet. “Beyond the Somatopause: Growth Hormone Deficiency in Adults Over the Age of 60 Years.” Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 81, no. 2 (February 1996): 460–65.

  Weltman, A., et al. “Endurance Training Amplifies the Pulsatile Release of Growth Hormone: Effects of Training Intensity.” Journal of Applied Physiology 72, no. 6 (1992): 2188–96.

  Wiswell, R., and R. Marcus. “Age-Dependent Effect of Resistance Exercise on Growth Hormone Secretion in People.” Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 75, no. 2 (August 1992): 404–7.

  Yarasheski, K., and J. Zachwieja. “Growth Hormone for the Elderly: The Fountain of Youth Proves Toxic.” (letter) Journal of the American Medical Association 270, no. 14 (October 13, 1993): 1694.

  Melatonin

  Reiter, R. J. “Oxygen Radical Detoxification Processes During Aging: The Functional Importance of Melatonin.” Aging 7, no. 5 (October 1995): 340–51.

  _____. “The Aging Pineal Gland and Its Physiological Consequences.” Bioessays 14, no. 3 (March 1992): 169–75.

  _____. “The Role of the Neurohormone Melatonin as a Buffer Against Macromolecular Oxidative Damage.” Neurochemistry International 27, no. 6 (December 1995): 453–60.

  _____. “Functional Pleiotropy of the Neurohormone Melatonin: Antioxidant Protection and Neuroendocrine Regulation.” Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology 16, no. 4 (October 1995): 383–415.

  Thyroid Hormone

  Arem, R. The Thyroid Solution. New York: Ballantine Books, 1999.

  Chapter 20

  Drugs for osteoporosis and their Natural Alternatives

  Alonso-Coello, P., A. L. Garcia-Franco, G. Guyatt, et al. “Drugs for Pre-osteoporosis: Prevention or Disease Mongering?” British Medical Journal 336 (January 19, 2008): 126–29.

  Black, D. M., A. V. Schwartz, K. E. Ensrud, et al. “Effects of Continuing or Stopping Alendronate After 5 Years of Treatment: The Fracture Intervention Trial Long-Term Extension (FLEX): A Randomized Trial.” Journal of the American Medical Association 296, no. 24 (2006): 2927–38.

  Chilibeck, P. D., et al. “Exercise and Bone Mineral Density.” Sports Medicine 19, no. 2 (1995): 103–22.

  Cooper, C., et al. “Water Fluoridation and Hip Fracture.” (letter) Journal of the American Medical Association 266 (1991): 513�
�14.

  Danielson, C., et al. “Hip Fractures and Fluoridation in Utah’s Elderly Population.” Journal of the American Medical Association 268 (1992): 746–47.

  Hedlund, L. R., and J. C. Gallagher. “Increased Incidence of Hip Fracture in Osteoporotic Women Treated with Sodium Fluoride.” Journal of Bone and Mineral Research(1989): 223–25.

  Jacobsen, S. J., et al. “Regional Variation in the Incidence of Hip Fractures: U.S. White Women Aged 65 Years and Older.” Journal of the American Medical Association 264 (1990): 500–502.

  Jacqmin-Gadda, H., D. Commenges, and J. F. Dartigues. “Fluorine Concentrations in Drinking Water and Fracture in the Elderly.” Journal of the American Medical Association 273 (1995): 775–76.

  Kleerekoper, M. E., et al. “Continuous Sodium Fluoride Therapy Does Not Reduce Vertebral Fracture Rate in Postmenopausal Osteoporosis.” Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 4, supp. 1 (1989): S376.

  Kritz-Silverstein, D., and D. L. Goodman-Gruen. “Usual Dietary Isoflavone Intake, Bone Mineral Density, and Bone Metabolism in Postmenopausal Women.” Journal of Women’s Health and Gender-Based Medicine 11, no. 1 (January/February, 2002): 69–78.

  Lindsay, R., M.D., Ph.D. “The Burden of Osteoporosis: Cost.” American Journal of Medicine 98, supp. 2A (February 27, 1995): 2A-9S–11S.

  Lin, J. T., and J. M. Lane. “Nonpharmacologic Management of Osteoporosis to Minimize Fracture Risk.” Nature Clinical Practice Rheumatology 4, no. 1 (January 2008): 20–25.

  Martyn-St. James, M., and S. Carroll. “High-Intensity Resistance Training and Post-menopausal Bone Loss: A Meta-Analysis.” Osteoporosis International 17 (2006): 1225–40.

  Odvina, C. V., J. E. Zerweky, S. Rao, et al. “Severely Suppressed Bone Turnover: A Potential Complication of Alendronate Therapy.” Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 90, no. 3 (2004): 1294–1301.

  Ott, S. “Editorial: Long-Term Safety of Bisphosphonates.” The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 90, no. 3: 1897–99.

  Richards, J. B., Papaioannou, A., et al. “Effect of Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors on the Risk of Fracture.” Archives of Internal Medicine 167, no. 2 (January 22, 2007): 188–94.