America, South 4, 5, 9, 13, 130
gold from 99, 101–2
Inca empire 98, 99–102
Mayan civilization 298–9
racial issues 119, 120, 125–6, 133, 135
silver from 101–2
United States, migration to 138–9
see also individual countries
America, South, Spanish colonies 14, 15, 96–7, 98–102, 103–4, 105
Catholicism in 113–14, 120, 120n, 131
health issues 147–8
native Indians 113, 114, 125, 127
political system 122–4
property rights 102, 113–14, 119, 124, 128
revolution in 115, 119–26, 127–9; British support for 121–2
slavery in 129, 130–32, 133, 135, 136
American Civil War (1861–6) 136–7
American Constitution 119, 128, 129, 135
Simón Bolívar on 123–4
American Revolution (1775–81) 112, 115–17, 119, 124, 129, 157
Articles of Confederation 117
Edmund Burke on 149
casualty figures 155, 156
Alexis de Tocqueville on 153–4
Declaration of Independence (1776) 129
France and 117
Andean Revolution (1780–83) 115
Angola 136
Ankara University, Turkey 92
Arafat, Yasser 247
Archer, W. Brian 300–301
Archimedes 63
Argentina 124
Aristotle 51
De anima 62
Arkwright, Richard 70, 200, 204
Armstrong, Louis 18
art/painting 60, 232
see also individual artists
Asia, East 307–8
civilization(s) 3–5, 7, 11, 20
economic growth/output 239–40
science/technology 4, 11
see also individual countries
astrology 68–9, 70
astronomy 64, 65, 66
Islamic 68–9
Atahualpa (Inca leader) 100, 101
Atatürk, Kemal (Kemal Mustafa) 90–93, 228
atomic weapons 235
Augustine, St: City of God 60
Austerlitz, battle of (1805) 156, 156n
Austria 83, 215
see also Habsburg empire
Austrian colonies 144
Aztec empire 99
Bach, Johann Sebastian 18, 80
Bacon, Roger 60
on Islamic science/technology 52
Bakunin, Mikhail 162, 162n
ballistics 83–5, 156
banking system 230–31
Beethoven, Ludwig van 18, 159
Behring, Emil von 175
Belgian colonies 144, 176, 191
Belgium 16, 213
Bentham, Jeremy 199n
von Berenhorst, Georg Heinrich 81–2
Bergson, Henri 196n
Berlin Wall 249, 251
Bernanke, Ben 308
Bernoulli, Daniel 66
Berry, Chuck 18
Best, Werner 194
Das Beste (German magazine) 252n
the Bible 62, 263, 278–9
Book of Revelations 293–4
Bingham, Hiram 101
Birmingham Lunar Society 201
von Bismarck, Otto Eduard Leopold 214
Black, Joseph 66
Black Death/plague 4, 23, 25, 54, 169, 175
Blake, William 206
Boehn, General Hans von 185
Bolingbroke, Viscount Henry St John 296–7
Bolívar, Simón 13, 119–24, 128
on American Constitution 123–4
British support for 121–2, 125
Cartagena Manifesto (1812) 123, 124
Decree of War to the Death 120
as a dictator 124
on political systems 123, 124
Bolivia 122
Bonaparte, Jérôme 159
Bonaparte, Napoleon see Napoleon Bonaparte
Bonneval, comte Claude Alexandre de 87
Boss, Hugo 233
Boswell, James 201
Böttcher, Viktor 189–90
Boulton, Matthew 201, 202, 206n
Boves, José Tomás 120
Boxer Rebellion, China (1900) 282–3
Boyacá, battle of (1819) 122
Boyce, Sir Rupert William 169
Boyle, Robert 66
Boyle’s Law 66, 83
Bozeman, Adda 3
Brabenec, Vratislav 248
Brahe, Tycho 65
Brahms, Johannes xxiii
Braudel, Fernand, on civilization(s) xxv–xxvi, 3
Brazil 17, 127, 130, 139
slavery in 130–32, 133
Brazzaville Conference (1944) 195
Britain 12, 14, 161, 201, 202
Simón Bolívar, support for 121–2, 125
Christianity, decline of 267–70
financial system 161, 219
France and 140, 160, 161, 173
Industrial Revolution 10, 13, 21, 28–9, 70, 199–200, 203–5
legal system 202–3
living standards 210–11
London see London
political system 202–3
in Second World War 234
see also England; Scotland
British army 233–4
British East India Company 38, 83, 161, 201, 278
British empire 142, 164, 263–4
in Africa 148, 168, 173, 176
in America see America, North, British colonies
decline of 163, 303
extent of 142
in India 144, 169–70, 264
Jamaica 148
property rights 125
Bruckner, Anton xxiii
Bruegel, Pieter (the Elder): The Triumph of Death (painting) 25–6
Brunelleschi, Filippo 60
Burke, Edmund
on American Revolution 149
on French Revolution 149, 150–52, 152n, 155, 156
Burnett, Leo 241
Burns, Robert xxiii–xxiv
Busbecq, Ogier Ghiselin de 9, 53
Bush, George W. xvi, xvii
Butterfield, Herbert xxi
Byron, Lord George 74, 121
Byzantine empire 3, 4, 17, 52
Cajamarca, battle of (1532) 100, 101
Callot, Jacques: Miseries of War (engravings) 12
Canada 116, 119, 125
see also America, North, British colonies
Cápac, Manco 100
capitalism 7, 11, 14, 15–16, 205, 207–8, 210–11, 219, 246, 262–3, 288
development of 263; in China 17, 252–3, 277, 304, 306–8
in Great Depression 229–31
Carabobo, battle of (1821) 122, 123
Caribbean area 10, 97, 119, 120, 123, 148
slavery in 131
Carlyle, Thomas, on the cash nexus 206
Cartwright, Edmund 200
Castellani, Aldo 170
Catholicism 17, 61, 259, 260, 263, 266, 269, 278
in Spanish American colonies 113–14, 120, 120n, 131
Cavour, conte Camillo Benso de 214
Caxton, William 61
Celsus: De re medica 62–3
Chancellor, Richard 36
Chanoine, Julien 166
Charles I, King of England 194, 106, 107, 152
Charmes, Gabriel 165
Chávez, Hugo 128
Chesterton, G. K.
on religion 288, 289
Short History of England 268
Chiang Kai-shek 283
‘Chimerica’ xvii, 315–16
China xv, xviii, 4, 5, 9, 12, 13, 16, 19–22, 23
Africa and 32, 154–5
Beijing 4, 5, 20, 22, 44
Boxer Rebellion 282–3
capitalism in 17, 252–3, 277, 304, 306–8
Christianity in see Protestantism below
Confucian philosophy 21, 27, 32, 43, 164, 286
Cultural Revolution (1964–76) 283, 294
&nbs
p; decline of 44–9, 57
education in 43
England and 47–9
exploration, voyages of 28–33, 48
geography 36–7
Great Leap Forward (1958–62) 283
Great Wall 42
India and 29, 32
industrialization 225, 284, 285
Japan and 226, 233, 234
Leibniz on 46
linguistic issues 43
living standards 21–2, 26–8, 44, 210–11, 304
Montesquieu on 20–21, 77
Nanjing 21, 22, 23, 43
political system 42–3, 283, 284
population figures 10, 20–21, 44
Portugal and 35
Protestantism in 277–80, 282–8; radical sects 285–6
François Quesnay on 46, 77–8
Adam Smith on 19, 20, 46, 78
Taiping Rebellion 211, 279–80, 285
trade: internal 22, 23; external 29, 31, 35, 47, 48
Voltaire on 46
Max Weber on 27, 264
Wenzhou 284–5
Westerners in: Earl Macartney 21, 47; Marco Polo 21–2, 27; Matteo Ricci 41
as a world power 257, 295–325; problems faced by 319–22
Yangzi river 21, 48; Grand Canal 21–2, 48
Chinese Academy of Social Sciences 287
Chinese empire 29, 31
Chinese Revolution (1949) 283
Chinese science/technology 11, 27–8
cholera 148, 169
Christianity 258–9
the Bible 62, 263, 278–9, 293–4
Calvinism 260
Catholicism 17, 61, 259, 260, 263, 266, 269, 278; in Spanish American colonies 113–14, 120, 120n, 131
church/state relationship 60, 289–90
civilization and 268, 288
decline of, in the West 267–73, 274, 288–9
missionaries 39, 142, 263–4
Orthodox 15
Protestantism see Protestantism
Reformation 9, 38, 60–62, 67, 259
in US 267, 270, 273–7
Max Weber on 259, 260–64
see also religious issues; religious wars
Churchill, Winston 238–9, 240, 303
on civilization 98, 139, 325
cities, development/growth of 2–3, 5, 205, 215, 304–5
Citroën 190
Civil Rights movement (USA) 245
civil society concept 78
civilization(s) 1–18
Fernand Braudel on xxv–xxvi, 3
Christianity and 268, 288
Winston Churchill on 98, 139, 325
Kenneth Clark on 1–2
as complex systems 299–301
definition 1–3, 142; first use of term 2
East Asian 3–5, 7, 11, 20
Freud on 272–3
Gandhi on 141, 144, 195
Great Divergence theory of 304–5
growth/numbers of 3–5, 8, 142
Samuel Huntington on 15, 16, 312–13
life-cycle theory of 297–9
success/decline of 3, 4, 7, 17–18, 44–9, 291–4, 295–325
Western see Western ascendancy
see also imperialism
Clark, Gregory: Farewell to Alms 200n
Clark, Kenneth 199n
on civilization 1–2
Clausewitz, Carl von: On War 157–8
Clemenceau, Georges 183, 187
climate change see environmental issues
clocks/clockwork 27, 41–2, 47, 90
marine chronometers 70
clothing see fashion/clothing
coal supplies 203–4
Cobbett, William 203
Coca-Cola 145n, 242–3
Cohn-Bendit, Daniel 245
Cold War 236–9, 250
Cole, Thomas: The Course of Empire (paintings) 295–6, 298, 299
Collingwood, R. G. xx–xxii, xxv
Colombia 105, 115, 122
Angostura 121, 123, 125
colonialism see imperialism
Columbus, Christopher 28
communication(s) 218–19
language see linguistic issues
in/with overseas colonies 170–71, 181–2
railways 170, 171, 204, 215, 218, 224
in warfare 55, 181–2
communism 7, 11, 209–10, 227–8, 236, 238
consumerism and 249–50
see also Russia/Soviet Union
comparative advantage 202, 202n
competition 12, 13, 36–49
between states 36–9, 41
definition 13
in trade 33–6, 48; see also trade
within states 24, 39–41
complex systems/complexity 299–301
Comunero Revolution (1781) 115
Conder, Josiah 222n
Condorcet, marquis Nicolas de Caritat de 79 Reflections on Negro Slavery 78
Confucian philosophy 21, 27, 32, 43, 264, 286
Congo: Belgian 176, 191; French 174
Conrad, Joseph: Heart of Darkness 181
consumer credit 238
consumerism 12, 14, 17, 195, 196–255, 288
communist attitude to 249–50
definition 13
development of 196–218, 257
fashion see fashion/clothing
Industrial Revolution and 201
jeans as symbol of 240–49, 250
marketing 241, 242, 246
Copernicus, Nicolaus 65
Cortés, Hernán 99
cotton industry/trade 201, 202–3, 204, 218
see also textile industry
Crompton, Samuel 200
Cromwell, Oliver 107
cultural pursuits 11, 76, 91–2, 235n
art/painting 60, 232; see also individual artists
film 230, 241
literature 60, 76, 181, 203, 228, 269–70
music see music
Czech Revolution (1967–8) 247–9, 251
da Camões, Luis 35
da Gama, Vasco 33–5, 37, 39
Daily Mail xxii, xxiin
Danton, Georges Jacques 155–6
Darby, Abraham 200
David, Jacques-Louis 159
Davis, Jacob 241
de Albuquerque, Alfonso, Governor of Portuguese India 34
Civilization: The West and the Rest Page 48