Rightful Heritage: The Renewal of America

by Douglas Brinkley

  Moon, Franklin, 93, 131

  Moosehorn Migratory Bird Refuge, 381, 388

  More Game Birds in America Foundation (Ducks Unlimited), 228, 235, 277

  Morgenthau, Elinor, 118, 132

  Morgenthau, Henry, Jr., 117–19, 119, 131, 144, 349, 420, 494, 575, 581; diary, 581; Federal Farm Board, 200; Fishkill Farms, 118–19, 131; Hewitt Reforestation Amendment, 138; New Deal and, 162; NY Conservation Commission, 119, 132–33; TERA program, 151

  Morgenthau, Henry, Sr., 117

  Moses, Robert, 113, 114

  Mount Desert National Park, 429

  Mount Greylock, Bascom Lodge, 582

  Mount Hood National Forest, 402

  Mount Rushmore, 272, 341–42, 492

  Mount Tamalpais: Mountain Theatre, 588; observation tower, 582. See also Muir Woods National Monument

  Mount Vernon, 214, 221; Ladies Association, 191

  Muir, John, 31, 62, 63, 74, 76, 93, 104, 164, 166, 234, 316, 406, 432, 453, 475, 479, 480, 488

  Muir Woods National Monument, 45; Cathedral Grove, 587–89; FDR memorial, 587, 587–89

  Muleshoe NWR, 366, 367

  Mustang Island Waterfowl Sanctuary, 369–70

  My Boy Franklin (Sara Roosevelt), 17–18

  Nashua River, 26, 28, 29

  Natchez Trace Parkway, 194, 392

  National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), 374–75

  National Bison Range, 467

  National Capital Forest, 84

  national forests, 39, 195, 219, 258, 364, 564, 582; CCC and, 233, 394, 400; establishment of, and modification of boundaries, by FDR, 429, 612–23; FDR and naming of, 429; forest fire protection, 525–26, 568–69; Leopold and, 273–74; presidential proclamations to create, 288, 677n67; reclamation in, 397–98; regulating commercial access to, 392; rehabilitating, 233

  National Highway System, 417–18

  National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA), 168, 194, 201, 215, 379; forestland purchase, 219; grasslands purchase, 286–87

  national monuments: creation of, after FDR, 548; desert ecosystems and, 455; federal acquisition of land and, 547, 548; list of, established by FDR, 610; presidential proclamations and, 195, 196, 341, 355, 422–23, 449, 473, 497, 546–47, 548, 562, 695n12. See also specific monuments

  national parks, 104, 194, 339, 507; approval process, 196, 556; automobile tourism and, 238, 396; Downing’s influence, 178; east coast lacking in, 30, 82, 245–46, 429; ecological sanctity, 429–30; FDR advocacy, 145–46, 211–12, 340, 429 (see also specific parks); FDR aesthetic, 218–19; FDR commitment to, 190; FDR declares as “birthrights,” 337, 430; federal acquisition of land and, 246, 248, 379, 418–19, 490; first park in the east, 82–83; gateway towns, 82, 469; handicap accessibility, 430; Hetch Hetchy dam and, 74–77; as icons of the American west, 119; indigenous local styles and materials, 191; list of, established by FDR, 610; logging banned in, 405; naming of, 212; photographs by Ansel Adams, 454; presidential proclamations to expand, 429; “pure wilderness” and, 430, 431, 432, 491; regulations (U1 and U2), 398; road building in, 391; Rockefeller financing of, 145; tourism and animal attractions in, 249; Wilson and, 20; WPA and, 308; Year of the National Park, 238–67. See also National Park Service; specific parks

  National Parks Association, 104, 238, 242, 431

  National Park Service (NPS): Albright heads, 81, 187–88, 192, 199; Blue Ridge Parkway and, 194; Brant as activist for, 407; Cammerer heads, 192, 266; “camp beautiful” ideal, 178; Cathedral Grove FDR memorial, 587–89; CCC and, 449–50; Drury heads, 500; establishment of, 80–81, 263; Executive Order 6166 (reorganization and new jurisdictions), 190, 192–93, 199, 596–99; expansion of, 188, 192, 393, 404, 429, 431, 507, 581; FDR’s “country beautiful” ideas, 166; FDR’s Glacier National Park speech, 262–63; FDR’s “master plan” for, 581; FDR vision for, 266; Forest Service conflicts and, 392, 394, 405, 409, 405; Great Depression and, 188; Great Lakes properties and, 248; Historic American Buildings Survey, 192; historic and heritage sites consolidated under, 188, 189–90, 192, 491–93; Historic Sites Act of 1935 and, 190, 477, 492; Hyde Park and, 477, 579, 697n74; Ickes and, 250, 265, 581 (see also U.S. Department of the Interior); Lane’s three principles, 263; Mather heads, 104, 188; Mount Rushmore and, 342; National Seashores and, 375–80, 382; New England and, 245–46; opposition in Pacific Northwest, 392, 404; outline of purposes, 82; Park Science, 687n89; Park Structures and Facilities, 178; preservation vs. wise use, 392; protection of old growth forests, 129; recreation areas and, 222; regional headquarters for, 266; reorganization of 1933, 581, 596–99; Smokey the Bear, 568, 568–69, 715n61; Southern Appalachian National Park Commission, 135; state parks and, 217–18, 378, 471; in urban areas, 193; wealthy patrons, 145

  National Park Service Organic Act, 81, 263

  National Resources Planning Board (NRPB), 213–14, 520; Land Planning Committee, 214

  National Seashores, 375–80, 381, 584

  National Wilderness Preservation System, 421

  National Wildlife Federation (NWF), 305, 458

  National Wildlife Refuges (NWRs), 276, 281, 298–301, 317–18, 325, 329, 341, 343–44, 349, 351–53, 361–67, 373, 420–21, 582, 705–6n43; Blue Goose insignia, 298–300, 299; for coastal environments, 423; FDR uses executive orders to create, 343–44, 420, 421, 423, 447, 497, 540, 692n77, 701n45, 702n50, 705–7n43; gateway towns, 361, 364–65; list of, by state, established by FDR, 600–609; maintenance problems, 542; regulation and oversight of, 497, 705–6n43; species of waterfowl and, 301; success of, 532; wartime sanctuaries, 540–42. See also specific NWRs

  National Wildlife Refuge System, 497

  National Wildlife Research Center, Denver, 476

  National Youth Administration (NYA), 255, 451, 520, 522, 525

  Native Americans, 165, 165–66, 203, 239–40; in the CCC, 261, 332, 398, 413, 416–17, 455; Flathead Reservation, 165; Grand Coulee Dam and, 414; in Idaho, 398; Indians at Work periodical, 261; Navajo, 203; Papago Reservation, 356; Pipestone National Monument and, 260, 416; Quinault Reservation, 413, 418; the Roosevelts visit the Blackfoot Reservation, 260–61, 262; salmon fishing, 401; Wheeler-Howard Act of 1934, 260–61

  Nebraska, 126, 142, 285, 289, 313, 331

  Nebraska National Forest, 139

  Nevada, 208, 327–29, 467, 517

  Newburgh, NY, 4, 5, 10; Balmville tree, 35–36, 106, 449; George Washington site in, 35

  New Deal: “alphabet soup” programs, 168–69, 215–16, 224, 255, 307 (see also specific programs); American West, benefits and modernization, 504; CCC and, 131, 150–51, 152, 161, 167, 170–86; conservation accomplishments, 564; conservation work, 140, 159–62, 298–307, 322–26, 337, 376, 428, 434; criticism by conservationists, 265, 475; dam building, 413–15, 424–25; defunding of, 509, 520–21; drought relief, 285, 287–92, 308; ecological destruction by, 234, 426; ecosystems of the Southwest and, 326–29, 341; environmental philosophy, 344; extraction industries oppose, 428; farming strategy, 200, 201–2, 337–38, 468; FDR introduces term, 150; FDR’s progressive governorship as precursor, 137; federal acquisition of land and, 214, 219, 226, 228, 229, 283, 296, 297, 299–300, 301, 305, 308–9, 310, 317; flood control, 363; forest preservation and riverkeeping, 431; funding for recreation systems, 217; infrastructure projects, 104, 171, 179, 193, 194, 198, 208, 216, 233, 246, 526–27, 528; labor unions and, 448; land administration agencies, 228; land policy, 310; land rehabilitation projects, 477; Native American policies, 203, 239–40, 260–61, 398; NRPB and, 213–14; per capita payments, 504; Republican opposition, 379; road building, 179–80, 194, 195, 216, 319; rustic architecture of, 218–19; soil conservation and, 201, 312–13 (see also Shelterbelt Project); stalling of (1938), 447, 448; state park motto, 208; state parks and, 178, 180, 181, 184, 217, 218, 222–23; Supreme Court and, 347, 348; water resources and, 335, 402; wilderness preservation, 354–56 (see also national parks); wildlife protection and restoration, 221, 225–30, 249–51, 268–85, 295, 297–310, 325, 420–21; women and, 244, 255–56, 300–301, 338, 392
, 467; Woodlot Forestry themes in, 71; work-relief programs, 151, 154–55, 161, 162, 167, 246, 289, 291, 308, 331, 400, 420, 428, 428, 445, 480, 504, 521, 529. See also Civilian Conservation Corps; specific agencies

  Newlands Reclamation Act, 87

  New Mexico: bighorn sheep sanctuaries, 461; Black Sunday, 313; Camp Cabeza de Vaca (Company 843) in, 224; fish hatchery, 325; Land Utilization Projects, 315; Mills project, 383; POW camp, 528

  New Orleans, 362–63; FDR visit (1937), 362, 363; “Roosevelt Mall,” 362–63

  New York City, 11; Bronx Zoo, 56, 63, 326, 345; Central Park Zoo, 216, 308, 479; Frederic Delano and, 194; Great Depression and, 127; national historic sites, 492; Old Croton Aqueduct, 13–14; Riverside Park, 92; Robert Moses and, 113; Roosevelt town house, 49, 79–80, 166; water contamination and, 13, 92, 98; WPA and, 308

  New York Conservation Commission, 71, 119, 132–33

  New York State, 80, 117, 120, 122; Agricultural Advisory Committee, 131; Bank of the US failure, 140; CCC and, 180, 318–19; city and upstate split, 54; Conservation Commission, 130; Davis Palisades Act, 33; FDR and state parks, 72, 90–91; FDR and state reclamation of farmland, 122–23, 137, 138 ; FDR as governor, 65, 120, 121, 122–43, 137, 145–46, 149; FDR’s expansion of upstate woodlands, 99; FDR’s gubernatorial campaign, 116–17; FDR’s land policy, 122–23; FDR’s linchpins, 121, 122; FDR’s popularity, 85; FDR’s progressive social programs, 127–28; FDR’s tree-planting projects, 133, 140; FDR vs. Moses, outlooks of, 113–14; FDR vs. preservationists in, 124–26; fish hatcheries, 13; forest preserves, 7, 52, 65; “forever wild” legislation, 7, 99, 125; Great Depression and, 127–28, 140; Hewitt Reforestation Amendment, 138–40, 150; historic sites and preservation, 58, 115, 492; hydroelectric power, 128–29; outdoor recreation opportunities, 112, 113, 115; park regions of, 115; paved roads, 113; Power Authority Act, 128; Progressive conservation movement in, 121; protection of the Adirondacks and Catskills, 33; protection of wildlife, 22, 56; seedling program, 123; Shea-White Plumage Act, 56; Smith as governor, 85, 99–100; state parks, 90–91, 93, 112, 180, 218, 311; Taconic Parkway, 115, 124; Taconic State Park Commission, 114; TERA program, 135–36, 151; timber industry and, 63–64, 65; TR as governor, 33, 50; wildlife restoration in, 384. See also specific parks

  New York State College of Forestry (now SUNY College of Environmental Science and Forestry), 57, 123, 130, 131, 159, 160, 273; Roosevelt Wild Life Station, 106, 273

  New York State Forestry Association, 80, 123

  New York State Senate: FDR chairs Agricultural Committee, 70; FDR elected to, 55–56; FDR on Forest, Fish, and Game Committee, 55, 56, 68; FDR’s conservation legislation, 60–61, 67–69, 71

  Norris, George W., 63, 152, 204–5, 487

  Norris Dam, 426

  North American Wildlife Conference, 305, 322–26, 361, 513; “conservation reliance” coined at, 325

  North Carolina, 248; Cape Hatteras and national seashores, 251–52, 375–81; CCC and, 377, 378, 382; FDR visit (1937), 381–82; Outer Banks, 377, 378–79, 382; Roanoke Island, 381; wildlife refuges, 126, 227, 285, 293, 300, 444

  North Dakota: CCC and, 470–71, 475; conservation-agriculture partnership, 469; drought, 264, 470; Dust Bowl, 254; environmental tourism, 469; FDR saves, 470; FDR tour (1934), 264, 265; federal tree nurseries, 292; habitat purchases, 294; Limited-Interest Program, 468–69, 475; national parks, 469; Patuxent and, 463, 469–70; POW camp, 528; RDAs, 223; Souris River Basin region, 295; state parks, 471; stone post offices and durable city halls, 470; wildlife refuges, 285, 295, 299, 471, 468, 469–70, 540, 701n45, 702n50; WPA work-relief projects, 470, 479

  North Higgins Lake State Park, 583

  Oak Openings State Park, 218

  Obama, Barack, 558, 586

  Ocmulgee National Monument, Art Moderne visitor center, 582

  Ohio, 218, 284, 473, 499–500

  Ohio River, 363, 364, 426, 516

  Ohio State University, Stone Laboratory, 473, 474

  Okefenokee National Wildlife Refuge, 146, 146–47, 230–31, 234–36, 309, 352, 443–44, 585, 656n73; Chesser Island, 443, 444, 446; fire towers for, 233; revival of fish in, 445

  Oklahoma: bison reintroduced, 326; Black Sunday, 313; CCC and, 208–9; Cimarron project, 383; dam building in, 425; dust storms, 335; FDR’s vision for Chickasaw NRA, 208; federal grassland parks, 216; Shelterbelt Project in, 290, 292; soil depletion, 142; state parks, 208, 218

  Old Customs House National Historic Site, 492

  Olmsted, Frederick Law, 25, 35, 89, 118, 178, 191, 207, 218, 378

  Olmsted, Frederick Law, Jr., 241–42, 353

  Olympic National Forest, 46, 404, 408, 410, 419

  Olympic National Monument, 409, 419, 648n46

  Olympic National Park, 406, 408, 410–13, 418, 429–30, 453, 471, 501, 517, 540; acres added, 1940, 507; Roosevelt elk and, 410, 649n46

  Oregon: Cape Meares, 375, 423–24; CCC and, 403–4; FDR tour (1937), 402–3; federal acquisition of land, 309; national forests, 402, 568; New Deal dams for, 216, 256–57, 257, 258, 395, 402; Pioneer Bridle Trail, 403; wildlife refuges, 310, 317–18, 343, 349, 424

  Organic Act of 1916, 381

  Organ Pipe Cactus National Monument, 354–56, 355, 455

  Ottawa National Forest, 429

  Ouachita National Forest, 429

  Owyhee Dam, 402, 403

  Ozarks, 134, 184, 477

  Pack, Charles Lathrop, 151, 152–53

  Palisades Interstate Park, 33; Franklin D. Roosevelt Conservation Camps, 99

  Palm Springs, CA, 209, 210

  Panama Canal, 62, 440, 443

  Parker River NWR, 540

  Patuxent River, 570

  Patuxent Wildlife Research Center, 461–66, 475, 498, 700n19, 700n20; CCC and, 462, 465; DDT experiments, 570, 571; North Dakota and, 469–70; predator conservation philosophy, 463; saving endangered species, 465, 466, 467

  Paul J. Rainey Wild Life Sanctuary, 362

  Peabody, Endicott, 26, 27–28, 42

  Peabody, George Foster, 109, 112

  Peabody Academy of Science, 29

  Pea Island NWR, 300

  Pelican Island NWR, 497

  Pennsylvania: CCC and, 180–81; conservation-reforestation programs, 170; national historic sites, 492; Pinchot as governor, 65, 100, 138; RDAs in, 223; state parks, 181, 218; utility companies, 100; wildlife restoration, 384

  Perkins, Frances, 135–36, 171, 214, 255, 357, 485, 580; CCC and, 171–72, 173

  pesticides, 143, 234, 570–71

  Petrified Forest National Monument, 407, 580

  Phoenix, AZ, South Mountain Park, 509

  Pickwick Landing Dam, 426

  Piedmont NWR, 353

  Pinchot, Cornelia, 572, 575

  Pinchot, Gifford, 38–39, 56, 63, 64, 73, 142, 273, 290, 319, 380, 433, 434; address to NY State legislature, 66; Adirondacks study, 60–61, 65; autobiography, 581; books by, 39, 63–64; CCC and, 180–82; death of, 581; FDR and, 64, 65, 65, 66–67, 68, 71, 75, 139, 151, 343, 486–87, 493, 560, 567, 572; FDR’s death and, 575–76, 577; FDR’s presidential campaign and, 152–53; global conservation and, 561, 566, 567, 569, 572, 574; Grey Towers home, 39, 584; national forests and, 582; New Deal and, 159, 161, 162; as Pennsylvania governor, 65, 100, 138; utilitarian conservation (wise use), 39, 66, 86, 130, 140, 180, 336, 364, 392, 501, 543; world conference on conservation and, 560, 569, 589; World War II and, 560

  Pine Mountain State Park, 231, 444

  Pipestone National Monument, 260, 416

  Pittman, Key, 327, 328, 383–84

  Pittman-Robertson Act (Federal Aid in Wildlife Restoration), 383–85, 533

  Placentia Bay, Newfoundland, 510–11

  Platte River, 532

  Platt National Park, 208

  Plog, William, 36, 48, 551, 578

  Point Reyes National Seashore, 584

  Porcupine Mountain Wilderness State Park, 519–20

  Port Angeles, WA, 410–11, 412

  Porter, Fred, 124, 125

  Potlatch Lumber Company,
398

  Potomac River, 145–46, 425, 426

  Pottker, Jan, 11, 512

  Poughkeepsie, NY, 3, 12, 90; post office by WPA, 427

  Pratt, George Dupont, 98–99, 101

  Princeton University, 305; Elizabeth Marsh Museum, 19

  Progressive Party (Bull Moose Party), 62, 63, 70, 88, 121, 153, 163, 321, 505

  Prohibition, 121, 168, 265

  Public Works Administration (PWA), 169, 215–17, 250, 308, 351; accomplishments by 1939, 479; as antithesis of conservation, 216–17, 264; dam building by, 216, 264; disbanding of (1939), 480; downsizing of, 479; famous structures built by, 216; FDR’s favorite project, 479; Ickes heads, 216–17, 308, 479; infrastructure projects, 216; new Interior Department Building, 336; Patuxent and, 462; in Texas, 371; waste treatment plants and, 425, 447

  Puerto Rico, 176

  Pulitzer, Joseph, 303–4

  Rayburn, Sam, 556, 562–63

  Reclamation Act of 1902, 204

  reclamation practices, 59–60, 314–15; Shelterbelt Project, 71, 287–92

  Recreational Demonstration Areas (RDAs), 222–23, 563

  Red Hook on the Hudson, 530

  Redington, Paul, 227, 280

  Red Rocks Amphitheater, 507–8, 508

  Red Rocks Lake NWR, 513–15

  reforestation and tree planting, 37, 45, 53, 56, 78, 79, 117, 131, 139, 140; Bankhead-Jones Farm Tenant Act and, 383; Brazil, 588; CCC and, 174, 175–76, 184, 205, 301, 364, 392, 474, 508; CCC and, number of trees planted, 527, 622; FDR as governor and, 161; FDR as national voice for, 79, 123; FDR’s demand for a federal program, 291; FDR’s federal plan for, 150, 151, 162; FDR’s suggestions for Iran and Saudi Arabia, 553–54; FDR’s youth work relief program, 138; global conservation and, 573, 575; Hewitt Reforestation Amendment, 138–40, 150; largest human-planted forest in North America and, 138–39; New Deal programs for, 392–93; in NY State, 291; public lands and, 7; Shelterbelt Project, 287–92; Tree Army (see Civilian Conservation Corps); Tree Farm System, 569–70

  Reorganization Act of 1933, 477

  Republican Party: “big timber” interests of, 99; conservation and, 60, 68, 331; Delanos and, 8; Hoover and, 120–21; isolationist wing, 494; opposition to “federal land grab,” 547; Oyster Bay Roosevelts and, 11; Pinchot as governor and, 100; presidential win (1920), 86; presidential win (1928), 120; Progressives in, 153; Wendell Wilkie’s candidacy, 498–99, 505–6