Rightful Heritage: The Renewal of America

by Douglas Brinkley

  South Dakota, 341–42

  Southern Utah University, 197

  South Padre Island National Seashore, 584

  Southwest Louisiana National Wildlife complex, 690n77

  Spanish American War, 481; veterans enrolled in the CCC, 221, 461

  Stalin, Joseph, 566, 569, 572

  stamp collecting and philately, 40, 96, 244, 245; Duck Stamps and, 281; FDR designed airmail stamp, 300; FDR Pony Express stamp, 403; Newburgh Peace Stamp, 245; philatelic museum created, 245; philately clubs and FDR, 40; stamp celebrating the UN, 575; Year of the National Park stamps issued, 245

  state parks, 90–91, 93, 112–13, 116: CCC and, 178, 180, 181, 184, 217, 218, 222, 231, 243, 308, 328, 364, 371; FDR aesthetic of, 218–19, 371; FDR and, 90–91, 93, 94, 98, 113, 114–16, 162, 166, 190, 208, 623; FDR’s beliefs 191; first modern state parks, 93; “government rustic” style, 218; “green” recreation zones and, 119; historic sites and preservation, 115; indigenous local styles and materials, 191; New Deal and increase, 178; New Deal funds, 217; NPS and, 217–18, 222; PWA crews in, 217, 222; recreation areas and, 162, 208–9, 222–23; variation in, 218. See also specific parks

  Stegner, Wallace, 26

  Stettinius, Edward, 566, 567, 574, 589

  Stick, Frank, 377, 378, 379

  Stimson, Henry, 494, 504, 514, 515

  Suckley, Margaret “Daisy,” 97–98, 110, 232, 311–12, 389–90, 511, 530, 535, 536, 537, 537, 551, 552, 554–55, 574

  Sullys Hill National Game Reserve, 463

  Summer Birds of the Adirondacks (TR), 31

  Superior National Forest, 273–74

  Susquehanna Flats National Wildlife Refuge, 447

  Susquehanna River, 426, 516, 541

  Susquehanna River NWR, 540–41

  Sutter NWR, 542

  Suwannee (Swanee) River, 146, 656n73

  Swanquarter refuge, 444

  Taconic State Park Commission, 114, 118, 218–19

  Taconic State Parkway, 124, 127, 179, 504

  Taft, William Howard, 39, 61, 70

  Taylor Grazing Act of 1935, 306, 499

  Temporary Emergency Relief Administration (TERA), 135–36, 151

  Tennessee, 203–5, 248

  Tennessee River, 426

  Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA), 169, 203–5, 204, 244–45, 256, 424, 499, 571

  Texas: barrier islands, 369; Black Sunday, 313; CCC and, 266–67, 371–72, 526; centennial, 371; coastal protection, 584; Dallam County project, 383; dust storms, 313–14, 335; Environmental Corps, 585, 586 ; FDR campaigning in (1936), 342–43; FDR Gulf South trip (1937), 367–72, 369; Garner and, 148–49; Gulf Coast of, 367; Guthrie and, 314, 315; LBJ and, 480; major rivers in, 367; Matagorda Bay, 375; migratory flyways in, 366; national forests, 569; national parks, 315–17, 320, 326, 342–43, 371, 556; New Deal in, 217, 371–72; outdoor recreation opportunities, 371; Permian Basin, 208; Port Aransas, 367–68; POW camp, 528; re-creation of 1749 Mission, 492; Rockport as birding capital, 367; Shelterbelt Project, 289; soil depletion, 142, 149; state parks, 218, 266, 371, 372; Tree Farm System, 569; TR’s popularity, 342–43; wildlife refuges, 362, 366–67, 369–70, 373, 388, 542

  Texas Forest Service, 569

  Theodore Roosevelt National Park, 469

  This Is My Story (ER), 43, 83

  Thomas, Norman, 63

  Thomason, R. Ewing, 556, 557

  Thompson, William “Big Bill,” 164–65

  Thoreau, Henry David, 273, 336–37, 406

  Thousand Islands Bridge, 441

  timber industry, 6–7, 392–94, 408, 648n46; Adirondacks and, 15; “Big Clearing” of Georgia, 231; blighted Maryland hillsides and, 223; Catskills and, 47; deforestation and soil erosion, 60, 66, 67, 78; destructive practices, 8, 39, 47, 60, 63–64; devastated southern forests and, 219; Dust Bowl and, 314; FDR deems it a “moral crime” to cut ancient sequoias, 430–31; FDR opposition to, 129, 219, 393, 413; FDR’s Tree Farm System and, 569; Grand Canyon ponderosa pine cut, 238; Harding Republicans and, 99; Ickes’s opposition to, 501–2; in Idaho, 398; Kings Canyon lands and, 431; Louisiana forests destroyed, 219, 363–64; national forests and, 392, 398; Okefenokee Swamp and, 147, 236; Olympic Peninsula, logging fight, 405–13, 418; opposition to eastern national parks, 82; opposition to FDR’s presidency, 155; Palisades and, 33; pollution and, 426; regulations and, 52, 65–66; Roosevelt-Jones Conservation Act and, 61, 67, 68; sale of land to Forest Service, 162; unpopularity of the NPS and, 404; wartime logging, 519, 551–52

  Tivoli, NY, 42, 43

  Tomlinson, Owen A., 412, 587, 588

  Tom Sawyer State Park, 185

  Tongass National Forest, 429

  Toof, Hazeldean, 406, 407

  Toombs, Henry, 108, 434

  Top Cottage, 98, 389–90, 434, 479, 534, 539, 554–55

  Torreya State Park, 244

  Townsend, Curtis, 78, 79

  Trail Ridge Road, 179–80

  Tree Farm System, 569

  Tropical Everglades National Park Association, 240

  Truman, Harry, 243, 423, 583, 695n12; fires Ickes, 581; as president, 575, 577, 579; as pro-business, 579; as vice president, 559, 566

  Tugwell, Rexford G., 229–30, 310, 475

  Tully, Grace, 535, 551, 559

  Tumulty, Joseph P., 89

  Tuzigoot National Monument, 455, 507

  Tybee NWR, 424

  Udall, Stewart, 584

  United Nations, 558, 56, 573, 575, 583, 587, 588–89

  University of Idaho, 692n36

  University of Tennessee, tree count, 145

  University of Wisconsin, 475

  Upper Souris Migratory Waterfowl Refuge, 295, 299, 470

  urban planning: city beautiful movement, 35, 53; Greenbelt, Maryland, and, 224; parks, 8, 11, 208; RDAs and, 222–23; recreational opportunities and, 247; regional cities, 11; sewage disposal, 31

  U.S. Army, 513–15

  U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, 539; Bonnet Carré Spillway, 363; ecological destruction by, 234, 426; Fort Peck dam, 264; Mississippi River and, 78, 216; river dredging, 216

  U.S. Congress: bills for national parks, 556; bill to rescind Jackson Hole National Monument, 547, 562, 563, 564; CCC funding, 162, 474–75, 509, 520–21, 524–25; CCC opposition in, 451, 475, 522, 524; declaration of war (1917), 83; defunding New Deal programs, 509, 520–21, 525, 528–29; defunding the National Resources Planning Board, 520; Everglades National Park and, 239; Farm Credit Act of 1933, 168; FDR circumventing of, 429 (see also national monuments; National Wildlife Refuges); FDR’s emergency acts, 167, 168, 172–73, 175; FDR’s message on New Deal conservationism, 302; FDR’s national landmarks program and, 246; Federal Water Power Act of 1920, 87, 88; fight for Kings Canyon and, 432, 450, 451–53; Fish and Wildlife Coordination Act, 285, 296; forest preserves and, 7; funds for a Mississippi migratory bird refuge, 105; Lacey Act, 32–33; Lend-Lease Act, 509; Migratory Bird Conservation Act (Norbeck-Anderson Act), 126–27; NPS takeover of the Olympic wilderness hearings, 405–6; Pittman-Robertson Act, 383–84; Raker Act, 75, 76; Rivers and Harbors Act of 1899, 13; Senate Special Committee on the Conservation of Wildlife Resources, 306; TVA legislation, 203, 204–5; Weeks Act, 58, 78; WPA disbanded by, 480

  U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), 195; Bureau of Soils, 142; CCC and, 171, 200; Division of Economic Ornithology and Mammalogy, 22; education for farmers and loggers, 220; Executive Order 6166 and, 199; expansion of, 496; FDR’s new land ethic and, 154; federal acquisition of land and, 219, 301; forest planting in Plains states, 291; Forest Service (see U.S. Forest Service); funds for federal bird refuges and, 230, 280; game wardens to stop poaching, 281; habitat purchases by, 294–95; largest human-planted forest in North America and, 138–39; migratory bird restoration and, 229; New Deal farming strategy, 200; NWRs moved to Interior, 497; Okefenokee NWR and, 352; pesticide use, 234; Soil Conservation Service in, 202–3; Wallace heads, 199, 199, 200, 202, 206, 214, 217, 219, 220, 221, 229–30, 268, 280, 284, 291, 294–95, 300, 351, 405, 409–10, 496; Wickard heads, 501
, 502

  U.S. Department of the Interior, 82, 164; CCC and, 171; Channel Islands and, 423; fight for Jackson Hole, 544–48; Forest Service transfer and, 351, 486–87, 489, 493; FWS placed under, 493; Grazing Service, 305–6; Hoover and, 135; Ickes as head of, 164–66, 171, 188, 236, 237, 239, 305, 351, 486, 487; Ickes fired by Truman, 581; Lane as head of, 73–74, 188; “natural wonders” moved to, 195; Washington headquarters, 236–37, 336; NWRs and, 705–6n43; Patuxent and, 462; public federal buildings transferred to, 192; rescue of the organ-pipe cactus, 354–56; Soil Erosion Service and, 201. See also National Park Service

  U.S. Employment Service, 451

  U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS), 22, 300, 321, 467, 493, 705n30, 705n31; bald eagle and, 498; Gabrielson heads, 497–98; mallard hunting and, 532; National Conservation Training Center, 384; pesticide concern, 570; Sanibel Island and, 531

  U.S. Forest Service, 38, 58–59, 81, 130, 170, 258, 265, 270, 285, 291, 351, 393–94; CCC and, 175, 197, 233; conflict with the NPS, 392, 394, 405, 409; FDR and, 190; federal acquisition of land and, 162, 477; fight for the Olympic peninsula and, 404, 405, 412–13; fight to prevent transfer to Interior, 351, 486–87, 489, 493; forest fire protection and, 526; fortieth anniversary, 569; Kings Canyon lands and, 430–31; land rehabilitation projects, 477; Marshall in, 160–61; “natural wonders” removed from, 195; overcutting of woodlands and, 488; Pinchot heads, 38, 39; primitive areas and, 89; protection of old-growth forests, 129; Shelterbelt Project, 287–92; Silcox heads, 288, 319, 322, 341, 394, 433; Southwest ecosystems and, 341; Superior Roadless Primitive Area, 247; timber industry and, 412–13, 501; tree nurseries, 392; wilderness areas and Marshall’s vision, 398; wise-use approach, 392; World War II and, 543

  U.S. Geological Survey, 250

  U.S. Lighthouse Service, 377

  U.S. Navy: FDR and coming of war, 440; FDR appointed to, 70; FDR at Panama-Pacific International Exposition, 80; FDR crosses Atlantic in USS Dyer, 84; FDR inspection of Hispaniola (1917), 83; FDR Mediterranean cruise and, 73; FDR’s inspection tour of the Pacific Northwest, 78; FDR’s tenure in, 72–73, 75–77, 76, 78, 79, 80, 83–84, 85–86; FDR’s use of cruisers, 215, 251, 364, 367, 368, 436–41, 506; Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, 516; Knox heads, 494; Naval Reserve created, 73; redwood needed by, 551–52; World War I and, 78, 83–84

  USS Augusta, 510

  USS Houston, 251, 436, 437, 438, 439, 440, 441

  USS Quincy, 572, 573, 573, 574

  U.S. State Department, 566, 567; “national tribute grove,” 567

  USS Tuscaloosa, 506

  U.S. Supreme Court, 350–51, 386, 481; FDR’s “court packing” plan, 346–48, 350, 380–81, 429, 447

  U.S. War Department, 194, 487; CCC processing and, 183; Dern heads, 194–95; military parks and cemeteries transferred to NPS, 191–92, 194, 581; Stimson heads, 494; trumpeter swan endangerment and, 514–15

  Utah: CCC and, 195, 196–99; Central Utah Project, 197; national monuments, 195, 196, 198, 212, 326, 449, 455; New Deal oral histories collected in, 197; NPS in, 195–96; road building in, 195, 197; slickrock canyons, 320; Waterpocket Fold (Wayne Wonderland), 196; Widstoe Project, 197. See also Zion National Park

  Utah Parks Company, 195

  Uvalde, Texas, 149

  Vaca, Cabeza de, 224

  Val-Kill, 108–9, 312, 434, 495

  Valley Forge, PA, 181

  Vandenberg, Arthur H., 391

  Vanderbilt, George, 38

  Vanderbilt Mansion, 492–93

  van Loon, Hendrik Willem, 344–45

  Van Name, Willard, 348, 404–5, 406, 408, 410

  Venice, LA, 361, 364–65

  Vermont: CCC-built ski areas, 246; CCC companies in, 668n29; gift to FDR memorial, 580; national forests, 59, 429; national park proposal, 245–46; NWR in, 540; ski tourism and, 246

  Virginia: Camp Roosevelt in, 176, 525; Civil War battlefield restoration, 178; national monuments in, 178, 188, 548; NWRs in, 375, 540; state parks, CCC and, 178, 206; top-secret POW camp in, 528. See also Shenandoah National Park

  von Braun, Wernher, 528

  Voyageurs National Park, 247

  Wagstaff, David, 249

  Walcott, Frederic C., 141, 281, 385, 386

  Wallace, Henry A., 63, 171, 199–200, 320, 486; animal predator policy, 475; Beck Report and, 280; CCC and, 200; Executive Order 6166 and, 199; FDR and, 342, 445–46; foreign policy concerns, 352; interagency feud with Ickes, 199, 202; Kings Canyon opposed by, 450; North American Wildlife Conference, 323; Olympic Peninsula and, 409–10; opening of Patuxent and, 462–63; opposition to Ickes and desert bighorns, 461; personality, 351–52, 496; Salyer and, 294–95; as secretary of agriculture (see U.S. Department of Agriculture); as vice president, 199, 494, 496, 552, 558

  Wallace, Henry Cantwell, 450

  Wallaces’ Farmer, 199–200

  War Advertising Council (WAC), 526

  Ward, Geoffrey C., 4, 96

  Warm Springs, GA, 109–12; CCC and, 444–45; FDR at, 109–12, 116, 154, 220, 231, 330, 444–45, 565, 652n54; FDR forestry and cattle ranching in, 353, 551; FDR investment in, 232; FDR’s death at, 574–77, 578; fish hatchery, 111–12; hydrotherapy at, 110, 111; Little White House, 231, 232, 233, 353, 534; Little White House as state historic site, 579–80; Walk of Flags and Stones memorial, 579–80

  Warm Springs Foundation, 112

  Washington, DC: Andrew Jackson’s magnolia, 555; cherry tree controversy, 448–49; Department of the Interior headquarters, 236–37, 336; Frederic Delano and, 194; McMillan Plan of 1902, 35; National Archives building, 374; National Zoo, 715n61; river conservation and, 425; White House squirrels, 565

  Washington, George, 23, 35, 36, 57–58, 168, 246

  Washington Memorial, 192

  Washington State: CCC and, 348; dam building in, 216, 256–57, 258, 392, 395; FDR tour (1937), 407, 410–14; glaciers in, 409; Hanford “Site W,” 539–40; Mount Olympus in, 46, 404; national forests, 392, 429, 581; national parks, 408, 429–30, 507; Olympic Peninsula, logging fight, 404–6, 409–13, 418; Puget Sound, 78; Queets River, 407; Shelterbelt Project in, 292; wildlife refuges, 285, 310, 540

  water pollution: disease and human waste, 13, 94–95; Hudson River and, 13, 63, 311, 447, 516; industrial and municipal waste, World War II, 515–16; Izaak Walton League and, 98; lack of federal jurisdiction over, 426; New York City, 92; petroleum vapor conflagration, 13; Potomac River, 145–46; PWA and sewage disposal plants, 447

  water resources, 87, 133–34; CCC and, 231, 328; contamination by pesticides, 234; drought and, 142; FDR and Utah projects, 197; FDR’s policies and, 335; FDR’s public works projects, 136, 169; federal dams and, 402; Federal Power Commission, 87; irrigation projects, 310, 402–3; Kansas and, 153; PWA dams and, 216; TR and public control of, 87; TVA and, 203–5. See also river conservation

  Watson, Edwin M. “Pa,” 333, 365–66, 367, 368, 370, 386, 387, 436, 437, 489, 496; death of, effect on FDR, 574; Kenwood estate, 366, 555

  Weeks Act, 58–59, 78

  Welch, William A., 93

  Welch Lake, 580

  Welles, Ralph and Florence, 328, 457

  Western Fish Disease Laboratory, 474

  West Sister Island Wildlife Refuge, 473

  West Virginia, 548, 564; FDR “only God can make a tree” speech, 564–65

  wetland protection and restoration, 286, 324–25, 361, 362, 364, 380, 381; invasive species and, 542; prairie potholes, 272, 289, 294, 416, 497. See also Okefenokee Swamp

  Wheeler Dam, 203, 205

  Wheeler NWR, 420–21

  Whiteface Mountain Veterans Memorial Highway, 125–26, 127, 194, 319

  White House, 12; Conference on Camps for Unemployed Women, 255; conference on conservation (1908), 75; Fish Room, 334; transferred to Department of the Interior, 192

  White Mountains, 30, 46, 58–59, 82; York Pond fish hatchery, 228

  White River NWR, 301

  Wickard, Claude R., 501, 526, 532

  Wilbur, Ray F., 164, 188

  Wilderness Act of
1964, 351

  wilderness preservation, 7, 63, 159; Burnham’s depoblado, 460–61; drought, soil conservation, and, 153–54; FDR and, 46, 77, 116, 212, 230–31, 245–47, 354–57, 543; invasive species and, 444, 475; Marshall and, 480–81; National Wilderness Preservation System, 421; New Deal projects encroachment, 258–59; Quetico-Superior “wilderness sanctuary” and, 246–47; roadless movement, 351; TR and, 31, 38, 45–46; World War II and, 517–18, 543. See also national parks; state parks

  Wilderness Society, 160, 324, 430, 431

  wildlife protection, 22, 531; AOU and, 22, 105; Bankhead-Jones Farm Tenant Act and, 383; bears and, 249, 250, 301; beaver, 384, 465; Beck Report, 278–80, 285; bison (buffalo), 31, 326, 457, 467; Committee on Wildlife Restoration and, 268–80; “conservation reliance” and, 325–26; desert bighorn sheep, 212, 305, 306, 326–29, 384, 455–61; Duck Stamp Act and, 281–83, 282, 283; elk, 301, 384, 396–97, 467; Everglades National Park and species saved, 242; FDR and, 32, 301; FDR and new refuges, 297–301, 306, 308–9, 325, 326–29, 455 (see also National Wildlife Refuges); FDR and purchases of habitat, 305; FDR and saving big mammals, 305; FDR surpassing all previous presidents in, 297; federal acquisition of land and, 276, 279, 283, 293, 300–301, 308–9, 317, 388, 458, 540; federal regulations for, 471, 473; federal regulations on hunting, 303–4, 324, 385–86 (see also hunting); fight against the Suwannee Canal and, 234–35, 236; first national wildlife experiment station and, 461–66; grazing districts, 305–6; grizzlies, 301; habitat loss and, 105–6, 307; Hawes and, 141, 225–26; Hoover and, 127; Hornaday and, 345–46; invasive species and, 275–76, 279; Kenai moose, 517; Key deer, 242, 465; Lacey Act, 32–33; Louisiana, 361–65; marine sanctuary sites, 375, 381; migratory bird refuges and, 126–27, 297–301; mountain goats, 384; mythical Possum Reserve, 236; Mexican gray wolves, 273; New Deal and, 221, 225–30, 275, 279; North American Wildlife Conference, 322–26; NWR System and, 268; overhunting and endangerment, 72, 225, 249 (see also hunting); Pacific black-tailed deer, 465; Pittman-Robertson Act, 383–84; prairie elks (Roosevelt Elk), 344, 409, 410, 648n46; pronghorn antelope, 129, 317, 322, 326, 384, 420, 467; protection for predators, 273, 463; public-private partnerships, 307, 362; rattlesnake, 251; ring-necked snake, 251; river otter, 106; Rocky Mountain bighorn sheep, 344; sanctuary designations, 705–6n43; Shelterbelt Project and, 292; Sonoran antelope, 460; TR and, 32; waterfowl restoration and, 276–80, 297–301 (see also Duck Stamps); white-tailed deer, 106, 322, 384, 385, 465; wild turkey, 384; wildlife corridors, 262; wolf and, 273. See also National Wildlife Refuges