illiteracy see literacy rates
imperialism 8–10, 13, 14, 15, 142–95, 302–3
in Africa 14, 139, 145, 146, 148, 163–75; see also individual countries
in America see America …
colonial armies/troops 164, 181–9
communications, difficulty of 170–71, 181–2
as conquest 99–102
European diseases spread by 99, 101
growth/decline of 3, 4, 5, 13, 38, 142, 144–5
impact of 8, 45, 46, 144–6, 173–4, 190–95
institutional structures and 103–5
Lenin on 144
as a term of abuse 144, 145
Mark Twain on 144
Western 14, 15, 96–140, 142–95
Western medicine, benefits of to overseas colonies 146–8, 168–75, 191
see also individual empires
Inca empire, Spanish conquest of 98, 99–102
income levels see living standards; wages
India 5, 9, 17, 36
as British colony 144, 264
China and 29, 32
as independent state 224–5
Portugal and 34, 35, 39
science/technology 11
textile industry 2245
Indian Medical Service 169–70
Indian Ocean 29, 32, 33
Indo-China, as a French colony 167, 191
Indonesia 240
Industrial Revolution 13, 21, 28–9, 70, 198–205
in Britain 10, 13, 21, 28–9, 70, 199–200, 203–5
consumerism, increase caused by 201–2
definition 198–9
spread of 204–5, 225, 264
industrialization 10, 14, 216–18
in China 225, 284, 285
inequality see living standards
infant mortality see life expectancy
Inoue Kaoru 226
institutional structures 11–14
cultural 77
financial/economic see financial systems
imperialism and 103–5, 112, 172–3, 287
of Islamic fundamentalism 288, 289, 290n
Islamic 289, 290, 290n
Iran 94–5, 255
Ireland 11, 227, 203n
England and 24, 105
iron/steel industry 200–201
Islam 3, 8, 9, 16, 60
calligraphy, importance of 68
Europe, envoys sent to 86–7
health issues: hospitals 51; medical schools 53
the Koran 63
population figures 290
printing, attitude to 68, 86
religious conflict 71
in Turkey 253–5
the West and 39, 50–57, 63, 85–90, 255
women’s clothing 253–5, 254n
see also Ottoman empire; religious issues
Islamic education 51
Islamic fundamentalism 93–5, 93n, 255, 258, 288–91
institutional structure 288, 289, 290n
Islamic migration 290, 290n
Islamic science/technology 51–7, 264
astronomy 68–9
attitudes to 67–9
Roger Bacon on 52
modernization of 88–9, 92, 94–5
optics 51–2
Israel 92–5, 246–7
Jerusalem 93, 93n, 94
science/technology in 93–4
see also Jews
Italian city-states/Italy 4, 25, 28, 159, 182
France and 159
Under Mussolini 228
Naples 26, 159
as a printing centre 63
Rome 17; March on (1922) 228–9
in Second World War 233–4
Venice 38–9
see also Roman empire
Italian colonies 144
Italian unification 212–13, 214–15, 228
Iwakura Tomomi 221
Jamaica 120, 123
as a British colony 148
Jansen, Zacharias 65
Japan 5, 9, 42
China and 226, 233, 234
fashion/clothing 220–21, 222, 223, 225
living standards 45–6
modernization of 90, 218, 221–5, 226, 239, 257; internal opposition to 222
Russia and 226
textile industry 223–4
US and 221; in Second World War 233–5
Western influence on 5, 7, 15, 221–5
women in 222
Japanese armed forces 226, 234
Java 170
jeans, as a symbol of consumerism 240–49, 250
Jefferson, Thomas 134
Jerusalem 93, 93n, 94
Jews 3, 76
as entrepreneurs 216–17, 217n, 262n
as intellectuals 235, 235n
in Palestine 92–3
persecution of 38–9; in Germany 92, 214, 234, 235
Max Weber on 262
see also Israel
Jiang Zemin 287
Jiao Yu and Liu Ji: Huolongjing 28
Jirous, Ivan 248
John Paul II, Pope 252
Johnson, Blind Willie 18
Johnson, Samuel 2, 10
Kahn, Albert 196, 196n
Kamen, Dean 145n
Kant, Immanuel 76, 79, 80–81
Critique of Pure Reason 76
Kara Mustafa Köprülü (‘the black’), Grand Vizier 52, 54–5, 56, 71, 86
Karaca, Nihal Bengisu 254
Kaufman, Henry xvi
Kemal, Mustafa see Atatürk, Kemal
Kennedy, Paul: The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers 298
Keynes, John Maynard 7, 230, 231, 237
Khan, Dr A. Q. 95
Khomeini, Ayatollah 255
Khrushchev, Nikita 243, 250
King, Jonathan 273n
Kipling, Rudyard, on First World War 187–8
Kirsch, Wilhelm 90
Kissinger, Henry 16
Kitchener, Sir Horatio 173
Koch, Erich 193
Koch, Robert 169, 175
the Koran 63
see also Islam
Korea 11
Korea, South 239, 240, 306–7
Korean War (1950–53) 235–6, 239
Kraus, Karl 273
Kuhlman, August 179–80
labour market 203, 232, 265
migrant workers 219
trade unions 238–9, 245
unemployment 230–31, 232, 265, 265n
women in 224
working hours 265, 277
Labouret, Henri 166
Lafayette, marquis Gilbert de 150
Laigret, Jean 170
land ownership see property rights
Landes, David, on Western ascendancy 11
Langton, Christopher 299
Laplace, Pierre-Simon 158n
Larkin, Philip 270
Latin America see South America
Laud, Archbishop William 106, 107
Lavoisier, Antoine 66
Leeuwenhoek, Antoni van 66
legal systems 8, 12, 124
in Britain 202–3
definition 13
in French colonies 165–6
in German colonies 177
Napoleonic 159–60
property rights see property rights
racial laws 134–6
in Russia 244
Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm 65, 66, 70, 78, 80
on China 46
Leipzig, battle of (1813) 160
Lenin, Vladimir Ilyich 227, 228
on imperialism 144
Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor 54, 55
Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor 155
Lettow-Vorbeck, General Paul Emil von 188
Leuthen, battle of (1757) 82–3
Leutwein, Theodor 176
Levi jeans 241–3, 244
Lewis, C. S.: The Screwtape Letters 269
liberty 121, 154
Thomas Hobbes on 107–8
John Locke on 108–9
life expectancy 5, 10, 24, 147–8, 205, 208
in Africa 168, 171, 190–91
see also population figures/density
lifestyles 7–8, 72–4
see also consumerism
Lincoln, Abraham xxiv
Lindell, John 275
linguistic issues 3, 4, 14, 215
in China 43
in Turkey 90, 91–2
Linnaeus, Carolus 66
Lippershey, Hans 65
literacy rates 77, 125, 263, 264
literature 60, 76, 181, 203, 213, 228, 269–70
see also printing
livery companies/guilds 40–41
see also trading companies
living standards 5, 7, 25, 232, 238
in England 22–4, 210–11
in China 21–2, 26–8, 44, 210–11
in France 24–5
in Japan 45–6
social inequality 208–9
see also wages
Locke, John 78
‘Fundamental Constitutions of Carolina’ 109–10, 111, 114, 135
on liberty 108–9
on property rights 111, 112
his Treatises of Government 57, 108–9
London 5, 22–3, 162
City of London Corporation, as autonomous 39–40
livery companies/guilds 40–41
population figures 23
Thames river 22
Louis XVI, King of France 149–50, 152–3, 155
Low Countries 9, 36, 39
see also United Provinces
Lucretius: De natura rerum 62
Luther, Martin 61, 63, 259, 262, 263
Ninety-Five Theses 61
publications 61–2
see also Reformation
Macartney, George, First Earl, in China 21, 47
Machiavelli, Niccolò
The Prince 75, 296
Frederick the Great on (The Anti-Machiavel) 75, 79–80
Maharero, Samuel 178
malaria 169–70, 173, 174
Malaysia 239
Malche, Albert 92
Mali 164, 170
Malthus, Thomas 203n
Mangin, General Charles 184–5
Manhattan Project 235
Mann, Thomas 16
Marchand, Major Jean-Baptiste 173
marine chronometers 70
maritime exploration see exploration, voyages of
marketing/advertising 241, 242, 246
markets/market economy 205–6
housing market 276–7
see also consumerism; financial systems
Marlowe, Christopher: Doctor Faustus 63–4
Marschalk, Nicolaus 62
Marx, Karl/Marxism 7, 153, 198, 206–9, 210–11, 228, 245
Capital 207–8
Contribution to a Critique of Hegel’s Philosophy … 212
Maupertuis, Pierre-Louis Moreau de 79, 80
Different Figures of the Planets 67
Mayan civilization 299
Mazzini, Giuseppe 212–13
Mbaye, Ndematy (French African soldier) 184
Mboup, Demba (French African soldier) 184, 185, 186
medicine see health issues
Mehmed III, Ottoman sultan 72
Mehmed IV, Ottoman sultan 72
Mehmed, Kadizâde 71
Mehmed, Yirmisekiz Çelebi 85
Melko, Matthew 3
Mendel, Gregor 180
Mendelssohn, Moses 76
Le Ménestrel (French journal) 88
Mengele, Joseph 189
Mexican Revolution (1822–4) 124
Mexico 99, 102, 105, 138
property rights 124
Midhat, Ahmed (Midhat Pasha) 89, 90
military science/technology 37, 41, 57, 65n, 233, 235–6
ballistics 83–5
see also science/technology; warfare
Milne, William 279
Milner, Alfred 298n
Mirabeau, comte Honoré de 150
Mirabeau, marquis Victor de 2, 79
Miranda, Francisco 119
missionaries/missionary societies 142, 263–4
in China 277–80, 282–3, 284
women as 282
money supply 28
gold 99, 101–2
silver 35, 38, 44, 101–2
Mongol empire 4, 37, 42
Monk, Thelonious xxvii
Montaigne, Michel de xxiii
Montecorvino, Giovanni da 278
Montecuccoli, Raimondo 85
Montesquieu, baron Charles de Secondat 79, 296
on China 20–21, 77
Persian Letters 85
Moody, Dwight Lyman 282
Morande, Charles Théveneau de 79
More, Thomas 62
Morrison, Robert 278–9
mortality rates see life expectancy
Moutet, Marius 173
Mozart, Wolfgang Amadeus xxiii, 18, 77
Mugabe, Robert 145
Mughal empire 9
Murat, Joachim 159
Murray, Charles 65n
Muscovy Company 36
music 60, 77, 80, 206, 208, 218
military 88, 256, 256n
popular/rock 230, 243–4, 246, 249–50, 273, 274
Muslims see Islam
Mussolini, Benito 228
Mustafa III, Ottoman sultan 86, 87
Müteferrika, Ibrahim 10n
Rational Bases for the Politics of Nations 85–6
Napier, John 66
Napoleon Bonaparte 119, 142, 156–61
Clausewitz on 157–8
naval wars 160
policies/aims 158–9
Russia and 160
Napoleon III, Emperor of France 163
nationalism 212–16, 227
in Greece 213, 228
in Italy 212–13, 214–15, 228
in Germany 213, 214
in Russia 182, 227–8
natural philosophy see science/technology
natural resources 10, 48, 97
Needham, Joseph: Science and Civilization in China 27
Neilson, James 200
Nelson, Horatio 160
Newcastle Daily Chronicle 222
Newcomen, Thomas 70, 200
Newton, Isaac 65, 67, 70–71, 79, 80, 83
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