The Making of Modern Britain
Page 53
10. Ibid.
11. See Nicholas Wright Gilliam, A Life of Sir Francis Galton, Oxford University Press, 2001.
12. David Smith, H. G. Wells: Desperately Mortal, Yale University Press, 1986.
13. Gilliam, A Life of Sir Francis Galton.
14. See Robert Lloyd George, David and Winston, John Murray, 2005, and Peter Brent, The Edwardians, BBC Books, 1972.
15. Margot Asquith, Autobiography, Eyre & Spottiswoode, 1962.
16. Quoted in Randolph S. Churchill, Winston S. Churchill, II.
17. Ibid.
18. John Grigg, Lloyd George: The People’s Champion, HarperCollins, 1997.
19. Roy Jenkins, Asquith, Collins, 1964.
20. See Richard Anthony Baker, British Music Hall: An Illustrated History, Sutton Publishing, 2005.
21. Ibid.
22. Colin MacInnes, Sweet Saturday Night, MacGibbon & Kee, 1967.
23. Winston Churchill, My Early Life: A Roving Commission, Thornton Butterworth, 1930, and Randolph S. Churchill, Winston S. Churchill, I.
24. J. B. Priestley, The Edwardians, Heinemann, 1970.
25. Asquith, Autobiography.
26. All this is taken from Ruth Hall, Marie Stopes, A Biography, André Deutsch, 1977.
27. Quoted from the Shaw papers, for instance in Julia Briggs, A Woman of Passion, Hutchinson, 1987.
28. Different accounts can be found in David Smith, H. G. Wells – Desperately Mortal, Yale University Press, 1986; Victoria Glendinning, Rebecca West, Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1987; and John Sutherland, Mrs Humphry Ward, Clarendon Press, 1990.
29. See Fran Abrams, Freedom’s Cause, Profile Books, 2003.
30. Jill Liddington, Rebel Girls, Virago Press, 2006.
31. Hannah Mitchell, The Hard Way Up, Faber & Faber, 1968.
32. Jill Liddington’s Rebel Girls was the groundbreaking study that has done most to set this right.
33. Rebecca West’s real name was Cissie Fairfield, but I have used her pseudonym for convenience. Her story can be found in Glendinning, Rebecca West.
34. Donald McCormick, The Mask of Merlin, Macdonald, 1963.
35. Grigg, Lloyd George.
36. Quoted in Roy Jenkins, Churchill, Macmillan, 2001.
37. E. P. Hennock in W. J. Mommsen, ed., The Emergence of the Welfare State in Britain and Germany, Croom Helm/German Historical Institute, 1981.
38. William George, ‘My Brother and I’, London, 1958.
39. R. F. Foster, Lord Randolph Churchill, Oxford University Press, 1988.
40. Randolph Churchill, Winston S. Churchill, II.
41. Lord Willoughby de Broke, The Passing Years, Houghton Mifflin, 1924.
42. See David Cannadine, The Decline and Fall of the British Aristocracy, Yale University Press, 1990.
43. George Dangerfield, The Strange Death of Liberal England, Harrison Smith/Robert Haas, 1935.
44. See S. J. Taylor, The Great Outsiders, Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1996, and I. F. Clarke, Voices Prophesying War, Oxford University Press, 1966.
45. Quoted in Clarke, Voices Prophesying War.
46. Caroline Benn, Keir Hardie, Hutchinson, 1992.
47. See Jonathan Schneer, Ben Tillett, Croom Helm, 1982.
48. See Juliet Nicolson, The Perfect Summer, John Murray, 2006.
49. Pat Thane, ‘Labour and Welfare’, in D. Tanner, P. Thane and N. Tiratsoo, eds., Labour’s First Century, Cambridge University Press, 2000.
50. Grigg, Lloyd George.
51. Max Pemberton, The Life of Sir Henry Royce, Selwyn & Blount, 1936.
52. Ibid.
53. See Peter Thorold, The Motoring Age, Profile Books, 2003.
54. All quotes from Motor Cars and Driving by Lord Northcliffe and others, Longmans Green & Co., 1904 edition.
55. Lord Montagu of Beaulieu, Rolls of Rolls-Royce, Cassell, 1966.
56. H. Rider Haggard, Child of Storm, quoted in Tom Pocock, Rider Haggard and the Lost Empire, Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1993.
57. See David Gilmour, The Long Recessional, Pimlico, 2003.
58. Ibid.
59. See A. T. Q. Stewart, The Ulster Crisis, Faber & Faber, 1967.
60. Sir Edward Grey, Twenty-Five Years, London, 1925.
61. Quoted in Michael and Eleanor Brock, eds., H. H. Asquith: Letters to Venetia Stanley, Oxford University Press, 1982.
Part Two: The Meaning of Hell, 1914–1918
62. Quoted in Brian MacArthur, ed., For King and Country, Little, Brown, 2008.
63. For these statistics see J. M. Winter, The Great War and the British People, Harvard University Press, 1986.
64. See Dan Todman, The Great War, Continuum, 2005, working on figures from Winter, The Great War and the British People.
65. Gordon Corrigan, Mud, Blood and Poppycock, Cassell, 2003.
66. Quoted in Peter Parker, The Old Lie, Constable, 1986.
67. See ibid.
68. Quoted in the facsimile edition of the Wipers Times, introduced by Patrick Beaver, Peter Davies, 1973.
69. All letters quoted from Michael and Eleanor Brock, eds., H. H. Asquith: Letters to Venetia Stanley, Oxford University Press, 1982.
70. The Duff Cooper Diaries, ed. John Julius Norwich, Phoenix, 2005.
71. Corrigan, Mud, Blood and Poppycock.
72. Martin Gilbert, Winston S. Churchill, vol. III, The Challenge of War, 1914–1916, Heinemann, 1971.
73. For Fisher generally, see Jan Morris, Fisher’s Face, Penguin, 1996.
74. See Robert K. Massie, Castles of Steel, Cape, 2004.
75. Philip Gibbs, The War Dispatches, Anthony Gibbs & Philips Ltd, 1964.
76. The story is told fully in Adam Hochschild’s King Leopold’s Ghost, Macmillan, 1999.
77. Sean Keating, ‘William Orpen, A Tribute’, in Ireland Today, quoted in Bruce Arnold, Orpen, Mirror to an Age, Hamish Hamilton, 1983.
78. William Orpen, An Onlooker in France, 1917–1919, BiblioBazaar LLC, 2008.
79. Frank Moraes, Jawaharlal Nehru, Macmillan, 1956.
80. See John Grigg, Lloyd George: The People’s Champion, HarperCollins, 1997, for all this.
81. Robert K. Massie, Castles of Steel, Pimlico, 2005.
82. See ibid.
83. See notes to John Grigg, Lloyd George: War Leader, Allen Lane, 2002.
84. See Arthur Marwick, The Deluge, Bodley Head, 1975.
85. Sir Robert Bruce Lockhart, cited ibid.
86. Corrigan, Mud, Blood and Poppycock.
87. See Ian Passingham, All the Kaiser’s Men, Sutton Publishing, 2003.
88. Diaries of Siegfried Sassoon, ed. Rupert Hart-Davies, Faber & Faber, 1983.
89. Marvin Swartz, The Union of Democratic Control, Oxford University Press, 1971.
Part Three: Keeping Our Balance, 1919–1939
90. Charles Loch Mowat, Britain Between the Wars, Methuen, 1955.
91. Jon Savage, Teenage: The Creation of Youth, Chatto & Windus, 2007.
92. K. E. Meyrick, Secrets of the 43, John Long, 1933.
93. H. A. Taylor, The Life of Viscount Brentford, Stanley Paul, 1933.
94. Tom Cullen, Maundy Gregory, Purveyor of Honours, Bodley Head, 1974.
95. David Clark, Victor Grayson: Labour’s Lost Leader, Quartet, 1985; Donald McCormick, Murder by Perfection, John Long, 1970.
96. Roy Jenkins, Baldwin, Collins, 1987.
97. See John Worthen, D. H. Lawrence: The Life of an Outsider, Allen Lane, 2005.
98. See Miranda Seymour, Ottoline Morrell: Life on the Grand Scale, Hodder & Stoughton, 1992.
99. See David Kynaston, The City of London, vol. III, Illusions of Gold, Chatto & Windus, 1999.
100. See Martin Gilbert, Winston S. Churchill, vol. V, Prophet of Truth, 1922–1939, Heinemann, 1976.
101. I am heavily indebted for these passages to Matthew Sweet’s 2006 BBC4 documentary Silent Britain, available on DVD from the British Film Institute.
102. Rachael Low, The History of the British Film, George Allen & Unwin, 1950.
103. Alan Crisp
, ‘The Working-Class Owner-Occupied Home of the 1930s’, Oxford University M.Litt thesis, 1998, available on the internet at www.thesis.clara.net.
104. Finn Jensen, The English Semi-Detached House, Ovolo Books, 2007; much of the material in the preceding two paragraphs comes from this work.
105. Robert Finch, The World’s Airways, University of London Press, 1938.
106. Robin Higham, Britain’s Imperial Air Routes, 1918–1939, G. T. Foulis & Co., 1960.
107. Wyndham Lewis, Hitler, Chatto & Windus, 1933.
108. All quotes here and in the previous paragraph come from David Marquand, Ramsay MacDonald, Cape, 1977.
109. Professor Keith Laybourn in Greg Rosen, ed., Dictionary of Labour Biography, Politicos, 2001.
110. Thomas Jones’s diary, quoted in Jenkins, Baldwin.
111. R. R. James, ed., Memoirs of a Conservative: J. C. C. Davidson’s Memoirs and Papers, Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1969.
112. Quoted in Ian McIntyre, The Expense of Glory: A Life of John Reith, HarperCollins, 1993.
113. See Asa Briggs, The BBC: The First Fifty Years, Oxford University Press, 1985.
114. See Rolf Gardiner’s entry in the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography.
115. See Richard Thurlow, Fascism in Britain, Blackwell, 1987.
116. Kynaston, The City of London, III.
117. Stephen Dorril, Blackshirt: Sir Oswald Mosley and British Fascism, Viking, 2007.
118. See Jan Morris, Farewell the Trumpets, Faber & Faber, 1978.
119. Jessica Mitford, Hons and Rebels, Gollancz, 1960.
120. See, among an extensive literature, Jonathan and Catherine Guinness, The House of Mitford, Hutchinson, 1984; Mary S. Lovell, The Mitford Girls, Little, Brown, 2001; Mitford, Hons and Rebels.
121. Nancy Mitford, Wigs on the Green, Thornton Butterworth, 1935.
122. Quoted in Frances Donaldson, Edward VIII, Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1974.
123. Lord Beaverbrook, The Abdication of King Edward VIII, Hamish Hamilton, 1966.
124. As quoted by Monica Baldwin in Donaldson, Edward VIII.
125. The Nottingham Journal, quoted ibid.
126. The Duchess of Windsor, The Heart Has Its Reasons, Michael Joseph, 1956.
127. Donaldson, Edward VIII.
128. All quotations ibid.
129. Quoted from Halifax papers in Andrew Roberts, The Holy Fox, Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1991.
130. Ibid.
131. See David Reynolds, Summits: Six Meetings that Shaped the Twentieth Century, Allen Lane, 2007.
132. This paragraph, like earlier ones on Churchill, leans very heavily on volume V of the official Churchill biography by Sir Martin Gilbert, an utterly invaluable source.
Part Four: Through Fire, a New Country, 1939–1945
133. John Colville, The Fringes of Power, Hodder & Stoughton, 1985.
134. Angus Calder, The People’s War: Britain, 1939–1945, Cape, 1969/Pimlico, 1992.
135. Kenneth Clark, The Other Half, John Murray, 1977.
136. Martin Gilbert, Winston S. Churchill, vol. V, Prophet of Truth, 1922–1939, Heinemann, 1976.
137. All quotes from Colville, The Fringes of Power.
138. I have relied on accounts by Churchill himself, in his history of the war; on John Lukacs in his splendid Five Days in London, Yale University Press, 1999; Paul Addison’s The Road to 1945, Cape, 1975; Angus Calder’s The Myth of the Blitz and The People’s War, Cape, 1991 and 1969; Gilbert’s Winston S. Churchill, 8 vols., Heinemann, 1966–82; and Roy Jenkins, Churchill, Macmillan, 2001.
139. Ben Pimlott, ed., The Second World War Diaries of Hugh Dalton, Cape, 1986.
140. From Hugh Sebag-Montefiore, Dunkirk: Fight to the Last Man, Viking, 2006.
141. Quoted in Calder, The People’s War.
142. See Sebag-Montefiore, Dunkirk.
143. Colville, The Fringes of Power.
144. See Calder, The Myth of the Blitz.
145. See Len Deighton, Blood, Tears and Folly, Vintage, 2007.
146. For this and other information in this section I have scanned a large amount of literature, but particularly recommend Stephen Bungay, The Most Dangerous Enemy: A History of the Battle of Britain, Aurum Press, 2000.
147. Calder, The Myth of the Blitz.
148. See Deighton, Blood, Tears and Folly.
149. David Mellor, Gill Saunders and Patrick Wright, Recording Britain, David & Charles/V&A, 1990.
150. Nigel Hamilton, Monty, Master of the Battlefield, 1942–44, Hamish Hamilton, 1983.
151. For all this, see Calder, The People’s War.
152. Ronald W. Clark, Tizard, Methuen, 1965.
153. Andrew Roberts, Masters and Commanders, Allen Lane, 2008.
154. David Reynolds, Rich Relations, HarperCollins, 1995.
155. Max Hastings, Bomber Command, Michael Joseph, 1979.
156. See ibid.
157. Basil Liddell-Hart, History of the Second World War, Putnam, 1971.
158. Winston Churchill, The Second World War, vol. VI, Triumph and Tragedy, Cassell, 1954.
159. See Kevin Jeffreys, Finest and Darkest Hours, Atlantic Books, 2002.
Acknowledgements
Writing is a lonely process that requires keeping your bottom stuck to a chair for ridiculous amounts of time. As with other books, I could not have endured writing this one without the help and cheerful encouragement of others, beginning with my wife, Jackie, and our children. Most of it was written in a small garden shed, surrounded by the noise of feral parakeets, which have taken over my part of London. But it would have been impossible without the wonderful London Library and its lovely staff. At a time when so many institutions seem corrupt, or to have failed in their primary job, this private members’ library has been for me both a beacon and a refuge. (Which makes it sound like a hot cave; which isn’t far off.)
The book would not have been written at all without my mordantly funny agent, Ed Victor, who fed me fish and prodded me at all the right times. Philippa Harrison hacked, shaped and re-ordered my last book; she sculpted, smoothed and sandpapered this one. The team at Macmillan, initially including Andrew Kidd, and latterly Jon Butler, the top man Anthony Forbes-Watson, and the amazing Jacqueline Graham and Lorraine Green, have been kind beyond reason. We have been through some tough times together recently and I cannot imagine a better bunch to have on your side. They make publishing seem huge fun; I hope it really is.
But my final thanks go to another team, who turned the lonely process of writing into the garrulous moveable feast that is documentary film-making. Roly Keating and Janice Hadlow at BBC2 commissioned the series. My great colleague and now, I hope, good friend Chris Granlund was the series producer. The individual films were made by the directors Robin Dashwood, Fatima Solaria, Francis Whately and Roger Parsons, each of them slightly nuts in the best possible way; with the camera genius of Neil Harvey and Lawrence Gardner, the attentive ear of Simon Parminter and the research efforts of Edmund Moriaty, Lulu Valentine and Kemi Majekodunmi, all of us herded and corralled by Michelle Clinton and Alison Connor in the office. Stuart Robertson was the spectacularly successful and relentless archive researcher; Libby Hand organized us all; and in the creative hothouse of the edit suites, Mike Daly and Ged Murphy were the editors. We worked very hard and, because life is short, just occasionally we played fairly hard too. I am a lucky man and raise a wobbly glass to them all.
Index
abdication crisis (1936) ref1, ref2
Abyssinia ref1
Addison Act (1919) ref1
Addison, Christopher ref1
adultery ref1
advertising ref1
air races ref1
air travel ref1
arguments over airspace ref1, ref2
early passenger services ref1
establishment of Imperial Airways and routes ref1
and flying boats ref1
air-raid protection (ARP) wardens ref1
aircraft production ref1
an
d Second World War ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4
Aitken, Sir Max see Beaverbrook, Lord
Alexander, Sir Harold ref1, ref2
Alexandra, Queen ref1, ref2
Allenby, General ref1, ref2
Amritsar massacre (1919) ref1
Anglo-Persian Oil Company ref1
anti-communist organizations ref1
anti-Semitism ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4
Anti-Slavery Society ref1
appeasement ref1, ref2
arguments for ref1
Chamberlain’s meeting with Hitler ref1
and Halifax’s visit to Germany ref1
and Munich ref1
public support for ref1, ref2
Arab revolt (1917) ref1, ref2
architecture ref1, ref2, ref3
aristocracy ref1, ref2
defending of position against House of Lords reform ref1
in economic retreat ref1
and far-right politics ref1
Lloyd George’s attacks on ref1, ref2
post-war ref1
selling of estates ref1, ref2
Armistice Day ref1
Armour, G.D. ref1
Arnim, Elizabeth von ref1
art: Edwardian ref1