The Mongol Empire: Genghis Khan, his heirs and the founding of modern China
Page 39
Colour illustrations
Images are © John Man except for the following, and are listed clockwise from top-left corner:
First section
Western Xia imperial tombs: © Best View Stock/Alamy; ruins of the Great Kyz Kala Palace, Merv: © Dennis Cox/Alamy; Samanid Mausoleum, Bukhara, 892–943 : courtesy Helen Edwards; Genghis Khan on the steps of the mosque at Bukhara, illumination from Rashid-al-Din, Jami al-Tawarikh (Compendium of Chronicles), c. 1430: Suppl. Persan 1113, f. 90, bibliothèque nationale de France, Paris
Funeral of Genghis Khan, illumination from Rashid al-Din, Jami al-Tawarikh (Compendium of Chronicles), c. 1430: Suppl. Persan 1113, f. 98v, bibliothèque nationale de France, Paris
Genghis Khan, statue, Sükhbaatar Square, Ulaanbaatar: © James Caldwell/Alamy; Genghis statue and warriors, Mount Khan, Holingol: © Ren Junchuan/Xinhua Press/Corbis; Genghis Khan, equestrian statue, Tsonjin Boldog: © Nick Ledger/JAI/Corbis; Genghis Khan Mausoleum, Ordos: © TAO Images Limited/Alamy Siege of Baghdad, illumination from the Diez Album, f. 70: Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin, Orientalabteilung/Ruth Schacht
Second section
Cloud Platform, Juyong Pass, Changping, Beijing, top and bottom left: © TAO Images Limited/Alamy
Cane palace reconstruction: © Ben Godber (Expedition), Tom Man, John Man; Kublai Khan hunting: National Palace Museum, Taipei Bridge and entrance to the White Pagoda, Beijing (inset): © Alex Ekins/Alamy; Buddha tiles, White Pagoda: © Matt Humphrey/Alamy
Warship reconstruction: courtesy of ARIUA and Kinya Yamagata; Japanese defensive wall, detail from a Japanese scroll painting, c. 1293: The Granger Collection/Topfoto; embossed Mongol officer’s helmet, Mongolian Invasion Memorial Museum, Fukuoka: James L. Stanfield/National Geographic Creative; Samurai Takezaki delivers the heads of two Mongol invaders to Adachi Morinume, 13th century: bibliothèque des arts decoratifs, Paris/Archives Charmet/The Bridgeman Art Library; Suenaga in battle: The Art Archive/Imperial Household Collection Kyoto/Granger Collection
Map by Fra Mauro Camaldolese: De Agostini/Getty Images
INDEX
The page references in this index correspond to the printed edition from which this ebook was created. To find a specific word or phrase from the index, please use the search feature of your ebook reader.
Aba Autonomous Region 176
Abaqa (Hulegu’s son), sends engineers to Xanadu 224–5
Abbasid Caliphate, Baghdad 78
fall 163–7
Abd el-Rahman (tax farmer) 146, 147
Abu Sa’id, last Il-Khan 296
Abu-Bakr, trebuchet engineer 227
academies/research, Kublai’s China 254
administration
Genghis and 43–4, 71–3
Kublai 250–61
Song 173
Tanguts, written 53
Yelu Chucai and 131–3
Afghanistan
Genghis and Changchun 98–101
to Persian Gulf, Hulegu rules 168
Afonso V, King of Portugal 334, 335
Agha Khans (Nizari) 163
Ahmad (administrator), Kublai and 271–7
career 272, 274–5
feud with Jingim 272, 275
plot against 275–7
Ain Jalut, battle 169–70
Aizong emperor 133
Aju (Uriyang-khadai’s son)
advance down Yangtze 227–32
and Xiangyang 220, 227
Ala ad-Din (imam) 162
Ala al-Din (trebuchet engineer) 225–6
Alamut fortress 162
Alan the Fair, and sons of Heaven 15
Alashan 52–3, 103
Albania, Kadan’s Mongols in 143
alchemy, life-prolonging, Genghis and 97, 98–101
Aleppo taken 168
Alghu, khan of Chaghadai’s realm, death 196, 247
Allsen, Thomas, on Mongols as agents 323
Almalik, Ariq at 195
Almalikh, Nomukhan at 249
Almsgiver’s Wall
finds 309–11
Three Rivers report on 308
Altai Mountains 54, 66
Ambakai (Kabul’s heir) 13, 19
American Journal of Human Genetics 320
amphibious force, for Xiangyang 220
Amudarya (Oxus) 67
anarchy, Mongolian life as 12
Andijan 248
animism 28
Aral Sea 68, 69
Arghun, Il-Khan, proposes Christian/Mongol crusade 294–5
Ariq Böke
bid for khanate 192, 193, 194–5
Khaidu supports 247
surrender/death 195–6
Ariq Khaya 233
takes Fancheng 225
takes Xiangyang 226
army
equipment/supplies 160–1
regiments, reorganization 45
arts, Islamic civilization 78
arts & crafts support, Kublai’s China 255
Asha (Western Xia commander),
challenges Genghis 73, 75, 103, 105
Assassin sect, rumoured invasion 161–3
astronomers 328–9
atrocities, modern 85, 87
Austria, scouting raids into 143
Avraga 63
abandoned as capital 130
Genghis’s forward base, excavation 46–9
possible Genghis burial place 124
temple/shrine 48–9
Three Rivers report on 308
Ayn Jalut 292–3
Babur, ‘Mughal’, siezes India 298
Badamdash, on Genghis’s tomb 299
Badraa 310
Baghdad
caliph 67
centre of Islamic civilization 79
Mongols invade/destroy 164–7
Bai people, Dali 175
Baikal Lake 16
Balasagun (Kuchlug’s capital) 66
Baljuna covenant 39–40
Baljunans 39–40
Bar Hebraeus, on Sorkaktani 129
Barakh
and Khaidu 247–8
seizes Chaghadai’s territory 247
Barmas, at Merv 86
Batu (Jochi’s son)
advancing on Karakorum 152–3
avoids attending khan election 151
calls for Pope’s submission 139
emperor of Golden Horde 291
in Hungary 138, 141, 143, 145
proposes Mönkhe as khan 153–4
realm 291–3
Batur (general) 191
Bayan (general) 176
advance down Yangtze 227–32
called to Kublai’s deathbed 280
sent to occupy Karakorum 280
Bazargur (geographer) 310
Beihai Park 199, 200–1
Beijing
Jin capital 51
Kublai and 198–207
siege defences 61–2
surrender/ransack 63
taken by Ming 290
Bekter (Temujin’s half-brother) 18–20
Bela IV, King of Hungary 141–3, 145
Belarus, part of Batu’s realm 291
Belgutei (Temujin’s half-brother) 20, 23
Berke (Jochi’s son) 193
death 196, 247
inherits Batu’s realm 292
invades Persia 293
Bi Sheng, invents printing with movable type 330–1
Binder
Genghis Khan’s proclamation 42–3
Genghis’s likely birthplace 17n
Black Death 329–30
Black Heart mountain 35
Blue Heaven (deity) 10, 15
becomes Eternal Heaven 45
Blue Lake, commercialization 35–6
boats, at Xiangyang 220, 222–3, 227
Bohemund VI, Crusader king 168
Bolod, investigates Ahmad 277
Boorchu (Temujin’s friend) 23–4, 71, 339
and Gurganj capture 83
Börte (Temujin’s wife) 18, 24, 128
kidnapped 25–6, 32–3
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br /> mourning tent for 346
on Kököchü 57
Boucher, Guillaume, silver drinks tree 326
Breslau, abandoned to Mongols 140
Buddhist monks, Genghis and 96
Buddhist ritual, Genghis mausoleum 339–40
Buddhist temples, protected 132
Bukhara 67
Ark, destroyed 81–2
Genghis at 77, 80–2
Islamic civilization 79
madrassa, Sorkaktani finances 137
Bukharans, pillaged/enslaved 81–2
Bulag (guide) 346
Bulgars
defeat Mongols 93–4
Subedei finishes off 138
Burkhan Khaldun 25–6, 190, 338
Great Forbidden Precinct 302–9, 311–18
Burma 278
Campbell, C. W., on Khentii Khan 305–6
Cao Liru (Secretary General), oration on Genghis 343–4
Catherine the Great, annexes Crimea 294
Caucasus, part of Berke’s realm 292
ceramics production, Kublai’s China 255–6
Chabui (Kublai’s wife) 204, 207, 211, 278
Chaghadai (Genghis’s 2nd son) 71
and Gurganj capture 83
territory 246, 247, 297–8
Changan (Xian) 201
Changchun (‘Everlasting Spring’) 120, 186, 187
Genghis and 98–101
Changzhou, taken 230
Chechnya, Polovtsians defeated 91, 92–3
Chen Yuan, on Ikhtiyar 200
Chengdu, taken 189
Chiledu (of Merkit people) 16
China
and Tibet 208–17
and Japan 236–42, 262–70, 341–4
as zhong guo (Central Nation) 2
division 13th century 51
ecological divide 2–3
exploring with Google Earth 2–4, 180n, 207
Japan invades 341–4
Kublai’s provinces, government 255
maps 8–9, 126–7, 158–9, 284–5
modern, Genghis as symbol 355–6
north, assault on 133
populations/religious diversity 51
provinces c.1150 3n
see also specific provinces
Chinese people, bottom of class sytem,
Kublai’s China 251–2
Chinese physicians 328
Chongqing 189, 190
Christians
Baghdad, saved by Toghus 166
Syria, allied to Hulegu 168
Chucai see Yelu Chucai
Chung-wen Shih, on Chinese drama 260
church/state union 211
civil administration
Kublai’s China 253–5
Song 173
Yelu Chucai develops 131–3
class sytem, Kublai’s China 251–2
Coleridge, Samuel Taylor, on Xanadu 179–80, 183–4
Columbus, Christopher, and western passage to China 335–6
Communist Party, and Genghis relics 343–4
compasses, use in Song 173
Confucius, government rules 131
Conlan, Thomas, on Japanese victory 267
Crimea, Subedei in 91–2
Ctesiphon 165
Cultural Revolution, Red Guards destroy Genghis relics 347
Da-du (Khan-balikh), Imperial City 201
Dadal site, named as Genghis’s birthplace 17n
Daizafu, Japanese retreat to 240
Dalai (historian), on Genghis’s tomb 299–300
Dalai Lamas 217
Dali, Yunnan, bloodless victory 175–7
Damascus taken 168
Daoism 72–3
Genghis and 98–101
priesthood, restrained 132
proliferation problem 186–7
Quanzhen (‘Complete Perfection’) sect 97
Darkhat people (Urianghai), and
Genghis mausoleum 338–9, 346–8
David, King of India 90
Davis, Richard, on Song loyalists, suicides 233
Dei and Chotan (Börte’s parents) 18, 24
Diaz, Bartholomew 335
Dnieper river 91, 92, 93
Dongshan Dafo Dian, Genghis relics at 344
Dowager Xie
Hangzhou defence 228, 230, 231
lives in Beijing 232
Duan family 175
Dunhuang 53
Dunhuang Project 53n
Duzong emperor, death 227
Economist, on Ulaanbaatar as boom town 354
Edsen Khoroo, Lord’s Enclosure 338–42, 345–53
Edward I King of England, and Arghun’s crusade 295
Egami, Namio, on Three Rivers Project 307
Egypt
and Fifth Crusade 90
Assassins and 163
Berke and 292–3
Mongols repelled 168–70
takes Acre 296
Enkhbayar (opera singer) 355
Erdene (driver) 313
Erdeni Zuu monastery 134
Etsin River 53, 104
Etügen (Mother Earth) concept 30–1
Europe, saved by insufficient grasslands 144–5
Fan Wenhu, and Japan invasion 264
Fancheng, siege 219, 223–5
Fatima (Toregene’s confidante), executed 152
Feodosiya (Kaffa) 329–30
Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain 335–6
finance/banking
Kublai’s China 256–7
economy collapse 287
flamethrowers 55, 62, 75
Forbidden City, Beijing 202
Franke, Herbert, on Ahmad 272
Frederick, Holy Roman Emperor 144
Fuchou (Zhangbei), Genghis in 58–9
Fukuoka (Hakata), Mongol landing 239–40
Gao (Dali leader) 176
Gao (purported magician), plot against Ahmad 275–7
Gaoqi (Jin commander) 61
genetic signature, Genghis Khan’s 320–3
Genghis Khan
administration 43–4, 71–3
and Beijing 198
and Changchun 98–101
and Chucai (Long Beard) see Yelu Chucai
and Daoists 186
and Jamukha’s death 42
and Khasar 56–7
and Kököchü 56–8
army
improved technology 75
organization 45
as leader 119–21
as Temujin see Temujin
Baljuna covenant 39–40
conquers Bukhara 80–2
conquests account see Secret History
daughter, attacks Nishapur 128
death/burial/relics
Daoist stela 73
grave, search for 299–319
traditions 121–4
mourning tent for 346
palace-tent, excavation 46–8
relics
destroyed in Cultural Revolution 347
mausoleum 338–53
traditions 121
secrecy 113–117, 118
Sitting Place 111, 112
defeats Naimans 40–2
defeats Toghril 40–1
invades Jin 58–60, 60–4, 106
defeat strategy 114
invades Western Xia 54–5
legacy/memory
as Kublai Khan’s inspiration 4–5
genetic signature 320–3
Genghisid theology 350–3
Hollywood and 1–2
in modern China 355–6
in modern Mongolia 355
named Taizu 200, 343
on succession 70–1
proclaimed leader of Mongols 42–3
religious speculation 72–3, 95–101
takes Samarkand 82
Temujin named Genghis Khan 35–6
trade delegation to Muhammad 68–70
Genoese, Crimea, Subedei burns out 91–2
Georgia, invasion 90
Ghazan 122
Gibbon, on Genghis 85, 96
Gobi 3, 11, 50
mineral wealth 354–5
Mongol army crosses 58
Golden Clan 15, 191n, 324
Golden Horde 193, 196, 244, 246, 247, 248, 291–4
Golden Lotus Advisory Group 179
Golden Pole ceremony 340
Goleman, Daniel, on leadership 120–1
Google Earth, exploring China with 2–4, 180n, 207
grasslands
corridor to Hungary 160–1
Europe saved by insufficient 144–5
Great Raid 89–94
Great Wall 58
Greek fire 62, 75
Gregory, Pope 144
Grousset, René, on Kublai’s successors 288
Guan Hanqing, playwright 260–1
gunpowder/fire devices 62, 222
Guomindang, and Genghis relics 342–3, 344
Gurbelchin 118
mourning tent for 346
Gurganj (Urgench)
capture 83
Islamic civilization 79
Guyuan 107–13, 115–16
medicinal plants 110, 111–13
Guyuk (Ogedei’s son) 135, 138
coronation 151–2
dies at Lake Balkhash 153, 209
executes Toregene’s confidante 152
letter to Pope Innocent IV 132
marches against Batu 152–3
Toregene seeks throne for 150–1
Haiyun (Kublai’s tutor), 96, 149
Hakata, burnt 240
Han river 219, 228
Hangzhou (Linan) 172, 174, 218, 226–32
Hanoi, taken 177
Hart, Henry, on Yuan drama 259
Hasan, Nizari leader 162
Hayashida, Kenzo, and Kublai’s fleet 268–70
Heaven and Earth concept 30–1
and Börte rescue 33
Blue Heaven becomes Eternal Heaven 45
given world to Mongols, Ogedei on 132–3
Hebei province 148
Helan Shan (Alashan) mountains 50, 54
Henan farmlands 171
Henry III of England 144
Henry the Pious defeated 140–1
herders’ life, Mongolian countryside 11–12
Hexi (Gansu) Corridor 53, 54
Hexian, surrender 229
Hitti, Philip, History of the Arabs 164
Hoelun (Genghis’s mother) 16–20, 24, 25, 33, 128
on family solidarity 20
and Genghis and Khasar 56–7
Kököchü and 56
Hohhot, Inner Mongolia 1
Huanzhou 207
Hui people 107–13
Hulegu 214
counterweight trebuchets 223–5
death 247