Principia 59, 66, 83
Nile, battle of (1798) 160
Nile river/valley 17
Nivelle, General Robert 185, 186
Nixon, President Richard 242, 243
Nobel prizes 175, 235n
nuclear science/engineering 94–5
Obama, Barack 138, 139
O’Donnell, J. P. 252
Ōkubo Toshimichi 222, 223
Ōmura Masujirō 223
opium 46
Oporinus, Johannes 63
Osman III, Ottoman Sultan 72
Ottoman army/defences 52, 53, 55, 57
Janissaries 71, 87–8
modernization of 87–8, 91
Ottoman empire 4, 9, 13, 38, 39, 76, 84–5
decline of 56–7, 71–2, 84, 85–6, 89–90, 92
economic crises 71, 89
extent of 52–4
Habsburg empire, invasion of (1683) 52, 54–7
the harem 72–3
political system 71–2, 89–90
the West and 52, 53, 63, 86–90
see also Turkey
Owen, Robert 208
Pacioli, Luca: Summa de arithmetica … 63
Pakistan 95
Palach, Jan 248
Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) 246–7
Pamuk, Orhan: Snow 254n
Panama Canal 219
Paracelsus 65
Pascal, Blaise xxiii, 66
Pasteur, Louis 169, 175
Pasteur Institutes 170, 174
Paston family (of Norfolk) 24
patronage 79
political 107
royal 70, 79–80, 84
Peel, Sir Robert 210
Pemberton, John 242
Pernot, Maurice 91
Perry, Commodore Matthew C. 221
Peru 122, 125, 170
see also Inca empire
Philippines 35, 144
Piar, Manuel Carlos 120, 125
Picasso, Pablo xxiv
Pizarro, Francisco 99–101, 112–13, 133
Pizarro, Hernando (brother of Francisco Pizarro) 100
plague see Black Death
Poland 55–6, 75, 228, 251
political systems
Simón Bolívar on 123, 124
Chinese 42–3, 283, 284
church/state relationship 60, 289–90
communism 7, 11, 209–10, 227–8, 236, 238
competition between states 36–42
democracy see representative government below
dictatorships 124, 128
English 107–9, 202–3; in North American colonies 109–12
fragmentation of 12, 36–7
French 158–9; during the Revolution 152–3
German, under Nazi regime 193–4
Thomas Hobbes on 107–8
liberty (freedom) 107–9, 121
John Locke on 57, 108–9
Marxism 207–8; see also Marx, Karl
nationalism/nation states 212–16, 227–8
Ottoman 71–2, 89–90
Prussian 73, 80
representative government 13, 78–9, 97, 99, 117, 123
socialism 208–9
in Spanish American colonies 122–4
political theory 57, 107, 212–13, 296–7
Polo, Marco, in China 21–2, 27
Polybius: Histories 296
Poma, Waman 100
Pomeranz, Kenneth 304
Ponty, William, Governor General of French West Africa 172
Henry Poole & Co. (tailors of Savile Row) 220–21, 220n
population figures/density 4, 5, 10, 17, 20–21, 25, 26, 45, 105–6, 200, 200n, 218, 308
depopulation 12, 23, 25, 44
life expectancy 5, 10, 24, 147–8, 205, 208; in Africa 168, 171, 190–91
Muslims 290
young people 244
pornography 273, 274
Portugal 4, 9, 14, 202n
China and 35
exploration, voyages of 33–5, 39, 53, 130
India and 34, 35, 39
Portuguese empire 97, 144, 176
Pottier, Eugène: ‘The Internationale’ 208
Priestley, Joseph 201
printing 27, 60
impact/spread of 60–63, 67, 77, 263
Islamic attitude to 68, 86
Pritchard, Jack 136
property rights 13, 97, 99, 111, 125, 152, 288
in British North American colonies 106–7, 106n, 109–12, 115–16, 117, 124–5, 138; headright system 111
John Locke on 111, 112
slaves as property 132, 135–6
in Spanish South American colonies 102, 113–14, 119, 124, 128
Protestantism 106, 107, 114, 259, 264
British North American colonies as Protestant 106, 114
in China 277–80, 282–8; radical sects 285–6
evangelical, in US 273–4
missionaries 263–4; in China 277–80, 282–3
Max Weber on 259, 260–64, 276, 283
see also Christianity
Protestant work ethic see work ethic
Prussia 144, 159, 214
Berlin 75–6, 86
the Enlightenment 76–9, 81
under Frederick the Great 71, 73–85
Islamic envoys in 86
political system 73, 80
Potsdam 81–8; Sanssouci palace 73–4, 79
religious toleration 76, 78
Silesia, invasion of 74–5
Prussian Academy of Science and Belle-Lettres 79, 80, 81
Prussian army 74–5, 81–2, 91
public health 147, 148, 177, 205
in French West Africa 171–2
see also health issues
Puerto Rico 144
Punch 169
Quebec Act (1774) 116
Quesnay, François, on China 46
Quigley, Carroll 3, 297–8
his ‘Rhodes–Milner group’ theory 298n
Tragedy and Hope … 298n
racial issues
in French West Africa 174–5
in German colonies 176, 177–8
interbreeding (miscegenation) 133–6; in French colonies (métissage) 164
in South America 119, 120, 125–6, 133, 135
in US 129, 133, 134–6, 137–9; Civil Rights movement 245; segregation 137–8, 177
racial theory see eugenics
railways 170, 171, 204, 215, 218, 224
Reagan, Ronald 252
Reche, Otto 189
Redhouse, James 89
Reformation 9, 38, 60–62, 67, 259
see also Luther, Martin
religious issues 3, 8, 17, 266–7
atheism 8, 289
Christianity see Christianity
Freud on 270–71, 273
Islam see Islam
science/technology and 67–8
Adam Smith on 276
religious toleration 76, 78, 114
religious tracts/publications 61–3
see also individual authors
religious wars/conflict 9, 12, 38–9
French revolution as 151, 152, 153, 154
Islamic 71
Resmi Efendî, Ahmed 86–7
revolution 162–3, 164, 227–8, 244, 246, 251–2
by students/young people 245–9
see also individual revolutions
Rhodes, Cecil 298n
Ricardo, David, his comparative advantage doctrine 202, 202n
Ricci, Matteo, SJ, in China 41
Richard II, King of England 23–4
Richard, Timothy 282
Richard of Wallingford 41
Richardson, Lewis Fry 301–2, 301n
Rivera, Diego: The Arsenal (painting) 162n
Roberts, Richard 200
Robespierre, Maximilien 156
Robins, Benjamin 83–4
New Principles of Gunnery 83
on rifled gun barrels 84
rock and roll/ popular music 230, 243–4, 246,
249–50, 273, 274
Rohrbach, Paul von 181
German Colonial Economics 176
Roman Catholicism see Catholicism
Roman Empire 16–17, 296
Gibbon on 257–9, 291–2
Romania 251
Roosevelt, President Franklin Delano xxiv, 230
Rosa, Salvator: L’umana fragilatà (painting) 26
Rosenberg, Alfred 193
Ross, Ronald 169–70
Rothschild, Nathan 161
Roume, Ernest, Governor of French West Africa 170–71
Rousseau, Jean-Jacques 155, 156
Social Contract 78, 151–2
Royal Observatory, Greenwich 70
Royal Society of London 69–70, 80, 83, 84
Copley Medal 84
Ruiz-Linares, Andrés 133
Russia/Soviet Union 7, 83, 156, 303
economic growth 231–2
expansion of 144
exploration of 36
France and 160
Germany and 192, 194, 231–2: in Second World War 233–4
under Gorbachev 250
Japan and 226
legal system 244
Napoleon Bonaparte and 160
nationalism in 182, 227–8
US and 236; Cold War 236–9, 250
as a Western civilization 15
Russian army 234
Russian Revolution (1917–18) 182, 227–8
Russo-Japanese War (1904) 226
Safavid empire 9
St Alban’s Abbey 27, 41
Saint-Domingue (island) 160
Saint-Exupéry, Antoine de: The Little Prince 90
Sandys, George 283
sanitation 23, 147, 179
see also health issues
Schacht, Hjalmar 231
Schaudinn, Fritz 175–6
Schiller, Friedrich 77, 79
Schubert, Franz xxiii
Schubert, Helmut 194
Schularick, Moritz xvii
Schumpeter, Joseph 205
science/technology 7, 10–11, 12, 14, 50–95, 257, 287
advances in/spread of 41–2, 47, 57, 60–71, 216–18, 317–18; chronology of 65–6; as Eurocentric 67
astronomy 64, 65, 66; Islamic 68–9
ballistics 83–5
Chinese 11, 27–8
definition 13
in East Asia 4, 11
gravity, law of 70
Industrial Revolution see Industrial Revolution
Islamic see Islamic science/technology
in Israel 93–4
military 37, 41, 57, 65n, 233, 235–6
nuclear 94–5
optics 51–2, 64, 70
religious issues in 67–8
royal patronage of 70; by Frederick the Great 71, 79–80, 84
scientific institutions 69–70, 79, 89
scientific method 60, 64–5, 67, 70
collaborative 70
Scotland 263
England and 24, 105, 107, 213
Industrial Revolution 199
see also Britain
Scott, Sarah 289
Second World War (1939–45) 192, 233–6
casualty figures 193; civilian 233, 234
causes of 233
Germany in 189–90, 191–5, 231–4; see also Hitler, Adolf
Italy in 233–4
Japan in 233–5
Seven Years’ War (1756–63) 115, 116, 116n
sexual revolution 246
Shakespeare, William 23, 62n, 324n
Shark Island concentration camp, German South-West Africa 179–80
Sharp, Granville 133
Shaw, George Bernard, on Western medicine 148
Shays, Daniel 117
Sherrington, Charles 300
shipbuilding industry 22, 28–9, 37, 48
Sibutus, George 62
siege warfare 52, 54–7
Siegert, Johann Gottlieb Benjamin 121n
Sierra Leone 168
silver, from South America 101–2
Singapore 240, 306–7
Singer sewing machines 216–18, 220
Sivasi Efendi 71
slave revolts 131–2, 136, 160
slavery/slave trade 97, 120, 125, 129–36
abolition of 129, 131, 132–3; in British colonies 177; in French colonies 163, 177
in Africa 176, 177
slaves as property 132, 135–6
in Spanish South American colonies 129, 130–32, 133, 135, 136
in US 129, 130, 132–3, 134–6
Smith, Adam 7, 78, 301
on China 19, 20, 46, 78
on religion 276
Theory of Moral Sentiments xxiv–xxv
The Wealth of Nations 297
Smith, Abraham (English migrant to South Carolina) 103, 106, 111–12
Sobieski, Jan III, King of Poland 55–6
socialism 208–9
Sorokin, Pitrim 297
Soviet Union see Russia/Soviet Union
Spain
exploration, voyages of 35–6
France and 119
Spanish Civil War (1936–9) 231, 233
Spanish empire 144
in America see America, South, Spanish colonies in
Spengler, Oswald: The Decline of the West 297
spice trade 33, 34, 36
Spinoza, Benedict (Baruch) xxiii, 65
Spurgeon, Charles Haddon 282
Stead, William T. 298n
steam engines 70, 200, 204, 218
Stendhal (Henri Marie Beyle): The Red and the Black 162
Stevens, John Lloyd 298–9
Stevenson, Robert Louis xxvi
Stott, George 282, 284
Strauss, Levi 241
Suez Canal 219
suffrage, male 210
in French colonies 163
sugar/sugar production 10, 45, 129, 131–2, 160
Suleiman the Magnificent 52–3, 52n, 56–7, 72
Sun Yat-sen 283
Switzerland 41, 159
syphilis 176
Taiping Rebellion, China 211, 279–90, 285
Takiyüddīn al-Rāsid (Taqi al-Din) 68–9
Taleb, Nassim 301
Tamani, Hüseyin Rifki 69
Tang Yi 286
Tanweer, Shehzad 291
tariffs see trade tariffs
Tawney, R. H. 263
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