The Fierce Urgency of Now
Page 39
83.Tom Johnson, notes on meeting in Cabinet Room with leaders of House and Senate, April 3, 1969, Tom Johnson Notes of Meetings, box 3, file: April 2—Tuesday Luncheon: April 3, 1968-Cabinet Meeting Luncheon Meeting with the House and Senate Committee, LBJL.
84.Barefoot Sanders to Johnson, May 9, 1968, Aides, Office Files of Joseph Califano, box 54, file: Taxes—1967–1968, LBJL.
85.“Effects of the Tax Hike,” Time, June 28, 1968.
86.Collins, More, 96–97.
87.Ibid., 97.
CHAPTER 9: THE ENDURANCE OF THE GREAT SOCIETY
1.Theodore White, The Making of the President: 1968 (New York: Atheneum, 1969), 243.
2.Matusow, The Unraveling of America, 427.
3.“Nixon Will Wage 2-Pronged Strategy,” News and Courier, Sept. 1, 1968.
4.“Hubert Calls Agnew Choice Compromise,” Chicago Tribune, Aug. 9, 1968.
5.Steven F. Hayward, The Age of Reagan: The Fall of the Old Liberal Order, 1964–1980 (New York: Crown, 1984), 200.
6.David Farber, Chicago ’68 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1988), 201.
7.Carter, Politics of Rage, 338–39.
8.Walter Pincus, “The Public and the Private George Wallace,” Washington Post, Aug. 10, 1968.
9.Lewis L. Gould, 1968: The Election That Changed America, 2nd ed. (Chicago: Ivan Dee, 2010), 29.
10.“Nixon Scores ‘Tax of Inflation’; Says Worker Is on Treadmill,” New York Times, Sept. 2, 1968.
11.“Where Nixon Stands on the Issues,” Los Angeles Times, Oct. 27, 1968.
12.Woods, LBJ, 868.
13.Matusow, Unraveling of America, 432.
14.Ibid., 432–33.
15.Louis Harris, “Nixon Leads by Questionable 3 Points,” Boston Globe, Nov. 1, 1968; “Humphrey Gains in Polls, but Time Is Running Out,” Newsday, Oct. 28, 1968; “Humphrey Gaining; Wallace Dropping,” Boston Globe, Oct. 27, 1968; George Gallup, “Humphrey Gains: Wallace Declines,” Los Angeles Times, Oct. 27, 1968.
16.Johnson and Dirksen, telephone conversation, Oct. 31, 1968, White House presidential tapes, LBJL.
17.Clayton Knowles, “Great Society: What It Was, Where It Is,” New York Times, Dec. 9, 1968.
18.Stephen E. Nordlinger, “Finch to Retain Most Programs,” Baltimore Sun, Dec. 17, 1968.
19.Patterson, Grand Expectations, 720.
20.Paul Marcus, “The Philadelphia Plan and Strict Racial Quotas in Federal Contracts,” Faculty Publications, William & Mary Law School Scholarship Repository, 1970, 817.
21.Katz, Undeserving Poor, 113.
22.Christopher Wimer, Liana Fox, Irv Garfinkel, Neeraj Kaushal, and Jane Waldfogel, “Trends in Poverty with an Anchored Supplemental Poverty Measure” (Dec. 5, 2013).
23.Katz, Undeserving Poor, 113.
24.Colleen Grogan and Eric M. Patashnik, “Between Welfare Medicine and Mainstream Entitlement: Medicaid at the Political Crossroads,” Journal of Health, Policy, Politics, and Law 28, no. 5 (2003): 831.
25.Martha J. Bailey and Sheldon Danzinger, “Legacies of the War on Poverty,” in Legacies of the War on Poverty, ed. Martha J. Bailey and Sheldon Danzinger (New York: Russell Sage, 2013), 23.
26.David R. Goldfield, Still Fighting the Civil War: The American South and Southern History (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2004), 257.
27.Katherine Swartz, “Medicare and Medicaid,” in Bailey and Danzinger, Legacies of the War on Poverty, 269.
28.Elizabeth Cascio and Sarah Reber, “The K–12 Education Battle,” in ibid., 85.
29.David E. Rosenbaum, “20 Years Later, the Great Society Flourishes,” New York Times, April 17, 1985.
ILLUSTRATION CREDITS
INSERT 1
Image 1: Lyndon B. Johnson Presidential Library, photo by Yoichi Okamoto. Image 2: U.S. Senate Historical Office.
Image 3: The University of Virginia Library. Image 4: AP Photo/Bill Hudson.
Image 5: William M. McCulloch Papers, Ohio State University. Image 6: Lyndon B. Johnson Presidential Library.
Image 7: © Bettmann/Corbis. Image 8: Photograph © AFL-CIO, used with permission.
Image 9: Smithsonian Institution Archives, Image #SIA2011-2223, photo by James Wallace. Image 10: Abbie Rowe, White House Photographs, John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum, Boston.
Image 11: White House Photo Office, Lyndon B. Johnson Presidential Library. Image 12: Lyndon B. Johnson Presidential Library, photo by Yoichi Okamoto.
Image 13: Lyndon B. Johnson Presidential Library, photo by Yoichi Okamoto. Image 14: Lyndon B. Johnson Presidential Library, photo by Yoichi Okamoto.
Image 15: William M. McCulloch Papers, Ohio State University. Image 16:© Bettmann/Corbis.
Image 17: © Library of Congress/Science Faction/Corbis.
Image 18: Lyndon B. Johnson Presidential Library, photo by Cecil Stoughton. Image 19: Lyndon B. Johnson Presidential Library, photo by Yoichi Okamoto. Image 20: AP Photo/Bill Allen.
Image 21: Lyndon B. Johnson Presidential Library, photo by Cecil Stoughton. Image 22: Lyndon B. Johnson Presidential Library, photo by Yoichi Okamoto.
Image 23: © David J. & Janice L. Frent Collection/Corbis. Image 24: Photograph of William Fulbright and Lyndon B. Johnson, The J. William Fulbright Papers, University of Arkansas Libraries, Fayetteville.
Image 25: © Bettmann/Corbis/AP Images. Image 26: Lyndon B. Johnson Presidential Library, photo by Cecil Stoughton.
Image 27: AP Photo. Image 28: AP Photo.
Image 29: Lyndon B. Johnson Presidential Library, photo by Cecil Stoughton. Image 30: Lyndon B. Johnson Presidential Library, photo by Yoichi Okamoto.
Image 31: Lyndon B. Johnson Presidential Library. Image 32: Used by permission of University of Missouri–Kansas City Libraries, Dr. Kenneth J. LaBudde Department of Special Collections, photo by Nate Fine Photo.
INSERT 2
Image 33: Lyndon B. Johnson Presidential Library, photo by Yoichi Okamoto. Image 34: AP Photo/Charles Gorry.
Image 35: U.S. Senate Historical Office. Image 36: Lyndon B. Johnson Presidential Library, photo by Yoichi Okamoto.
Image 37: U.S. Senate Historical Office. Image 38: © Bettmann/Corbis.
Image 39: Wisconsin Historical Society. Image 40: Lyndon B. Johnson Presidential Library. Image 41: © Corbis.
Image 42: © Bettmann/Corbis.
Image 43: Lyndon B. Johnson Presidential Library, photo by Cecil Stoughton. Image 44: © Bettmann/Corbis.
Image 45: © Bettmann/Corbis. Image 46: © Bettmann/Corbis.
Image 47: Lyndon B. Johnson Presidential Library, photo by Yoichi Okamoto. Image 48: Lyndon B. Johnson Presidential Library, photo by Yoichi Okamoto.
Image 49: Lyndon B. Johnson Presidential Library, photo by Yoichi Okamoto. Image 50: Lyndon B. Johnson Presidential Library, photo by Yoichi Okamoto.
Image 51: Lyndon B. Johnson Presidential Library, photo by Yoichi Okamoto. Image 52: © Bettmann/Corbis.
Image 53: © Bob Adelman/Corbis.
Image 54: National Archives, photo no. 127-N-A704884. Image 55: Lyndon B. Johnson Presidential Library, photo by Frank Wolfe.
Image 56: © Bettmann/Corbis. Image 57: © Bettmann/Corbis.
Image 58: Lyndon B. Johnson Presidential Library, photo by Yoichi Okamoto. Image 59: Lyndon B. Johnson Presidential Library, photo by Yoichi Okamoto. Image 60: © Bettmann/Corbis.
Image 61: Lyndon B. Johnson Presidential Library, photo by Yoichi Okamoto. Image 62: National Archives, photo no. 192616.
Image 63: Nixon Presidential Library. Image 64: Lyndon B. Johnson Presidential Library, photo by Frank Wolfe.
INDEX
The page numbers in this index refer to the printed version of this book. To find the corresponding locations in the text of this digital version, please use
the “search” function on your e-reader. Note that not all terms may be searchable.
AFL-CIO, 26–27, 81
Committee on Political Education, 27
and march on Washington, 51
and Medicare, 186, 187–88
African Americans:
and affirmative action, 317
Black Caucus, 239
black power, 241–42, 245, 249, 274, 291, 297
cheap labor of, 50
and civil rights, see various Civil Rights Acts; civil rights bills; civil rights movement
housing discrimination against, 227–28, 230–40, 242, 247, 297
Jim Crow laws, 30, 31, 53, 143, 203
job discrimination against, 119, 129, 231–32, 317
on juries, 33
and NAACP, 27, 29–30, 37, 42, 55, 57, 161, 202
and Philadelphia Plan, 317
population shifts of, 18, 231
and urban riots, see urban riots
votes of, 32, 85, 160, 202, 203, 228, 321
voting rights of, see voting rights
World War II veterans, 29
Agnew, Spiro T., 306–7
Agricultural Adjustment Act, 14, 67
Aid to Dependent Children, 132, 139
Alabama National Guard, 48, 215
Albert, Carl, 80, 173, 218, 300
Albright, Robert, 103
Alinsky, Saul, 222
Amalgamated Clothing Workers, 96
American Hospital Association, 190
American Medical Association (AMA), 15, 185–88, 190–91, 197–98, 200, 237
Americans for Democratic Action (ADA), 26, 27, 45
Anderson, Clinton P., 185, 193–94
Anderson, Marian, 12
Anderson, Robert B., 89
Appalachian Development Act (1965), 220
Appel, James, 198, 200
Aronson, Arnold, 90
Atlantic City, Democratic National Convention (1964) in, 152
Baldwin, James, 242
Ball, Robert, 201
Barr, Joseph W., 287
Bass, Ross, 218
Belcher, Page, 276
Bevel, James, 240
Biemiller, Andrew, 27, 109, 123
Birmingham, Alabama:
integration in, 112
Project C in, 43–46
racial violence in, 30, 43–45, 46
Black, Hugo, 71
Black Caucus, 239
black power, 241–42, 245, 249, 274, 291, 297
Bliss, Ray, 259
Blue Cross and Blue Shield, 192
B’nai B’rith, 113
Boggs, Hale, 145, 170
Bolling, Richard W., 88, 89, 91, 245
Bow, Frank T., 191
Brezhnev, Leonid, 147
Brooke, Edward, 260
Brown, Clarence, 87, 89, 91
Brown, Pat, 254
Brown v. Board of Education, 29, 37, 41, 48, 73, 228
Bryan, William Jennings, 23
Burke, James A., 300
Burns, John A., 294
Busby, Horace “Buzz,” 64
Bush, George W., 322–23
Byrd, Harry, 25, 74, 76–79, 80, 81, 82, 115, 125, 138, 226, 270
Byrnes, John W., 193–94, 195, 196, 197, 280
Califano, Joseph A. Jr., 115, 274, 298, 314
Callaway, Bo, 249
Capehart, Homer, 72
Carey, James, 81
Carmichael, Stokely, 241–42
Caro, Robert, 6–7, 32
Carter, Cliff, 2, 64
Carter, Jimmy, 249
Case, Clifford P., 108, 212
Celler, Emanuel, 169, 265
and civil rights bill, 47, 53–54, 56–59, 88, 92–93, 101
and House Judiciary Committee, 19, 47, 53
and housing bill, 238, 239–40, 244
and voting rights, 209–10, 214, 218, 318
Chicago:
civil rights activism in, 240–41, 242, 243–44, 260
rioting in, 241, 245, 250, 307–8
China, 146, 147
CIA, and Vietnam, 147
Civil Rights Act (1957), 34, 202, 220
congressional action on, 32–36, 55, 101, 117, 124
Civil Rights Act (1960), 35, 202, 220
Civil Rights Act (1964), 156, 203, 228
and affirmative action, 317
beating Judge Smith on, 60, 86–92, 94–95, 98–100
and further legislation, 143, 164, 177, 218
and gender discrimination, 98–101
House debate on, 96–101
negotiating with Dirksen, 116–25
opponents of, 206, 215, 218
passage of, 101, 128–29, 136, 139, 177, 202
Senate filibuster, 101–11, 118, 120–24, 125–27, 129
and Title VI, 141
and Title VII, 100, 106, 118
vote for cloture on, 125–27
Civil Rights Act (1968), 245–46, 296–97
civil rights bills:
and Eisenhower administration, 29, 32
endurance of, 321
filibusters against, 21, 53, 86, 246
and JFK, 28, 31–32, 35–52, 54, 56, 82, 128, 154
LBJ’s support of, 32–34, 72–73, 213–14
LBJ’s vision for, 2, 82–83, 165
in 1963, 39–43, 52–60
and poverty, 93, 94, 115–16, 140
Civil Rights Commission, 34, 39, 41
Civil Rights Corporals’ Guard, 108–9
civil rights leaders:
and housing discrimination, 230–31
and inner-city problems, 230, 241
and legislation, 42, 112, 204, 218
split among, 241
and White House, 37–38, 51–52, 83, 93–95
civil rights movement, 28–46
and ADA, 26, 27, 45
backlash against, 9, 31, 41, 56, 222, 243–44, 247, 256
civil disobedience in, 30–31, 44, 50, 91
and CORE, 30, 42, 111, 202
and equal employment, 32
and FBI, 31, 153
and Freedom Riders, 30, 31, 37
grassroots activism, 29–32, 37, 44–46, 51–52, 73, 82, 102, 202–3, 205, 215, 240
and King, see King, Martin Luther, Jr.
and KKK, 30, 157, 211
march on Washington, 50–52, 112
media attention to, 45, 108, 109, 112, 114
as moral struggle, 103–4, 126, 138
moratorium on demonstrations, 90–91
and NAACP, see NAACP
and 1964 election, 160–61
pressure on Congress from, 8, 28, 30, 31, 37, 39, 40, 43, 47, 48, 82–83, 85, 92, 96–98, 111–13, 165, 205, 206, 209, 212, 213, 215, 221–22
public support for, 92, 112–14, 117, 131, 213
radicalization of, 241–42, 245, 249, 291, 297
and religious groups, 112–14
and SCLC, 29–30, 50, 51, 202
sit-ins, 30, 91, 112
and SNCC, 30, 202, 209, 241–42
and Supreme Court, 29, 203, 228
violent responses to, 44, 45, 46, 123, 208–12, 246–47
Civil Service Commission, U.S., 207
Clark, Sheriff James, 205, 208, 216
Clark, Joseph S., 108, 122, 209, 297
Clark, Ramsey, 274
Clay, Cassius (Muhammad Ali), 105
Clevenger, Raymond F., 258
Cohen, Wilbur, 194, 195, 196, 199
cold war:
and Cuban missile crisis, 38, 147
and JFK’s assassination, 62
political restri
ctions in, 22
and Soviet Union, 11, 22, 29, 147–48
Truman’s focus on, 4, 146
and Vietnam, 146, 147, 263
Collins, Robert, 302
Colmer, William, 87, 142, 171
Commission on Religion and Race, 113
communism:
anticommunist crusades, 9, 15, 136
and domino theory, 9, 147
FBI hunt for communists, 31
and Vietnam, 146, 147, 148, 151, 251
Community Action Program (CAP), 134–35, 222, 242
Congress, U.S.:
bipartisan support needed in, 53, 54, 56, 59, 102, 123, 212
Black Caucus, 239
civil rights bills in, see various Civil Rights Acts; civil rights bills
civil rights pressures on, 8, 28, 30, 31, 37, 39, 40, 43, 47, 48, 52, 82–83, 85, 92, 96–98, 111–13, 165, 205, 206, 209, 212, 213, 215, 221–22
committee process in, 7–8, 12, 16, 53–54, 77, 102, 169, 170
conservative coalition in, 3–5, 7, 12, 13–22, 82, 122, 159–60, 165, 172, 257
and the economy, 270–72, 278–83, 288–90, 295, 298–300, 301–2
and education bill, 176–84, 204
eighty-ninth, 163–223, 227, 303
“gallery vultures” in, 96
“Goldwater Congress,” 159
and Great Society, 165, 169, 181, 320
and housing bill, 234–40, 296–97
and JFK, 1, 4, 21–22, 28, 36, 38–39, 62–63, 64, 74, 82, 87, 176, 177
LBJ’s experience and skills in, 5–6, 62–63, 77, 154, 159, 166–67, 168–69, 171–72, 221, 227, 255, 303, 315–16, 323–24
legislative process of, 52–60
liberal groups in, 22–28, 163–68, 169, 202, 221
lobbyists in, 27–28
and Medicare, 165–66, 173, 184–201, 256, 317
and “pork,” 18, 115, 143
and the presidency, 2–3, 6
and redistricting, 203, 258
rules and procedures of, 7, 16–19, 21, 102, 171
secrecy in, 8, 28
and tax surcharge (1968), 265, 271–72, 279, 281, 288–89, 294–95
and Vietnam, see Vietnam War
and voting rights, 33–35, 41, 42, 202, 207, 212, 213–20
Connally, John, 152
Connor, Eugene “Bull,” 30, 44, 45
conservatism, see conservative coalition; Goldwater, Barry