Silenced: How Apostasy and Blasphemy Codes Are Choking Freedom Worldwide

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Silenced: How Apostasy and Blasphemy Codes Are Choking Freedom Worldwide Page 79

by Paul Marshall


  Hirsi Ali, Ayaan, 193, 244, 257, 261, 268–269, 323

  hisba, 62, 80–81

  human rights, 5, 16, 19, and throughout

  redefined by “defamation” notion, 4, 206

  violations of, 38, 105, and throughout

  See also Cairo Declaration; Universal Declaration of Human Rights; UN High Commissioner for Human Rights

  human rights commissions, 211, 227, 251, 321, 326

  in Muslim-majority countries, 30, 94, 97, 110, 111, 314

  repress free speech, 321–322. See also Levant, Ezra; Steyn, Mark

  See also UN

  Human Rights Council. See UN, Human Rights Council

  Ibrahim, Saad Eddin, 75, 79, 81, 273

  ICCPR, 203, 215, 218–219, 220–221, 225, 235–236

  ICERD (also CERD), 203, 215, 221, 224–225, 235

  identity cards

  religion indicated on, 63–65, 130, 167

  problem for Alevis, 130

  problem for Baha’is, 63–65

  problem for Christians, 68–71, 167

  Imam, Twelfth, 36, 41, 49

  imams, 31, 37, 202, 253, 260, 267, 275, 284

  African, 147, 262

  American, 76

  Asian, 96, 98–99, 149, 154

  Danish, 174, 186–187

  Dutch, 243–244, 270, 278, 280

  Middle Eastern, 130, 152, 203

  other European, 7, 31, 271, 275

  Indonesia, 149, 150–151, 158–164, 165–166, 172

  recognizes only six faiths, 158

  response to Danish cartoons, 11, 189, 190

  Iran, 35–60, 308

  on Danish cartoons, 190

  on Regensburg address, 196, 198

  on Satanic Verses, 177–183

  oppressive to minority religions, 310, 311

  Iraq, 3, 41, 55, 61, 186, and throughout

  response to Danish cartoons, 177, 187, 190, 191

  response to Regensburg address, 197, 198, 199

  Shia-Sunni tensions in, 26

  Islamophobia, 207–208, 211–214, 223–224, 318, and throughout

  Ismailis, 7, 21–22, 27–28, 102, 131, 311

  Israel, 41, 57, 60, and throughout

  accused of espionage, 41, 43, 48–49

  and Palestinian conflict, 34, 207, 237

  calls for destruction of, 49, 177

  See also Jews

  Jahangir, Asma, UN Special Rapporteur, 94, 214–215, 224, 314

  Jami, Ehsan, 281–282

  Jehovah’s Witnesses, 158, 161, 237

  Jews, 8, 9, 329 and throughout

  as religious minority, 36, 63, 102, 124, 127, 131

  deemed conspirators against Islam, 24, 26, 105, 279

  Muslim hostility to, 22, 23, 32, 190, 204

  See also Israel

  John Paul II, Pope, 54, 198, 239, 240

  Jordan, 118, 122–123, 166, 196, and throughout

  lays charges against Wilders, 203

  Joy, Lina, 167–168

  Judaism, 62, 63, 263, 433n6

  Jyllands-Posten, Danish newspaper, 177, 184–194

  threatened with violence, 193–194

  See also Danish cartoons

  Kaaba (Kaabah), 15, 166, 264

  Kadivar, Mohsen, 54–55, 315

  Kambakhsh, Sayed Pervez, 112–114

  Karzai, Hamid, Afghani president, 102, 105–114, 190

  Kelek, Necla, 273–274

  Khader, Naser, 16, 207, 276–277

  Khamenei, Ayatollah Sayyid Ali, Supreme Leader of Iran (1989–) 35, 37, 42, 49, 53, 59, 180, 190, 196, 315

  Khomeini, Grand Ayatollah Ruhollah, Supreme Leader of Iran (1979–89) 3–4, 7, 35–38, 50, 55, 57–60, 177–183, 310, 315

  Hirsi Ali on, 244

  Mahfouz on, 81

  See also Rushdie, Salman

  Klausen, Jytte, 16, 194, 264–265, 324

  Koran. See Qur’an

  Kuwait, 85, 190–191

  Last Temptation of Christ (film), 234

  Lehto, Seppo, 240

  Liberal Islam Network, 162–163

  Libya, 118, 249

  reaction to Danish cartoons, 189, 194

  reaction to Regensburg address, 196

  treatment of apostasy, 9, 310, 376n76

  Life of Brian (film), 234, 252

  Lotfi, Mojtaba, 57–58

  lynching, 8, 88

  Mahdavi, Saeed Mir Hussein, 110–111, 370n45, 370n48

  Mahfouz, Naguib, 8, 14, 34, 72, 77, 81

  Malaysia, 7, 149–151, 164–170

  debate on apostasy laws, 298

  Maldives, 150, 170–172

  ban some writings of Saeed, 288

  Mali, 20

  Mandaeans, 36, 376n76

  Manji, Irshad, 279, 326

  Mansour, Ahmed Subhy, 8, 74, 78–80, 81, 273

  Mauritania, 311

  Mecca, 7, 15, 24, 30, 91, 139, 142, and throughout

  2005 OIC meeting at, 11, 27, 187, 216–217

  Grand Mosque in, 22, 29

  pilgrimage to, 26, 91

  Medina, 27, 142, 152

  See also Mecca

  mobs, 8–9, 88, 142, and throughout

  attack Ahmadis, 149, 159–160

  attack Alevis, 130

  attack Christians, 66, 83, 94, 136

  attack churches, 8, 66, 83, 94, 121

  attack homes and property, 66, 83, 94

  attack Muslims, 96–99, 142, 163

  attack publishers, 88

  out of state control, 10

  surround courtrooms, 93

  mohareb, 59, 315

  Montazeri, Grand Ayatollah Hussein Ali, 7, 56–59

  Morocco, 11, 117, 118, 124–127, 131, 197, 311

  Mubarak, Hosni, Egyptian president, 62, 63, 72, 76, 143

  Muhammad, Prophet of Islam, xvii, 98, 142, and throughout

  depiction of, 105, 185–186

  last of the prophets, 14, 20, 41, 89

  not to be insulted, xvii, 30, 31, 37, 86, 88, and throughout

  See also Rushdie, Salman; Satanic Verses

  Muslim Brotherhood, 62, 216, 282

  in Egypt, 73, 74, 76, 79, 81

  in Sudan, 140, 141, 148

  on Danish cartoons, 186, 188, 191

  on Regensburg address, 195–196, 198

  Muslim Canadian Congress (MCC), 250, 278, 326

  See also Steyn, Mark

  Muslim population of the world, xxi, 200, 302, 308

  Namazie, Maryam, 252, 281

  Nasab, Ali Mohaqeq, 111–112, 314

  Nasreen, Taslima, 152, 154–155, 193

  Nasser, Gamel Abdel, Egyptian president, 62, 63

  NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization), 174, 308–309

  in Afghanistan, 9, 34, 108

  Nazir-Ali, Bishop Michael, 271–272, 284

  Netherlands, 201–203, 243, 245–246, 261, 267

  Muslim emigrants to, 34, 268, 278, 281, 293, 323

  potential Islamization of, 202, 238, 245, 270, 282

  See also Van Gogh, Theo; Wilders, Geert

  Nigeria, 19, 133, 134, 135–138, 190, 194, 319

  Nobel Prize winners from Muslim-majority nations, 45, 81, 89, 127

  Nomani, Asra, 275

  nongovernmental organizations (NGOs)

  critics of rights violations, 175, 209–210, 217

  personnel endangered, 153, 187, 188, 209–211

  Noor, Kadra, 275

  Nouri, Abdollah, 56–57

  Nuba Muslims. See Sudan

  OIC (Organization of the Islamic Conference)

  2005 Mecca meeting, 27, 187, 205, 216, 217

  champions blasphemy/hate-speech bans, 175, 178

  fomented anger over Danish cartoons, 4, 174, 309

  on Danish cartoons, 186, 187

  on Fitna, 202–203

  on Regensburg address, 196, 198–199

  on Satanic Verses, 181

  See also defamation of religion(s)

  Pakistan, 8–9, 83–100, and throughout

  drifts from pluralism to Isla
mic law, 84–85

  on Danish cartoons, 190

  on Fitna, 203

  on Regensburg address, 196

  on Satanic Verses, 180, 182–183

  represses religious minorities, 89–97

  represses religious reformers, 97–99

  Parsis. See Zoroastrians

  Paryani, Nazari, 115

  Payman Daily, 115

  Pin, Ayah. See Sky Kingdom

  pluralism

  implications for Islam, 299–301

  Presbyterian(s), 46, 103, 189

  Prophet, the. See Muhammad

  proselytism, 49, 159

  alleged, 102–103, 108, 125, and throughout

  harsh punishments for, 102, 119

  Qaradawi, Sheikh, 216, 246, 283, 318

  equivocates on apostasy law, 13, 280, 433n16

  extreme views of, 251, 324

  on Danish cartoons, 188

  on Redeker, 259

  on Shias, 433n5

  Qur’an, 22, and throughout

  allegedly desecrated, 9, 11, 14, 29, 94, 96, 108

  distinguished from Sunna, 32, 75, 79

  Muhammad’s role in writing, 26, 53

  on non-believers in Allah, 282–283

  quoted by Abu-Zayd, 291

  quoted by Saeed, 298

  quoted by Wahid, xviii–xxii

  Qur’anic interpretation, 23, 76, 277

  Qur’anic scholarship, 281, 289–294

  Quranists, political movement, 8, 79–80, 273

  Rahman, Arifur, 156–158

  Rasmussen, Anders Fogh, Danish prime minister, 184–188, 276

  Redeker, Robert, 16, 259–260, 323

  Regensburg address of Benedict XVI, 195–199, 259

  consequent murders, 139, 199

  diplomatic fallout from, 196, 198–199

  Rehman, Shabana, 276

  Rice, Condoleezza, US Secretary of State, 218

  “right not to be offended,” 206, 232–233, 235, 252, 254

  Rose, Flemming, 185, 192–194, 308

  Rowhani, Ruhollah, 45, 60

  Roy, Muhammad Yusman, 163

  Rushdie, Salman, 3, 177, and throughout

  fatwa against, 177, 179

  forced into hiding, 177, 181

  initially unapologetic, 180

  offers ineffective apologies, 180–182

  resumes public life, 177

  See also Khomeini, Grand Ayatollah; Satanic Verses

  Sabuni, Nyamko, 274, 326

  Sadat, Anwar, Egyptian president, 62, 72

  Saeed, Abdullah, 171, 288, 325

  essay by, 295–303

  Santosa, Teguh, 163–164

  Sarkozy, Nicolas, French president, 15, 238, 242, 269, 271

  Satanic Verses, The (novel), 177, 179–184

  and blasphemy laws, 234

  attempted murders sparked by, 92, 182, 183

  banning of, 180, 181, 182, 183

  burning of, 180, 318

  murders sparked by, 177, 183

  threats connected with, 93, 182, 183

  See also Rushdie, Salman; Satanic Verses, The; self-censorship

  Saudi Arabia, 3, 4, 6, 7, 21–34, and throughout

  on Danish cartoons, 186, 191

  on Fitna, 203

  on Satanic Verses, 180

  represses religious minorities, 24–29

  represses religious reformers, 30–33

  See also Al-Ghamdi; Wahhabi Islam

  Sbai, Souad, 275

  self-censorship, 12, 264, 286, 324

  of actors, 264, 266

  of artists, 266, 325

  of bookstores, 180, 324, 325

  of censorship-monitoring groups, 265, 324, 325

  of dramatic productions, 263–264, 325

  of galleries and museums, 263, 264, 266

  of news media, 16, 260

  of publishers, 16, 265, 266, 324, 325

  of television shows, 266

  of universities, 324

  of writers, 324

  Sethi, Najam, 99

  Shaikh, Mohammad Younas, 97–98

  sharia, 208–210, 217, 276, and throughout

  combined with secular law, 62, 122, 164

  conflicts with rights-based law, 206

  encroaches upon secular law, 62, 85, 135

  official law of the land, 22, 131, 138, 141, 170

  original meaning of, xviii

  rejected by Western countries, 207, 227, 250, 261, 278

  some practices required by, 111

  Sharif, Omar, 283

  Shia Islam, 3, 129–130, 186, 297

  Shias, adherents of Shia Islam

  as religious minority, 22, 72, 84, 102, 122, 124, 131

  deemed heretical or non-Muslim, 25, 26, 96, 164, 169

  persecuted or repressed by Sunnis, 25, 73, 96, 109

  Shinwari, Fazil Hadi, Afghani Chief Justice, 104–105, 110, 370n48

  Sima, Samar, 9, 109–110

  Sistany, Ali Reza Payam, 110–111

  Sisters in Islam, 166, 170, 172, 317, 387n76

  Sky Kingdom (“Teapot Group”), 169–170

  Sogaard, Runar, 271

  Somalia, 10, 133, 134, 138–140, 311

  reaction to Danish cartoons, 188

  reaction to Regensburg address, 198

  Soroush, Abdolkarim, 53, 56

  South and Southeast Asia, 10, 149–172

  Steyn, Mark, 12, 243, 257

  prosecuted for Maclean’s piece, 227–228

  stoning, 47, 96

  for adultery, 9, 104, 111, 114–115, 147, 239, 244, 312

  Submission (film), 244, 261, 263, 268, 318

  denounced by Dutch Arabs, 262

  See also Hirsi Ali, Ayaan; van Gogh, Theo

  Sudan, 10, 11, 19, 133–135, 140–148, 309

  commits Nuba genocide, 133–134

  condemned by UN report, 145–146, 205–206

  imposes sharia law, 141

  Sufi Islam, xix, xxi, 134

  Sufis, adherents of SufiIslam, 8, 14, 20, and throughout

  persecuted 22, 23, 29, 51–52, 138, 311

  Sultan, Wafa, 246, 273, 282–283

  Sunna (Sunnah), tradition ascribed to Muhammad

  distinguished from Qur’an, xvii, 32, 75

  linked with Qur’an, 22, 84, 85

  Mansour on, 78–79

  See also hadith; Qur’an

  Sunni Islam, 3, 4, 10, 28, and throughout

  See also Wahhabi Islam

  Sunnis, adherents of Sunni Islam, 7, 9, 30, and throughout

  as religious minority, 36, 50

 

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