by John Man
moves west 154, 160–1, 163–70
observatory 328–9
rules Persia 168, 193, 196, 292, 294
creates Il-Khanate 167
seeks further expansion 188
Hungarians, trapped/destroyed at Tokaj 142–3
Hungary
Genghis considers 94
grass corridor to 160–1
invaded 141
Huntington, Samuel, on China and Mongolia 356–7
Hushahu (Jin commander)
coup against Wei 60–1
loses Young Badger’s Mouth 59, 60
I Ching (Book of Changes) 194
Ibaqa, Genghis’s wife 129
ibn-Sina (Avicenna) 79–80
Ikhtiyar al-Din, Beijing architect 200
Iki
Korean fleet occupies 265
Kublai’s force takes 239
Il-Khanate 167
Ili River 245
imperial rituals, Kublai and 202–7
Imperial Pavilion of Great Peace, Xanadu 180–3
Inalchuk 76
kills Genghis’s traders 69–70
India, Mughal era 298
Invasion Scrolls (Suenaga’s) 239–40
iron factory, Avraga 48
Islam, impact 65
umma concept 323–4
Islamic civilization 77–80
Islamic empire, divisions 77–80
Ismail al-Din, trebuchet engineer 225–7
Ismailis 161–2
Issyk Kul 66
Jakha Gambu, Sorkaktani’s father 54, 129
Jalal ad-Din (Muhammad’s son) 87, 89
Jamukha (Temujin’s friend) 19
as false leader 36, 37–42
battles with 37–8
Börte on 33
death 42
flees to Merkits 42
flees to Naimans 40
helps rescue Börte 32–3
on Genghis forces 41
Japan
Cultural Grasslands Programme, and Avraga 48
invades China 341–4
and Genghis relics 342
Kublai invades 236–42, 262–70
envoys 237, 239, 241, 263–4
fleets lost 241, 264–70
small boats attack 241, 265, 267
Three Rivers Project 307–8
Java 279
Jebe (Jirko), Temujin’s general 38, 41
at Yehuling 60
invades Manchuria 59–60
pursues Muhammad 82
raids towards Europe 89–94
sent to eliminate Kuchlug 66–7
Jelme, Temujin’s general 38, 41
Jia Sidao (Song commander) 191–2, 226, 228, 229
Jiang Hun 348
Jin 3n
and Beijing 198
and Tatars 36–7
emperor
buys off Genghis; retreats to Kaifeng 62–4
Kabul khan and 12–13
invasion 106–7, 114
Genghis invades 58–9, 60–4
defeat plans 114
capitulates 106
Jurchen people and 51, 58, 66
refuse to help Tanguts 54
regions 51
treaty with Xia 102–3
unresolved conflict 102
Yelu Chucai reorganizes 131–3
Jingim (Zhenjin; Kublai’s son) 150
Ahmad’s feud with 272, 275
dies 278
Jochi (Genghis’s 1st son) 71, 130
and Gurganj capture 83
in northern Khwarezm 77
inheritance 291
raids towards Europe 89–94
John of Plano Carpini 151
on Sorkaktani 129
on Yuan burials 301
Jorigt (friend) 107–10, 345, 346
Julian, Hungarian friar 139
Jurchen people 49
in Jin regions 51, 58, 66
in Song regions 172
Juvaini, Ata-Malik 122
on Kököchü 56, 57n
on Genghis at Bukhara 80–2
on Genghis’s burial 304
on Karakorum khuriltai assembly 151
on Kuchlug 66, 67
on Muhammad 68–70
on Tolui at Merv 84–6
Kabul khan (Genghis’s great-grandfather) 12–13, 16, 51
Kadan, in Albania 143
Kaicheng 189
Genghis’s temporary HQ 115, 116
Kublai’s HQ 115–16
Mönkhe’s HQ 189
Kaifeng
Jin defences prevail 64
Jin emperor at 62–4
siege/surrender 114, 133
Kaiping, becomes Xanadu 179
Kalka River 93
battle 138
Kamakura government, and Mongol invasion 263–7
Kamala (Temur’s brother) 302–3
temple 303, 305, 307, 308, 312, 313–14, 318
kamikaze (divine wind) 262–3
Karakorum (‘Black Boulder’), new capital 47, 130, 134
khuriltai assembly 151
Kublai starves out 194–5
Kashgar 67
Katula, fought Jin 51
Kazakhstan, southern 66, 68
Khaidu acquires 248
part of Batu’s realm 291
Ked-bukha (Naiman general) 168, 170
Kerait (Christian Turk) people
Temujin and 24–5
Yisugei and 16–17
Khadan 194
Khaidu (Ogedei’s grandson)
Kublai and 244–9
and Barakh 247–8
consolidates 248–9, 278
defeated; dies 279
supports Ariq 247
Khalkha river 39
Khara Khitai (Black Cathay) 51, 66
Khara Khot (Black City/Etsina) 53, 104
Khasar (Temujin’s brother) 19, 41
Genghis and 56–7
overruns Manchuria 64
Khentii Khan, as Burkhan Khaldun 25, 303–9, 311–18
Khentii mountains 4, 11, 41, 302
Kublai’s secret burial 280–1
possible Genghis burial place 124
Kherlen river 3, 11, 25, 41, 63, 124, 130, 190, 280, 302, 307, 311, 315
meeting confirms Ogedei as heir 122
Khilok river, Temujin’s army crosses 32–3
Khitans (Manchurian)
submit to Genghis 62–3
flee west from Jin 66
Khoagchin (servant) 25
Khojend 67
Khotan imam 66
Khwarezm region 67–8
conquest 75–88
Jochi in northern 77
shah of 63
Kiev, taken 139–40
Kököchü (Teb Tengri) shaman
Genghis and 56–8
and Khasar 56–7
and Temüge 57
Korans, trampled 80
Korea
gifts to Genghis 64
fleet 264–70
Kublai and 237
movable metal type invented 331
to be taken 155
weakened by Kublai’s first Japan adventure 263
Köten (Ogedei’s son), and Tibet 209
Köten (Polovotsian khan) 92
Kozlov, Petr 53
Krakow, taken 140
Kravitz, Maury, and Almsgiver’s Wall 309–10
Krk (Veglia), Bela IV hiding at 143
Kublai (Temujin’s general) 41
Kublai Khan
acquires farmland power base 171
and Ahmad 272–5, 277
and Beijing 198–207
and Haiyun 149–50
and Japan 236–42, 262–70
envoys killed 241, 263–4
envoys rejected 237, 239
fleets lost 241, 264–70
and Khaidu 244–9, 279
and Korea 237
and Mönkhe 185–7
and Song China invasion 189–93
and Tibet 210–17
as administrator 250–61
and Daoist prob
lem 186–7
and Phags-pa 210–15
and State Script 213–15, 216i
and Tang imperial rituals 202–7
and theatre 259–61
Chinese advisors 149–50, 178–9
fair to peasants 171
howdah 205, 206i, 207
spring hunt 204–7
at Xanadu (Shang-du) 179–85
need for capital city 178–9
Cane Palace pleasure dome 184–5
assault on Yunnan 174–7
attacks Khaidu; reclaims Manchuria 279
becoming Buddhist 186–7
death 280
funeral/secret burial 280–1
declares himself emperor 193
and modern China 4–5
occupies Karakorum 195
receives Xingzhou 148–9
seeks further expansion 188
logistic limits 243–4
Song China conquest 218–35
successors, unpopular/weak 287, 288
Kuchlug (Tayang’s son) 41–2
Jebe sent to eliminate 66–7
seizes power in Khara Khitai 66
Kunming Lake 61
Kutula (Kabul’s son) 13
Kutulun (Khaidu’s daughter) 245–6
Kyrgyzstan 66
Khaidu acquires 248
Kyushu, Mongols invade 239–41
Mongol fleets defeated 241, 264–70
Kyushu and Okinawa Society for Underwater Archaeology 268
Kyzyl Kum Desert 67, 77
Laozi (Lao-tsu) 97, 186, 187
Lattimore, Owen 118, 299–300
on Lord’s Enclosure 340–1
leadership qualities, Secret History on 14
legal system, Kublai’s China 257–9
Li Bocheng 110
Li Chihch’ang, on Changchun’s journey 98
Li Dewang (Western Xia ruler)
treaty with Jin 102–3
dies 105
Li Tan’s rebellion 195, 218
Li Xian (Western Xia emperor) 105, 106, 115–17
Li Xiufu, Song counsellor 234–5
Liao (Khitan) empire 72
Liao River 59
Liaodong Peninsula 64
Liegnitz, Henry the Pious defeated 140–1
Ligdan Khan 346
Lingwu, Tangut defeat 105
Liu Bingzhong (administrator/architect)
and Xanadu 150, 179
and Beijing 199–200
Liu Ming, palace-tent architect 47
Liu Wen, Genghis and 97
Liu Zheng (Kublai’s admiral) 220, 222
Liuke (Khitan leader) 64
Liupan Mountains 106, 189
Genghis dies at 106–13, 114
Yu Jun on 113–14
Locke, John, on Genghis 96
Lü Wenhuan 226, 228
Lublin, taken 140
Lung Gang (Dragon Ridge), site for Xanadu 179
Ma (Hui guide) 108–9
Mahakala (deity) 211–12
Mamluks
defeat Mongols 168–70
take Acre 296
Manchu dynasty 244, 291
Manchuria
Japan invades 341
Jebe invades 59–60, 64
Kublai reclaims 279
Yisugei raids Tatars 17
Mandate of Heaven concept 29–30
mangonels 223
Mao Zedong, and Genghis relics 343
marble palace, Xanadu 180–1
Marco Polo, Travels
accounts 30, 53, 98, 122, 180, 182, 184, 201, 203, 205, 212, 226, 245, 248, 255, 257, 271–2, 275, 301–2
and search for western passage to China 333–6
marine archaeologists, on Kublai’s fleet 267–70
marmots, and Black Death 329
Martins, Fernao 334, 335
merchants, Kublai’s China 256–7
Merkit people 16
raiders kidnap Börte 25–6
Temujin attacks 32–3
Merv 67
conquest 83, 84
Islamic civilization 79, 83–4
military hardware, at Xiangyang 220–6
Ming dynasty
and Beijing 199
rise 289–90
Ming-an, defects to Genghis 59
Mongol Empire
c.1150, map 8–9
1294, maps 158–9, 284–5
at death of Genghis, map 126–7
Mongolian script introduced 44
legal code 44
extent 286
multiculturalism 324–9
Mongol women, self-reliance 128
Mongolia 2, 3n
countryside, herders’ life 11–12
Japan invades 341–4
modern China and 5, 356
modern
Genghis as symbol 355
prosperity 354–5
pre-Genghis 11–12
Mongolian women, self-reliance 12
Mongols
and Black Death 329–30
and Japan 236–42, 262–70
and Tengri concept 27–31
and theatre 259–60
as elite of China 251
estimates of western massacres 83, 85–7
forget roots 287, 288
Mönkhe (Sorkaktani’s son) 135, 138
and Kublai 185–7
to conquer Song 154–5
and Kublai’s capital 178
and Tibet 209
death 168, 190
Khan 122, 123, 153–4
seeks further expansion 188
Song China invasion 189–90
imperial strategy 171
Morgan, David, on Mongols 293
Moscow, taken 139
Moses, Larry, ‘The Quarrelling Sons . . .’ 14
Mozai, Torao, finds Kublai’s fleet 267–8
Mstislav Mstislavich 92
Mstislav Romanovich of Kiev 93
Mughal era, India 298
Muhammad (shah of Khwarezm)
Genghis and 67, 73, 75–6, 82
kills Genghis’s envoys 69–70
seizes Samarkand 68
Mujir al-Mulk 84
Mukae, Kuniichi, finds bronze seal 268
Mukhali 61, 64, 71, 149
multiculturalism, Mongol 324–9
Murakami, Yasuyuki, and Avraga 47–8
Muslim merchants, on Jin defences 58
Muslim officials, defect to Mongols 76
Nablus, exterminated 168
Nachug, on Genghis relics 348, 350
Naimans, Genghis defeats 40–2
Naku (Boorchu’s father) 24
Nambui (Kublai’s last wife) 278, 279
Nanjing, surrender 229
naphtha bombs 62, 75, 82–3, 165, 248
Narathihipate, King of Burma 278
Nasir al-Din Tusi 328
Nestorians, Persia 294
converted Turks 16–17
Nevsky, Alexander 293
New Year’s Day festival 203–5
Nicholas IV Pope, and Arghun’s crusade 295
Nicholas of Cusa 334
Ningxia province 50
Nishapur 67
Nizaris 162
Nomukhan (Kublai’s 4th son) 249
Novgorod, Mongols retire from 139
Office for the Stimulation of Agriculture 252
Ogedei (Genghis’s 3rd son) 13, 209
agreed as heir 71, 122, 130
and Genghis mausoleum 338
and Gurganj capture 83
and Kaifeng siege 133
descendants 244
designates Shiremun as heir 150
dies of drink 144, 146, 147
palace-tent 47
reorganizes empire 130–3
western conquests 138–45
Old Man of the Mountain 163
Ongirad clan 18, 24
Ongirat women 207
Ongut people 58
Onon River 16, 43
ordos (palace-tents), and ‘hordes’ 47
Ordos City 64,
337
Genghis Khan Mausoleum 303, 338–53
muster 175
territory 52–3
Otrar 68–9, 76–7
archaeology 69, 76–7
ovoos (shrines) 28, 182, 307, 312, 313, 314, 315, 340
Oyu Tolgoi copper-and-gold mine 355, 357
Pacification Bureau, Tibet 213
palace-tents (ordos), Avraga 46–8
Palestine, Mamluks confront Mongols 169–70
Pamirs 67
paper money, Kublai’s China 256–7
Paris, Matthew, on Tatars 139
Pearl Document 211
peasant-farmers, Kublai’s protection 252–3
penal code, Kublai’s China 257–9
Peng Daya, Song ambassador 132
on Temujin’s grave 301
Persia
Hulegu rules 292
Il-Khanate 243–4, 246, 247, 294–7
Pest, taken 143
Petech, Luciano, on Tibet 208
petroleum flamethrowers 55, 62, 75
Phags-pa (Buddhist priest) 186–7, 210–15
State Script 213–15, 216i, 331
Philip the Fair, King of France, and Arghun’s crusade 295
plague/famine 287
Poland, invaded 140
political manifesto, Secret History as 14–15
Polovtsians
defeated in Chechnya 91, 92–3
in Hungary 141
Prester John myth 17n, 90
printing/publishing
Song 173–4
Tangut 53
with movable type, Mongols ignore 330–3
Qing Shui, Genghis taken ill 106, 113
Quanzhen (‘Complete Perfection’) sect 97
Quanzhou export centre 255–6
fleet, recycled river boats 265, 269–70
Qutuz, sultan of Egypt, defeats Mongols 169–70
Rachewiltz, Igor de 25n, 46n, 116, 131n, 133, 212, 299
and Khentii Khan 311–12
on Secret History of the Mongols 13n
on Turks 27
Rashid al-Din, Collected Chronicles 30, 114, 122, 129, 148, 167, 183, 191, 195–6, 219, 246, 247, 274, 275, 302, 327–8
life 327–8
on Burkhan-Qaldun 302–3
on Genghis and Heaven 30
Rashid al-Din Sinan 163
Red Circle Day 21–2
Red Turban rebels 288–9
religious diversity, Genghis legalizes 96
Renxiao 53–4
Riazan, taken 139
Rinchen, Professor Byambin, on Genghis’s tomb 299
Robert the Englishman 91, 144
Rossabi, Morris, on Khaidu 246
Rukn ad-Din, Mönkhe and 162–3
Ruo Shui (Etsin) river 53
Russia, southern
Mongols overrun 138–40
part of Batu’s realm 291, 293
Subedei and Jebe advance into 92–4
force, chases Mongols & is caught 92–3
Russians, and Genghis 800th anniversary 347
Rusudan, Queen of Georgia 90
Rusudan, Queen of Georgia 90
Sagang Sechen, dirge 123
Sainjirgal, Genghis researcher 348–50
Mongolian Worship 350
Samarkand 67, 68