Silenced: How Apostasy and Blasphemy Codes Are Choking Freedom Worldwide
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anti-Semitic remarks of, 42, 49, 224, 346n74
criticized by Montazeri, 57–58
deterioration of rights under, 8, 42, 50, 51, 60
reaction to cartoons, 190
reaction to Regensburg address, 198
Ahmadis, persecuted or repressed, 310
in Bangladesh, 149–153
in Indonesia, 159–162
in Malaysia, 169
in Pakistan, 83, 84, 86, 87, 89–92
Al Qimni, Sayed, 61, 72, 75, 78, 80–81
Al-Azhar University (Cairo), 72, 74
censorship powers of, 72
fatwas issued against Baha’is, 8, 63–65
judges Abu-Zayd apostate, 76
See also Mansour, Ahmed Subhy; Tantawi, Muhammad Sayyed
Al-Banna, Gamal, 72, 74–76
Al-Ghamdi, Sa’id ibn Nasser, Wahhabi theorist, 34
Al-Qaeda, 9, 155, 318, 283
in Africa, 134, 138, 139
in Arabia and Yemen, 32, 34, 130
kills mostly Muslims, 326
safe haven in Afghanistan, 102
threatens Westerners, 192, 193, 194, 201, 259, 266
threatens reformers
Abu-Zayd, xiv
Al Qimni, 61
Mansour, 80
Al-Sadat, Anwar. See Sadat
Al-Shabab movement, 10, 134, 138–140, 194, 311
Al-Turabi, Hassan, 143, 147–148
Alevis, Turkish Muslim group, 9, 183, 311
persecuted, 127, 129–130
Algeria, 20, 118–122
Brigitte Bardot on, 238
moderate, 20
reaction to Christian evangelism, 9, 119, 311
relatively secular, 118, 131
Ali Bhutto, Pakistani prime minister, 85
Ali Jinnah, Muhammad, Pakistani founder, 80
Allah, xvii, 55, 100, and throughout
higher than clerical judgments, 55
identified with state or regime, 59, 315
named in militant predictions, 261–262
Malaysian ban on use of name by non-Muslims, 165–166
See also God
Allam, Magdi, 285, 323
Anglican Church, 271–272
and blasphemy laws, 234, 251
Anglicans, 46, 249
animist religion, 84, 135, 147
anti-Semitism, 214, 224, 237, 329
in Muslim countries, 49, 155, 209, 279, 324, 346n74
apostasy, 33, and throughout
Abu-Zayd accused of, 76–77
Abu-Zayd’s accuser accused of, 77
case study of, 35–36
death penalty for, 8, 10, 13, 142
strongly supported in Pakistan, 86
essay of Abu-Zayd on, 295–303
in Iranian law, 38–39, 39–41
not punished by the Prophet, 75
remarks of Abu-Zayd on, 293–294
threats of death for, 279
traditional Muslim law on, 295–298
vague use of, 20
Apple Computer Corporation, 15
Arman, Yasser, 147
Armenian Apostolic Church, 46
Armenians, 122, 128
art
protest against works of, 263–267
Assemblies of God, 46, 47
Assyrian Catholic Church, 197
Assyrian Church of the East, 46
Assyrian Evangelical Church, 46, 48
Ates, Seyran, 273, 326
Australia, 153, 198, 231
religious vilification laws, 249–250, 321, 329
See also Catch the Fire Ministries case
Baha’i religion, 61
Muslim objections to, 41, 310
origin of, 41
Baha’is
championed by Montazeri, 58
defended by Al-Banna, 76
persecution of
in Afghanistan, 310
in Egypt, 63–65
in Iran, 41–46
in Yemen, 9
Bangladesh, 85, 172, 178, 180, 203
bans books of Taslima Nasreen, 154
persecution of Ahmadis. See Ahmadis
persecution of Christian converts, 153
prosecutes Choudury, 155–156
prosecutes Rahman, 156–158
Bardot, Brigitte, 12, 248, 257, 321
Benedict XVI, Pope, 285
on violence against Christians, 95
See also Regensburg address
Bhatti, Shahbaz, 9, 94, 216, 315
champions religious minorities, 94
eulogy for, excerpt, 100
killed by Al-Qaeda and Taliban, 99–100
Bible(s), 7, 36, 196, 239, 249, 252
as evidence of apostasy, 101
as evidence of proselytizing, 101–102, 120
confiscated or destroyed, 120, 166
lead to murder of possessor, 140
permitted in some Muslim countries, 125
restricted or outlawed, 46, 108, 165, 382n3
bin Laden, Osama, 148, 177
criticized by Hirsi Ali, 244
in Al Qimni book title, 78
on Danish cartoons, 192
on Regensburg address, 199
Biro, Gaspar, UN Special Rapporteur, 145–146
accused of blasphemy, 205, 209, 316
Bisri, K. H. Mustofa, xvii, 333n1
blasphemy, 3–6, and throughout
globalization of, 10, 173–176, and throughout
vague use of, 86, 99, 115, 312
Wahid’s discussion of, xvii–xix
Western legal history of, 231–232
Boko Haram militia, 10, 137–138
Boroujerdi, Ayatollah, 53–54
Bousakla, Mimount, 16, 259, 326
Brethren churches, 46
Britain (Great Britain, U.K.), 15
employs politically correct terms, 322–323
hate-speech legislation, 251–253, 329
on Rushdie affair, 180–182, 234
See also Rushdie, Salman; Satanic Verses
British National Party (BNP), 246–247
Buddhists, 22–23, 84, 151, 158, 164, 168, 301
Burger King, 15
Cairo Declaration, 11, 16, 208–210, 400n10
caliph(s), historical, 85, 89, 106, 296
Abu Bakr, 74, 302
al-Ma’mun, 297
Ali, 105, 267
caliphate, 74, 296, 298–300, 322
restoration of by militants, 304
Canada, 66, 111, 224
conflict over sharia courts, 250, 278
hate speech laws, 227, 237, 250–251, 412n51
human rights commissions, 250
See also Levant, Ezra; Steyn, Mark, Fatah, Tarek; Manji, Irshad
Canadian Islamic Congress (CIC), 227, 242–243, 250, 278
See also Fatah, Tarek; Levant, Ezra, Steyn, Mark;
Catch the Fire Ministries case, 228–230, 249–250
Catholic(s), 143, 151, 158, 167, 189, 249–250
churches attacked, 189, 197, 199
clergy and nuns murdered, 93, 117, 136, 139, 198, 318
mending ruptures with Muslims, 285
Catholic Church, 189, 240
on freedom of speech, 198
on other religions, 239
See also Regensburg address
Catholicism, 158, 160, 163, 195
censorship by Muslim authorities
of Ahmadi works, 152
of all media, 22, 72
of books, 72, 154, 164–167, 171, 180
of journalists, 131
of magazines, 117, 124
of Muslim religious works, 71
of newspapers, 35, 72, 83
of public speakers, 143
of websites, 171
See also Allah
Chaldaean Catholic Church, 46, 199
Choudhury, Salahuddin Shoaib, 152, 155–156
Christianity, 46, 164, 167, and throughout
has status of “heavenly” religion, 62, 63
must have dialogue with Islam, 198<
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protected by blasphemy laws, 182, 231, 251, 320, 328
Christians
in Afghanistan, 102–103, 106–107, 108, 109
in Algeria, 119–121
in Egypt, 62–71, 77, 79
in Iran, 36, 46–48
in Jordan, 122–123
in Morocco, 124–126
in Nigeria, 135–137
in Pakistan 83, 84, 87, 88, 92–95, 99–100
in Saudi Arabia, 22–26, 31
in Somalia, 138–140, 311
in Sudan, 141, 143, 144–145, 147, 148
in Turkey, 117, 118, 127–129, 130
in Yemen, 131
See also converts from Islam
Confucianism, 158, 160, 164
converts from Islam
at high risk, 283–285, 310–311
examples of, 103, 106–107, 117, and throughout
See also apostasy; Christians
converts to Islam, 163, 200, 228, 326
Coptic Orthodox Church, 63, 71, 197
Copts, 65–66, 68, 80, 81
Council of Europe (CoE), 54, 204, 232
on hate speech laws, 253–255, 322, 328
Venice Commission, 236, 254–255, 257, 322, 328
Danish cartoons, 184–185, and throughout
condemned by Muslim governments, 190–191
deaths resulting from, 174, 178
reprinted, 11, 188, 193, 242–243
violent protest against, 133, 177–178, 187–190
See also Jyllands-Posten; Levant, Ezra; OIC; Westergaard, Kurt
defamation, historical meaning of, 225
defamation of religion(s), 4, 150, 175, and throughout
originally defamation of Islam, 11, 175
poorly defined, 5, 211, 212
resolutions against, by UN General Assembly, 206, 215–216
resolutions against, by UN Human Rights Council
history of, 211–213, 215–216
opposed by Western nations, 207, 211, 217
pushed by OIC, 4, 206–208, 211–212
strategically not introduced, 207, 211, 216
Deligoz, Ekin, 16, 274
democracy
accused of being un-Islamic, 7, 247
declared compatible with Islam, 54, 56, 57, 277, and throughout
threatened by blasphemy laws, 5, 185, 242
Denmark, 16
See also Danish cartoons
Diène, Doudou, UN Special Rapporteur, 213–214, 224
chastises American evangelicals, 211
focuses on “Islamophobia,” 213–214
inspires OIC complaints, 215
lacks balance in reports, 214
Druze, religion, 122
Durban Review Conference (Durban II), 223–224
Egypt, 8, 11, 16, 61–82, and throughout
See also Muslim Brotherhood
Ellian, Afshin, 278
ethnicity of religious minorities, 46, 50, 110, 119, 164
EU (European Union), 43, 127, 185, 296
legislates against racism, 235
on freedom of speech, 12
See also defamation of religion(s)
European Court of Human Rights, 130, 232–233, 254–255, 257, 328
Ezidi (Yezidi) religion, 127, 376n76
Fallaci, Oriana, 239–240, 257
Faraz, Jawad, 98–99
Fatah, Tarek, 278
Fatima, daughter of Muhammad, 37
fatwa(s), 38, 96, 106, 111, and throughout
against bananas and cucumbers, 74
against Danish cartoonists, 190, 191
against Naguib Mahfouz, 81
against Salman Rushdie. See Rushdie, Salman
against translating prayers, 163
denying that Ahmadis are Muslims, 159
ruled illegal in Bangladesh, 151
Finkielkraut, Alain, 271
Finland, 12, 228, 240, 321, 328
Fitna (film), 178, 202
reaction to, 202–203
See also Wilders, Geert
Foda, Farag, 73–74, 79, 81
Fortuyn, Pim, 267–268
France, 15, 118, 124, 269, 271, 321
abolished old blasphemy law, 231, 237
and Danish cartoons, 188, 192, 242
on defamation of religions, 219
freedoms of religion, speech, and expression
threatened, 178, 222–223, 257, and throughout
See also apostasy; blasphemy; censorship; defamation; democracy; human rights
fundamentalism, Muslim, 242, 257, 275, 307, 326, 330
Abu-Zayd on, 289–291, 293–294
financial support for, 73–74
Nasreen on, 155
Rushdie on, 180
Wahid on, xviii–xxi
fundamentalist Muslim parties, 158, 171
God, 41, 71, 85, 101, and throughout
identified with a regime, 52, 60
waging war against, 35, and throughout
Wahid on, xvii–xxii
See also Allah
Greater Middle East region, 9, 117–118, 131–132
hadith, 74, 78, 111, 115, 152, 155
Abu-Zayd on, 294
Saeed on, 296–297
Wahid on, xx, 333n5
hate speech
equated loosely with other terms, 5
lacking a clear legal definition, 5, 12, 176, 230
restricted by company policy, 202
restricted by law or by vigilantism, 178
uttered by Muslims, 202, 237, 246
See also blasphemy; defamation of religion(s)
hate-speech laws, 187
general critique of, 5, 318–322, 326–330
in international conventions, 235
in Muslim nations
could undercut religious freedom, 226
in Western nations
American attitudes to, 221–223, 236
in Britain, 246, 251–253
in Denmark, 240–241
in France, 248
in Netherlands, 270
increasing use of, 176
initially antiracism measures, 12, 235, 237–238
reaction against, 249–253
replace blasphemy bans, 176, 207, 219, 235, 236
See also blasphemy; Council of Europe; defamations of religion(s)
Hindus, 154
as religious minority, 22, 84, 102, 124, 131, 151, 158, 164
repressed in Pakistan, 84, 87, 95–96