The Fierce Urgency of Now
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domestic issues adopted by LBJ, 2, 162
and the economy, 36, 133, 270
and executive action, 36, 38
and health care, 36, 37, 38, 188–90
inaugural address of, 11–13
legacy of, 5, 63, 64, 132, 156–57, 159
and liberals in Congress, 28
memorial service for, 91
and 1960 election, 20, 36, 73–74, 161, 171
and 1964 election, 36, 58, 60
political priorities of, 31–32, 35–36, 37, 50, 52, 58
presidency of, 1, 13, 28, 62, 107
as senator, 11, 12, 35, 62
and social issues, 134, 135
and tax cut, 2, 36, 38
and television, 11, 31, 40–41, 48–49
and Vietnam, 146
Kennedy, Robert F., 242
assassination of, 300–301
and civil rights, 37, 54, 57, 58, 59–60, 109, 118, 119, 122–23
and LBJ, 61, 109
and 1968 campaign, 286, 291, 292, 293–94, 296
as senator, 160, 216
and voting rights, 212, 216
Kenworthy, E. W., 217
Keogh, Eugene J., 194
Kerner, Otto, Jr., 275
Kerr, Robert S., 189
Kerr-Mills Act (1960), 189, 192, 194, 197
Khrushchev, Nikita, 38
King, Rev. A. D., 46
King, Cecil R., 184, 193–94, 243
King, Coretta Scott, 31
King, Martin Luther, Jr., 225, 242, 260
assassination of, 295–96, 297, 298, 301, 306
in Birmingham jail, 44–45
and civil rights legislation, 37, 43, 60, 112, 203, 246
and education bills, 178
and grassroots activism, 29–32, 44–46, 91, 123
“I have a dream,” 51
marching in Chicago, 240–41, 250
and Project C, 43–46
and SCLC, 29–30
and Selma marches, 205, 209, 210–11, 215
and Vietnam War, 263–64
and voting rights, 203–4, 210–11, 218–19
and White House, 37–38, 83, 93–94
Kleberg, Richard, 67
Knowles, Warren P., 248
Korean War, 146, 251
Krock, Arthur, 106
Kuchel, Thomas H., 108, 120
Ku Klux Klan, 30, 65, 157, 211
Kupferman, Theodore, 276
labor:
AFL-CIO, 26–27, 51, 81, 186
and civil rights bill, 96, 114, 116
and cost-push theory of inflation, 280
and gender discrimination, 99
and Great Society, 312
and Medicare, 186, 187–88
and the nonunion South, 3, 70
Philadelphia Plan, 317
power of, 167
and racial discrimination, 50, 70, 232
right-to-work laws, 4, 70, 167–68
and Section 14B, 168
and Taft-Hartley Act, 4, 70, 167–68
teachers’ unions, 176
and Wagner Act, 4
and War on Poverty, 143–44
Landon, Alf, 14
Landrum, Philip M., 142–43
Law Enforcement Assistance Administration, 298
Leadership Conference on Civil Rights, 27, 57, 60, 90, 96, 97, 110, 114, 121, 206, 218, 276
Lee, Charles, 177
Lehman, Herbert H., 23, 25
LeMay, Curtis, 312
Levison, Stanley, 38
Lewis, John (SNCC chairman), 209, 215
liberalism:
and attacks on LBJ, 303
campaign about conservatism vs., 151–59
in Congress, 22–28, 163–68, 169, 202, 221
congressional opposition to, 12, 13–22
grassroots activism of, 22, 28
and Great Society, 3–5, 165, 169, 247
and hawkish foreign policy, 9
“Liberal Manifesto,” 26
myth about, 3–5
and New Deal, 22, 64–65, 158
and 1964 election, 8–9, 159–62, 163–64, 259
political aims of, 27
and racial equality, 4–5; see also various Civil Rights Acts; civil rights bills
and social problems, 4, 27, 133, 165, 201, 239
and voting rights, 215–18
Lincoln, Abraham, 39, 119, 123, 220, 239
Lindsay, John V., 40, 239
Little Rock Central School, 29, 32
Lodge, Henry Cabot, 136
Loney, Kate Deadrich, 184
Long, Edward V., 108
Long, Russell B., 199, 206
MacArthur, Douglas, 69–70
McCarthy, Eugene J., 26, 284–86, 292, 294
McClure, Stewart, 177
McCormack, John W., 88, 144–45, 170–72, 173, 209, 213, 218, 221
McCulloch, William M., 40, 42, 54–56, 57, 58, 59, 97–98, 101, 212, 236
McDonald, David, 88
McGovern, George, 308
Mackie, John C., 258
McNamara, Pat, 139
McNamara, Robert S., 144, 145, 149, 167, 291
McPherson, Harry C. Jr., 210, 213
Maddox, Lester, 249
Magnuson, Warren G., 108, 120
Mahon, George H., 135, 138, 272
Mahoney, George P., 249
Malone, Vivian, 48
Manatos, Mike, 109
Mansfield, Mike:
and civil rights, 102, 104, 105, 107–8, 110, 115, 118, 120, 127, 246
and Vietnam, 150
and voting rights, 207, 212, 214, 217, 218
Markman, Sherman, 235
Marshall, Burke, 46, 50, 54, 55, 56, 109, 119, 120
Marshall, Thurgood, 37
Martin, Joseph W., Jr., 15–16
Martin, William McChesney, 269
Mathias, Charles McC., 238–40, 242, 244–45
Maverick, Maury, 67
Meany, George, 26
Medicaid, 197, 222, 265, 311, 320, 321
Medicare, 184–201, 222, 254, 256, 265
expansion of, 317, 320
and JFK, 188–90
and Mills, 189–92, 193, 194–97, 198–200, 281
opponents of, 159, 165–66, 237
and Social Security, 185, 186, 189–99, 311, 317
support for, 173, 190, 201
midterm elections:
1934, 226
1938, 226
1958, 20, 227
1966, 9–10, 226, 247–61, 265, 271, 310
Miller, William, 158
Mills, Wilbur, 74, 76, 81, 173–74
and the economy, 272, 280–83, 287, 288–90, 298–300
and Medicare, 189–92, 193, 194–97, 198–200, 281
Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party (MFDP), 152–53
Mitchell, Clarence, 27, 83, 97, 109, 113, 206
Mitchell, John, 305
Mitchell, Lester, 241
Model Cities Program, 227
Mondale, Walter F., 322
Montgomery, Alabama, and civil rights, 29, 208–11, 215
Moore, Arch, 244, 245
Moreell, Admiral Ben, 189
Morse, Wayne, 18, 21, 25, 34, 150, 177, 181–82, 242
Morton, Thruston, 113
Moyers, Bill, 2, 63, 64, 75, 129, 162, 210
Mudd, Roger, 103, 126
Mundt, Karl, 113
Murray, James E., 17
Muskie, Edmund S., 23, 220
Myers, Robert J., 194
NAACP (National Association for the Advancement of Colored People), 27,
29–30, 37, 42, 55, 57, 161, 202
National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders, 275
National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), 97
National Association of Manufacturers, 76, 270
National Association of Real Estate Brokers (NAREB), 237–38, 240
National Committee Against Discrimination in Housing, 230–31
National Council of Churches, 51, 90, 290
National Council of Senior Citizens, 187, 188, 191
National Education Association, 179, 180–81, 290
National Election Study, 161
National Industrial Recovery Act, 14
National Labor Relations Board, 4
National Security Agency, 149
National Traffic and Motor Vehicle Safety Act (1966), 227
National Youth Administration (NYA), 67–68, 72, 138
Newark, New Jersey, riots in, 273, 275–76
New Deal:
compromises in, 3
expanding, 22, 315
and housing, 231, 239
LBJ’s commitment to, 62, 64–65, 67, 68–69, 72, 73–74, 82, 132, 137
and liberalism, 22, 64–65, 158
opponents of, 12–13, 50, 165
philosophy of, 23–24
second, 2, 10, 62, 82, 314
and subsequent conservatism, 3–4, 12
Ngo Dinh Diem, 146–47
Nightly News (ABC), 209
Nixon, Richard M.:
and the economy, 287, 302, 310, 316
and expanding government, 316–17
and 1960 election, 11, 36, 155
and 1966 midterm election, 254, 257, 310
and 1968 election, 304–6, 309–11, 313–15
and 1972 election, 319
resignation of, 319
and Watergate, 319
North:
backlash in, 277
civil rights activism in, 240–41, 242, 243–44
Democratic Party in, 314
housing discrimination in, 231, 235, 236, 237, 240, 242, 247
Novak, Robert, 6
Nugent, Luci Johnson, 241
Obama, Barack, 6
O’Brien, Lawrence “Larry”:
and civil rights, 93, 109, 115
and education, 179–80
and health care, 191, 199
as legislative liaison, 93, 166, 173
and poverty program, 142–43, 145
Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), 318
O’Daniel, Lee “Pappy,” 70
O’Donnell, Kenneth, 149
Office of Economic Opportunity (OEO), 134, 140
O’Grady, Jane, 96
O’Hara, James G., 209
Okun, Arthur M., 299
Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act (1968), 297–98
Operation Coffee Cup, 188
Operation Rolling Thunder, 222
Otten, Alan, 81
Parks, Rosa, 29
Pastore, John O., 108, 154
Patman, Wright, 67
Paul VI, Pope, 225
Peabody, Endicott, 112
Peabody, Mary Parkman, 112
Percy, Charles H., 243, 249, 250, 258, 260, 297
Perkins, Carl C., 178, 179–80
Phillips, William, 26
Porter, Frank, 295
poverty:
and civil rights legislation, 93, 94, 115–16, 140
and education, 177, 183, 184
and food stamps, 80, 317, 320
and government aid, 132–33
and maximum participation, 135
number of people living in, 132–33
and urban riots, 138
war on, see War on Poverty
welfare state, 10, 133, 317
“poverty czar,” 137
Poverty Tour, 116
Powell, Adam Clayton, Jr., 98, 140–42, 169, 180, 244
presidency:
and Congress, 2–3, 6
“imperial,” 6
and legislative record, 132
liberal, 2–3
political environment for, 7
powers of, 5–8, 12, 28, 150, 166
role of, 2–3
and separation of powers, 246
presidential elections:
effects of, 12
1936, 14
1948, 23
1960, 11, 20, 36, 73–74, 155, 161, 171
1964, 8–9, 36, 58, 60, 75, 83, 107, 124–25, 128, 130, 131, 146, 150–62, 163–64, 166, 168–69, 171, 191, 202, 221, 259
1968, 217, 278, 292–95, 300–315
1972, 319
President’s Commission on the Status of Women, 99
Progressive Era, 3
property rights, 41, 105, 243
Prouty, Winston L., 275
Proxmire, William, 212
public accommodations:
and civil rights legislation, 108, 114, 117, 118–19, 128, 321
integration of, 4, 41, 42, 47, 49, 57, 119, 228
public housing, 72
Public Welfare Amendments (1962), 133
Pucinski, Roman, 242, 260
Race, John A., 248, 258
racial equality:
backlash against, 249
liberal goals for, 4–5
see also civil rights bills
racial quotas, 118
Randolph, A. Philip, 50, 51, 52
Randolph, Jennings, 194
Rankin, John E., 16
Rauh, Joseph, 97, 109, 113, 114
Rawlings, George, 258
Rayburn, Sam, 23, 64, 67–69, 86, 170
Reagan, Ronald, 188–89, 254, 305, 314, 319, 322
Reconstruction, end of, 18, 32, 37, 202, 204
Reeb, Rev. James, 211
Republican National Convention (1964), 148, 152
Republican National Convention (1968), 304–7
Republican Party:
and civil rights, 39, 42, 43, 47, 48, 56, 57, 58, 60, 250
and conservatives, see conservative coalition; Goldwater, Barry
divisions in, 15, 221, 264
and education, 180, 181, 182, 183–84
and Eldercare, 192–95
and housing bill, 235, 236, 238–40
and Lincoln Day celebration, 40
moderates in, 136
national conventions: (1964), 148, 152; (1968), 304–7
and 1964 election, 151–52, 154–55, 160–61, 163
and 1966 midterm election, 257–60, 265
and 1968 election, 309–13
as party of Lincoln, 39, 239
and spending cuts, 280–82
and Vietnam, 147–51
and voting rights, 203–4, 207, 212–13, 217
and War on Poverty, 137–40, 143–44
Reston, James, 159
Reuss, Henry S., 171
Reuter, Ernest, 96
Reuther, Walter P., 26–27, 51–52, 168, 188, 291
Revenue Act (1964), 81, 102, 164, 167
Revenue and Expenditure Control Act (1968), 301–2
Ribicoff, Abraham A., 308
Rivers, L. Mendel, 145
Roche, Charles, 255
Rockefeller, Nelson A., 40, 42, 136, 239, 305
Romney, George W., 239, 255, 274, 278, 304
Roosevelt, Franklin D.:
administration of, 61, 67, 88, 164, 255
court-packing plan of, 14, 68, 166, 168
death of, 14, 70
and elections, 14, 159
and New Deal, 3, 10, 13, 22, 50, 62, 64, 165, 231
opponents of, 87,
165
supporters of, 9, 23, 70
Rostenkowski, Dan, 282
Rusk, Dean, 299
Russell, Richard, 9, 32–33, 147
and civil rights, 33, 71, 73, 85–86, 104–5, 110, 127, 128
and voting rights, 217
and War on Poverty, 139, 140
Rustin, Bayard, 50
Sabonjian, Robert, 241
St. George, Katharine, 99
Scammon, Richard, 278
Scherle, William J., 248
Schlesinger, Arthur M. Jr., 37
Schulman, Bruce, 5
SCLC (Southern Christian Leadership Conference), 29–30, 50, 51, 202
Scott, Hugh, 108, 212
Scott, William L., 258
Scranton, William W., 136, 239
Seeger, Pete, 264
Selma, Alabama, civil rights marches in, 205–6, 208–12, 213–14, 215
Senate, U.S.:
Appropriations Committee, 76, 78
civil rights bill in, 53, 55–56, 101–28
filibuster in, 8, 20–21, 35, 53, 60, 86, 101–7, 174, 215, 217, 221
Finance Committee, 74, 76
Judiciary Committee, 18–19, 53, 101–7
and legislative process, 53
majority leaders in, 101–2, 107
quorum calls in, 109–11
reelection concerns of, 150
rules of seniority in, 102
Subcommittee on Education, 181–82
Senior Citizens for Kennedy, 188
Shriver, R. Sargent, 134, 137, 140, 144, 145, 275
Shultz, George P., 317
Shuttlesworth, Fred, 44
Sickles, Carlton R., 249
Simpson, Milward L., 218
Smathers, George A., 199, 288–90, 294
Smith, Howard W., 16, 258
and civil rights bill, 60, 86–92, 94–95, 98–100
and education bill, 181, 182
and House Rules Committee, 60, 86–87, 89, 90, 92, 142, 171, 172, 182, 218
and twenty-one-day rule, 171, 172, 181
SNCC (Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee), 30, 202, 209, 241–42
Social Security, 50, 157–58, 265, 311
and Medicare, 185, 186, 189–99, 317
Supplemental Security Income, 316–27
Social Security Amendments (1965), 197
Sorensen, Theodore, 47, 75
South:
civil rights as moral cause to, 104
conservatives in, 17, 18, 218, 258
Democrats in, 4–5, 18, 19, 35, 129, 143, 164
Dixiecrats in, 239, 258, 265
economy of, 85
and eighty-ninth Congress, 168–74
and fears of integration, 139
and integration of universities, 38
Jim Crow laws in, 30, 31, 53, 143, 203
legislation controlled by, 5, 17, 42–43
lynching in, 29
nonunion, 3, 70
political compromises in favor of, 3
and presidential elections, 19, 58, 313