The Mongol Empire: Genghis Khan, his heirs and the founding of modern China

Home > Literature > The Mongol Empire: Genghis Khan, his heirs and the founding of modern China > Page 39
The Mongol Empire: Genghis Khan, his heirs and the founding of modern China Page 39

by John Man


  Colour illustrations

  Images are © John Man except for the following, and are listed clockwise from top-left corner:

  First section

  Western Xia imperial tombs: © Best View Stock/Alamy; ruins of the Great Kyz Kala Palace, Merv: © Dennis Cox/Alamy; Samanid Mausoleum, Bukhara, 892–943 : courtesy Helen Edwards; Genghis Khan on the steps of the mosque at Bukhara, illumination from Rashid-al-Din, Jami al-Tawarikh (Compendium of Chronicles), c. 1430: Suppl. Persan 1113, f. 90, bibliothèque nationale de France, Paris

  Funeral of Genghis Khan, illumination from Rashid al-Din, Jami al-Tawarikh (Compendium of Chronicles), c. 1430: Suppl. Persan 1113, f. 98v, bibliothèque nationale de France, Paris

  Genghis Khan, statue, Sükhbaatar Square, Ulaanbaatar: © James Caldwell/Alamy; Genghis statue and warriors, Mount Khan, Holingol: © Ren Junchuan/Xinhua Press/Corbis; Genghis Khan, equestrian statue, Tsonjin Boldog: © Nick Ledger/JAI/Corbis; Genghis Khan Mausoleum, Ordos: © TAO Images Limited/Alamy Siege of Baghdad, illumination from the Diez Album, f. 70: Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin, Orientalabteilung/Ruth Schacht

  Second section

  Cloud Platform, Juyong Pass, Changping, Beijing, top and bottom left: © TAO Images Limited/Alamy

  Cane palace reconstruction: © Ben Godber (Expedition), Tom Man, John Man; Kublai Khan hunting: National Palace Museum, Taipei Bridge and entrance to the White Pagoda, Beijing (inset): © Alex Ekins/Alamy; Buddha tiles, White Pagoda: © Matt Humphrey/Alamy

  Warship reconstruction: courtesy of ARIUA and Kinya Yamagata; Japanese defensive wall, detail from a Japanese scroll painting, c. 1293: The Granger Collection/Topfoto; embossed Mongol officer’s helmet, Mongolian Invasion Memorial Museum, Fukuoka: James L. Stanfield/National Geographic Creative; Samurai Takezaki delivers the heads of two Mongol invaders to Adachi Morinume, 13th century: bibliothèque des arts decoratifs, Paris/Archives Charmet/The Bridgeman Art Library; Suenaga in battle: The Art Archive/Imperial Household Collection Kyoto/Granger Collection

  Map by Fra Mauro Camaldolese: De Agostini/Getty Images

  INDEX

  The page references in this index correspond to the printed edition from which this ebook was created. To find a specific word or phrase from the index, please use the search feature of your ebook reader.

  Aba Autonomous Region 176

  Abaqa (Hulegu’s son), sends engineers to Xanadu 224–5

  Abbasid Caliphate, Baghdad 78

  fall 163–7

  Abd el-Rahman (tax farmer) 146, 147

  Abu Sa’id, last Il-Khan 296

  Abu-Bakr, trebuchet engineer 227

  academies/research, Kublai’s China 254

  administration

  Genghis and 43–4, 71–3

  Kublai 250–61

  Song 173

  Tanguts, written 53

  Yelu Chucai and 131–3

  Afghanistan

  Genghis and Changchun 98–101

  to Persian Gulf, Hulegu rules 168

  Afonso V, King of Portugal 334, 335

  Agha Khans (Nizari) 163

  Ahmad (administrator), Kublai and 271–7

  career 272, 274–5

  feud with Jingim 272, 275

  plot against 275–7

  Ain Jalut, battle 169–70

  Aizong emperor 133

  Aju (Uriyang-khadai’s son)

  advance down Yangtze 227–32

  and Xiangyang 220, 227

  Ala ad-Din (imam) 162

  Ala al-Din (trebuchet engineer) 225–6

  Alamut fortress 162

  Alan the Fair, and sons of Heaven 15

  Alashan 52–3, 103

  Albania, Kadan’s Mongols in 143

  alchemy, life-prolonging, Genghis and 97, 98–101

  Aleppo taken 168

  Alghu, khan of Chaghadai’s realm, death 196, 247

  Allsen, Thomas, on Mongols as agents 323

  Almalik, Ariq at 195

  Almalikh, Nomukhan at 249

  Almsgiver’s Wall

  finds 309–11

  Three Rivers report on 308

  Altai Mountains 54, 66

  Ambakai (Kabul’s heir) 13, 19

  American Journal of Human Genetics 320

  amphibious force, for Xiangyang 220

  Amudarya (Oxus) 67

  anarchy, Mongolian life as 12

  Andijan 248

  animism 28

  Aral Sea 68, 69

  Arghun, Il-Khan, proposes Christian/Mongol crusade 294–5

  Ariq Böke

  bid for khanate 192, 193, 194–5

  Khaidu supports 247

  surrender/death 195–6

  Ariq Khaya 233

  takes Fancheng 225

  takes Xiangyang 226

  army

  equipment/supplies 160–1

  regiments, reorganization 45

  arts, Islamic civilization 78

  arts & crafts support, Kublai’s China 255

  Asha (Western Xia commander),

  challenges Genghis 73, 75, 103, 105

  Assassin sect, rumoured invasion 161–3

  astronomers 328–9

  atrocities, modern 85, 87

  Austria, scouting raids into 143

  Avraga 63

  abandoned as capital 130

  Genghis’s forward base, excavation 46–9

  possible Genghis burial place 124

  temple/shrine 48–9

  Three Rivers report on 308

  Ayn Jalut 292–3

  Babur, ‘Mughal’, siezes India 298

  Badamdash, on Genghis’s tomb 299

  Badraa 310

  Baghdad

  caliph 67

  centre of Islamic civilization 79

  Mongols invade/destroy 164–7

  Bai people, Dali 175

  Baikal Lake 16

  Balasagun (Kuchlug’s capital) 66

  Baljuna covenant 39–40

  Baljunans 39–40

  Bar Hebraeus, on Sorkaktani 129

  Barakh

  and Khaidu 247–8

  seizes Chaghadai’s territory 247

  Barmas, at Merv 86

  Batu (Jochi’s son)

  advancing on Karakorum 152–3

  avoids attending khan election 151

  calls for Pope’s submission 139

  emperor of Golden Horde 291

  in Hungary 138, 141, 143, 145

  proposes Mönkhe as khan 153–4

  realm 291–3

  Batur (general) 191

  Bayan (general) 176

  advance down Yangtze 227–32

  called to Kublai’s deathbed 280

  sent to occupy Karakorum 280

  Bazargur (geographer) 310

  Beihai Park 199, 200–1

  Beijing

  Jin capital 51

  Kublai and 198–207

  siege defences 61–2

  surrender/ransack 63

  taken by Ming 290

  Bekter (Temujin’s half-brother) 18–20

  Bela IV, King of Hungary 141–3, 145

  Belarus, part of Batu’s realm 291

  Belgutei (Temujin’s half-brother) 20, 23

  Berke (Jochi’s son) 193

  death 196, 247

  inherits Batu’s realm 292

  invades Persia 293

  Bi Sheng, invents printing with movable type 330–1

  Binder

  Genghis Khan’s proclamation 42–3

  Genghis’s likely birthplace 17n

  Black Death 329–30

  Black Heart mountain 35

  Blue Heaven (deity) 10, 15

  becomes Eternal Heaven 45

  Blue Lake, commercialization 35–6

  boats, at Xiangyang 220, 222–3, 227

  Bohemund VI, Crusader king 168

  Bolod, investigates Ahmad 277

  Boorchu (Temujin’s friend) 23–4, 71, 339

  and Gurganj capture 83

  Börte (Temujin’s wife) 18, 24, 128

  kidnapped 25–6, 32–3
<
br />   mourning tent for 346

  on Kököchü 57

  Boucher, Guillaume, silver drinks tree 326

  Breslau, abandoned to Mongols 140

  Buddhist monks, Genghis and 96

  Buddhist ritual, Genghis mausoleum 339–40

  Buddhist temples, protected 132

  Bukhara 67

  Ark, destroyed 81–2

  Genghis at 77, 80–2

  Islamic civilization 79

  madrassa, Sorkaktani finances 137

  Bukharans, pillaged/enslaved 81–2

  Bulag (guide) 346

  Bulgars

  defeat Mongols 93–4

  Subedei finishes off 138

  Burkhan Khaldun 25–6, 190, 338

  Great Forbidden Precinct 302–9, 311–18

  Burma 278

  Campbell, C. W., on Khentii Khan 305–6

  Cao Liru (Secretary General), oration on Genghis 343–4

  Catherine the Great, annexes Crimea 294

  Caucasus, part of Berke’s realm 292

  ceramics production, Kublai’s China 255–6

  Chabui (Kublai’s wife) 204, 207, 211, 278

  Chaghadai (Genghis’s 2nd son) 71

  and Gurganj capture 83

  territory 246, 247, 297–8

  Changan (Xian) 201

  Changchun (‘Everlasting Spring’) 120, 186, 187

  Genghis and 98–101

  Changzhou, taken 230

  Chechnya, Polovtsians defeated 91, 92–3

  Chen Yuan, on Ikhtiyar 200

  Chengdu, taken 189

  Chiledu (of Merkit people) 16

  China

  and Tibet 208–17

  and Japan 236–42, 262–70, 341–4

  as zhong guo (Central Nation) 2

  division 13th century 51

  ecological divide 2–3

  exploring with Google Earth 2–4, 180n, 207

  Japan invades 341–4

  Kublai’s provinces, government 255

  maps 8–9, 126–7, 158–9, 284–5

  modern, Genghis as symbol 355–6

  north, assault on 133

  populations/religious diversity 51

  provinces c.1150 3n

  see also specific provinces

  Chinese people, bottom of class sytem,

  Kublai’s China 251–2

  Chinese physicians 328

  Chongqing 189, 190

  Christians

  Baghdad, saved by Toghus 166

  Syria, allied to Hulegu 168

  Chucai see Yelu Chucai

  Chung-wen Shih, on Chinese drama 260

  church/state union 211

  civil administration

  Kublai’s China 253–5

  Song 173

  Yelu Chucai develops 131–3

  class sytem, Kublai’s China 251–2

  Coleridge, Samuel Taylor, on Xanadu 179–80, 183–4

  Columbus, Christopher, and western passage to China 335–6

  Communist Party, and Genghis relics 343–4

  compasses, use in Song 173

  Confucius, government rules 131

  Conlan, Thomas, on Japanese victory 267

  Crimea, Subedei in 91–2

  Ctesiphon 165

  Cultural Revolution, Red Guards destroy Genghis relics 347

  Da-du (Khan-balikh), Imperial City 201

  Dadal site, named as Genghis’s birthplace 17n

  Daizafu, Japanese retreat to 240

  Dalai (historian), on Genghis’s tomb 299–300

  Dalai Lamas 217

  Dali, Yunnan, bloodless victory 175–7

  Damascus taken 168

  Daoism 72–3

  Genghis and 98–101

  priesthood, restrained 132

  proliferation problem 186–7

  Quanzhen (‘Complete Perfection’) sect 97

  Darkhat people (Urianghai), and

  Genghis mausoleum 338–9, 346–8

  David, King of India 90

  Davis, Richard, on Song loyalists, suicides 233

  Dei and Chotan (Börte’s parents) 18, 24

  Diaz, Bartholomew 335

  Dnieper river 91, 92, 93

  Dongshan Dafo Dian, Genghis relics at 344

  Dowager Xie

  Hangzhou defence 228, 230, 231

  lives in Beijing 232

  Duan family 175

  Dunhuang 53

  Dunhuang Project 53n

  Duzong emperor, death 227

  Economist, on Ulaanbaatar as boom town 354

  Edsen Khoroo, Lord’s Enclosure 338–42, 345–53

  Edward I King of England, and Arghun’s crusade 295

  Egami, Namio, on Three Rivers Project 307

  Egypt

  and Fifth Crusade 90

  Assassins and 163

  Berke and 292–3

  Mongols repelled 168–70

  takes Acre 296

  Enkhbayar (opera singer) 355

  Erdene (driver) 313

  Erdeni Zuu monastery 134

  Etsin River 53, 104

  Etügen (Mother Earth) concept 30–1

  Europe, saved by insufficient grasslands 144–5

  Fan Wenhu, and Japan invasion 264

  Fancheng, siege 219, 223–5

  Fatima (Toregene’s confidante), executed 152

  Feodosiya (Kaffa) 329–30

  Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain 335–6

  finance/banking

  Kublai’s China 256–7

  economy collapse 287

  flamethrowers 55, 62, 75

  Forbidden City, Beijing 202

  Franke, Herbert, on Ahmad 272

  Frederick, Holy Roman Emperor 144

  Fuchou (Zhangbei), Genghis in 58–9

  Fukuoka (Hakata), Mongol landing 239–40

  Gao (Dali leader) 176

  Gao (purported magician), plot against Ahmad 275–7

  Gaoqi (Jin commander) 61

  genetic signature, Genghis Khan’s 320–3

  Genghis Khan

  administration 43–4, 71–3

  and Beijing 198

  and Changchun 98–101

  and Chucai (Long Beard) see Yelu Chucai

  and Daoists 186

  and Jamukha’s death 42

  and Khasar 56–7

  and Kököchü 56–8

  army

  improved technology 75

  organization 45

  as leader 119–21

  as Temujin see Temujin

  Baljuna covenant 39–40

  conquers Bukhara 80–2

  conquests account see Secret History

  daughter, attacks Nishapur 128

  death/burial/relics

  Daoist stela 73

  grave, search for 299–319

  traditions 121–4

  mourning tent for 346

  palace-tent, excavation 46–8

  relics

  destroyed in Cultural Revolution 347

  mausoleum 338–53

  traditions 121

  secrecy 113–117, 118

  Sitting Place 111, 112

  defeats Naimans 40–2

  defeats Toghril 40–1

  invades Jin 58–60, 60–4, 106

  defeat strategy 114

  invades Western Xia 54–5

  legacy/memory

  as Kublai Khan’s inspiration 4–5

  genetic signature 320–3

  Genghisid theology 350–3

  Hollywood and 1–2

  in modern China 355–6

  in modern Mongolia 355

  named Taizu 200, 343

  on succession 70–1

  proclaimed leader of Mongols 42–3

  religious speculation 72–3, 95–101

  takes Samarkand 82

  Temujin named Genghis Khan 35–6

  trade delegation to Muhammad 68–70

  Genoese, Crimea, Subedei burns out 91–2

  Georgia, invasion 90

  Ghazan 122

  Gibbon, on Genghis 85, 96
/>   Giorgi the Resplendent, killed 90

  Gobi 3, 11, 50

  mineral wealth 354–5

  Mongol army crosses 58

  Golden Clan 15, 191n, 324

  Golden Horde 193, 196, 244, 246, 247, 248, 291–4

  Golden Lotus Advisory Group 179

  Golden Pole ceremony 340

  Goleman, Daniel, on leadership 120–1

  Google Earth, exploring China with 2–4, 180n, 207

  grasslands

  corridor to Hungary 160–1

  Europe saved by insufficient 144–5

  Great Raid 89–94

  Great Wall 58

  Greek fire 62, 75

  Gregory, Pope 144

  Grousset, René, on Kublai’s successors 288

  Guan Hanqing, playwright 260–1

  gunpowder/fire devices 62, 222

  Guomindang, and Genghis relics 342–3, 344

  Gurbelchin 118

  mourning tent for 346

  Gurganj (Urgench)

  capture 83

  Islamic civilization 79

  Guyuan 107–13, 115–16

  medicinal plants 110, 111–13

  Guyuk (Ogedei’s son) 135, 138

  coronation 151–2

  dies at Lake Balkhash 153, 209

  executes Toregene’s confidante 152

  letter to Pope Innocent IV 132

  marches against Batu 152–3

  Toregene seeks throne for 150–1

  Haiyun (Kublai’s tutor), 96, 149

  Hakata, burnt 240

  Han river 219, 228

  Hangzhou (Linan) 172, 174, 218, 226–32

  Hanoi, taken 177

  Hart, Henry, on Yuan drama 259

  Hasan, Nizari leader 162

  Hayashida, Kenzo, and Kublai’s fleet 268–70

  Heaven and Earth concept 30–1

  and Börte rescue 33

  Blue Heaven becomes Eternal Heaven 45

  given world to Mongols, Ogedei on 132–3

  Hebei province 148

  Helan Shan (Alashan) mountains 50, 54

  Henan farmlands 171

  Henry III of England 144

  Henry the Pious defeated 140–1

  herders’ life, Mongolian countryside 11–12

  Hexi (Gansu) Corridor 53, 54

  Hexian, surrender 229

  Hitti, Philip, History of the Arabs 164

  Hoelun (Genghis’s mother) 16–20, 24, 25, 33, 128

  on family solidarity 20

  and Genghis and Khasar 56–7

  Kököchü and 56

  Hohhot, Inner Mongolia 1

  Huanzhou 207

  Hui people 107–13

  Hulegu 214

  counterweight trebuchets 223–5

  death 247

 

‹ Prev