Dark Matter of the Mind
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Hume, David, 54–55; Treatise of Human Nature, 54
“hum speech”: among Pirahã children, 126, 132; among Pirahãs, 209. See also speech; and various categories
Hymes, Dell, 209
hypernymization, of terms, 18
icons, 176–77; and signs, 201. See also linguistics
idea(s): of “cultivation,” 71; of culture, 66–71; folk (elementary), 43–44; Hume on, 54; and memes, 4. See also culture(s); dark matter; philosophy
idealism, subjective (Berkeley), 53. See also mind(s); philosophy
identity, cultural: construction of, 122; and memory, 27. See also culture(s)
idioculture, 104. See also culture(s)
idiolects, 237. See also dialects; linguistics
idioms, 202. See also language(s)
IEP (immediacy of experience principle), effects on Pirahã language, 218, 221–22, 223, 224
image, 142–44, 144n3, 145n5. See also photography
imagination, Kant’s notion of, 39n7
imitation, and cultural identity, 122. See also local mimicry
implicit values. See values
index(es): body language as, 176–77; and Pirahãs, as signs, 201. See also signs
indexicals, 175–76; richest source of, 178; Silverstein on, 177. See also culture; dark matter; language; linguistics
Indians, Brazilian, caboclos’s contempt for, 186–87
Indians, American, 233
individual, 12, 84; confluence with culture, 178. See also culture(s); humans; self
infants, 285; attitudes toward, 125; innate morality among (P. Bloom et al.), 305–10; and mothers, 121; Pirahã, 124–25, 126. See also children; instinct(s); Pirahãs; universalism
“innate,” difficulties defining, 311–15; descriptor of knowledge, 49, 53n11, 284, 292–315. See also instinct(s); knowledge
insider. See emic
instinct(s), 12, 108; and cognitive revolution, 322–26; cultural appeal of, 306–7; evolution and, 284–307; problems defining, 311–15. See also phonology; semantics
instruction, 15. See also teacher(s); teaching
intelligence: artificial (AI), 101–3; human, 119. See also computer(s)
intentionality, 243. See also gesture(s); speech
interactional instinct, prior to language, 225
intuition, 16
Isaiah, 263. See also Bible
Islam/Muslims, on translation of Quran, 267–68. See also Bible; Christianity/Christians; Hinduism/Hindus; religion
isogloss, 91n6
Italians, use of gestures, 230–31. See also gesture(s)
“Ivy League” bias, 306. See also instinct(s)
Jakobson, Roman, 204
James, William, 40–41, 54, 55, 155
Jesus Christ, 259. See also Bible; Christianity/Christians; God; religion
Jews, use of gestures, 230–31. See also gesture(s); religion
Jung, Carl, 44. See also Freud, Sigmund; psychology
Kant, Immanuel, 38–41, 39n7. See also philosophy; and individual names
kaoaibogis, 96n7, 275–76
Keller, Heidi, 121
Keller, Janet, on family, 81–82
Kendon, Adam, 231, 238, 246
King, David, 266n4
kinship, 94, 190; among Pirahãs, 126, 190, 218, 277. See also family; Pirahãs
Kluckhohn, Clyde (husband of Florence Kluckhohn), 85–86
Kluckhohn, Florence (wife of Clyde Kluckhohn), 85, 86
knowledge: a priori, 15–16, 18, 35–36, 38, 39, 48, 49, 50–51, 52–53, 59, 286–87; a priori, vs. specific, 51; Aristotelian view of, 50–59, 245; Bayesian concept of innate, 313; body/culture-mind, 109; core, 298; cultural, 77, 174–76; and/as dark matter, 107–8, 170; hierarchical structures of, 80–81; implicit, in texts, 174–76; individual vs. social, 62–113; innate, 49, 53n11, 284, 292–315; instant access to, 170; kinds of, 23–30, 49, 109, 263; and/of language, 122, 244, 270; as particle, wave, and field, 31–50, 31n4, 237n8; Platonic view of innate, 34–50, 287; Polanyi on, 58; subjective vs. objective (Kant), 40. See also culture(s); instinct(s); knowledge-how; knowledge-that; language(s); phonological core knowledge; tacit knowledge; universalism
knowledge-how, 15, 25, 26, 27–29, 30, 34, 40, 80–81, 108. See also knowledge
knowledge-that, 25, 26, 27–29, 30, 34. See also knowledge
Koiné, 140, 264. See also language(s)
Kopenawa, Davi, 124; The Falling Sky, 124
Korean (language), 296, 300. See also language(s)
Koster, Jan, 7
Kuhn, Thomas, 168, 169
Ladefoged, Peter, 152, 153, 247
Lakoff, George, 202; “Linguistic Gestalts,” 202. See also linguistics
language(s), 62, 67, 177, 269, 323; acquisition by Pirahã children, 131–34; of animals, 107–8; Arandic, 252–53; and attachment, 131–35; Chomsky on, 34–35, 36, 45, 47–48, 156; and culture, 72, 122, 198–226, 265, 269–70; as culture, 68–69; as dynamic, 238, 323; equiprimordiality in, 241–43; evolution of, 232, 241–50; gesture as dialectic with, 235, 237; grammar enables, 202–6; and human behavior, 234; origin, 290–91; origin in culture, 68, 120, 313; origin, multimodal, 251–54; particles of, 31–32; phatic, 111; philosophy of, 283–316; of Pirahãs, 113–14, 179–85, 207–14, 217–18, 256; “primitives” lacking in (Wierzbicka), 304–5; product of dynamic gestures and static grammars, 228–30; and society, 91; and society, Vygotsky vs. Piaget on, 131; signs enable, 177, 200–201; as tool, 105, 122, 289; universals in, 156, 305; Wittgenstein on, 288–90; word order in (SVO or SOV), 257. See also Chomsky, Noam; culture(s); evolution; gesture(s); knowledge; linguistics; mind; Pirahãs; syntax
“language games” (Wittgenstein), 289. See also language(s); Wittgenstein, Ludwig
languaging, 288, 289. See also language(s)
Latour, Bruno, on culture, 66n2
Laurence, Stephen, 286
“laws of cultural development” (Boas), 45
learning, Kant on, 39–40. See also instruction; knowledge; teacher(s); teaching
Leibniz, Kant on, 40
l’Épée, Abbé Charles-Michel de, 233
Levi-Strauss, Claude, 17; definition of culture, 77–78. See also anthropology; culture(s); linguistics; structure(s)
lexical affiliates, 239
lexicon, 202; effects of culture on, 225–26. See also language(s); linguistics
Lieberman, Philip, 206
liminality, experiential, 218: in Pirahãs language, 218. See also language(s)
linguistics, 7–8, 17, 71; Chomskyan, 34–35, 36, 45, 47–48, 62, 199, 203, 217, 253, 285–86, 287; Chomskyan vs. Greenbergian, 156–57; constraints, 84; contrast in, 86; descriptions and, 138; diachronic, 248–50; dialects, 75, 91, 168–70; formal, 251–52; formal and functional, 236; history of, 168–69, 231–34, 231n4; innateness and, 285–86; isoglosses, 91; mathematical, 291; reification of, 204–6, 233; Sapir’s; 55–57; structural, 168; synchronic vs. diachronic, 168, 237; theoretical, 90; for understanding cul-ture, 72. See also Chomsky, Noam; culture(s); language(s); phonemics; phonetics; Pike, Kenneth
literacy. See perceptual literacy
“local mimicry,” 75–76
Locke, John, 52–53. See also philosophy
logical positivism, 288. See also philosophy
“logos,” 144
Mallery, Garrick, 233; Sign Language among North American Indians Compared with That among Other Peoples and Deaf–Mutes, 233
Mameli, Matteo, critique of universalist concepts, 310–11. See also Chomsky, Noam; instinct(s)
Marcus, Gary, 99–100
Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), 9
“massive modularity,” 313. See also evolutionary psychology (EP); psychology
materialism, eliminative, 54. See also philosophy
maxims. See conversational maxims
McCarthy, John, 103–4
McDowell, John, 169
McNeill, David, 239–40, 241, 250, 251, 252, 254; concept of “growth point,” 237; on equipr
imordiality, 241–43; gesture continuum of, 234–36, 244–46, 250–51; on recursion, 243–44
Mead, George Herbert, 241. See also “Mead’s loop”
Mead, Margaret, 325; on culture, 66n2
“Mead’s loop,” 241, 242, 242n12, 243, 250, 254. See also gesture(s); language(s); speech
meaning, 269. See also semantics
memory: Aristotle on, 52; and identity, 27; repressed, 43–44. See also brain; mind
men: Banawá, weapon making, 206, 207, 249; Pirahã, 126, 131, 177, 188, 208, 210, 211. See also Pirahãs; sex; women
Merge, 86n5, 155, 156, 157, 215–16, 216n4. See also language(s); linguistics; psychology
metaculture, human (HM), 286–87. See also anthropology; culture(s); knowledge
“Metamorality idea” (Everett), 307–10. See also human nature; instinct(s)
metaphor, 150; belief-ascription as, 104; Brazilian, 110; Campbell on, 46; personification, 103. See also gesture(s); languages(s)
microculture, 8. See also culture(s)
Millikan, Ruth G., 112
mind, 5–19, 323; Berkeley on, 53–54; as biological, 324; as blank slate, 12, 42, 52–53, 323; children’s (Chomsky on), 47, 48; as computer, 322, 324; Freud on, 43–44; Kant on, 39–40. See also brain; computer(s); dark matter
missionaries, American, 3, 259–60
mistranslation, 262–63. See also translation
misunderstanding, 154. See also counterexamples; exceptions, vs. counterexamples
“monomyth” (Campbell), 45
mora, 33, 33n5
morality: and culture, 325; in infants, 305–11; among religions, 319. See also instinct(s); universality
mothers: American vs. Pirahã, 125; and infants, 121; Pirahã, 123–24; Pirahã, giving birth, 129n11; Pirahã, vs. Alto do Cruzeiro, 125. See also children; fathers; men; Pirahãs; women
music: knowledge of, 80–81; popular, 193–96; rock, 164; Woodstock festival, 161–68
“musical speech”: among Pirahã children, 132, among Pirahãs, 209, 210. See also various categories
mutation, in dark matter, 207. See also dark matter
myth(s), Campbell on, 45–47
names, in Pirahã texts, 189, 191, 192. See also Pirahãs
National Health Agency of Brazil (FUNASA), 124
nativism, 11; lacks definition, 311–16; lacks moral instinct, 307–10; lacks semantic instinct, 304–5; lacks universal grammar (UG), 310–11. See also instinct(s)
natural semantic metalanguage (NSM) (Wierzbicka), 304–5
nature: and culture, 77–78; and nurture, 25–26, 26, 121, 320; Pirahãs’ knowledge of, 170. See also human nature; nurture
Neanderthals, 250, 250n15. See also humans
network(s): of analogies, 115; in culture, 66, 79, 81, 98, 101, 119, 141; societal, 96, 121. See also culture(s)
New Testament, 140, 176, 259, 318. See also Bible
Newton, Isaac, 39. See also science
Nida, Eugene A., 268–69
non-self, 5. See also self
non-sequitur, 272–73. See also discourse(s)
norms, 110–11, 112. See also conventions
no-self (anatman, in Buddhism), 13, 318–19. See also non-self; self
nurture: within family, 82–83; vs. nature, 121, 320. See also family; nature; Pirahãs
objects, whole, 255–56, 266. See also homesigns (sign language); translation
“Oedipus complex” (Freud), 43. See also Freud, Sigmund; psychology
Ohala, John, refutes Berent on universal sonority sequencing generalization (SSG), 297
onsets, complex, 294
optimality theory (OT), 82, 84
ordinary language philosophy, school of, 288. See also language(s); philosophy
origins, problem of, 303, 304
Oro Win, 153–54
Osiatyński, Wiktor, 310
OT. See optimality theory
other, vs. self, 109. See also self
Otto, Hiltrud, 121
outsider. See etic, and/vs. emic
overlap, between humans, 89
“Oxford school,” 289
Panksepp, Jaak, 321–22
pantomime, 235, 244. See also gesture(s); speech
Parsons, Talcott, 77
particle, wave, and field, 31–50
Pascal, Blaise, 46–47. See also philosophy; and individual names
Paul, Apostle, 36; on women, 139–40. See also Bible; Christianity/Christians
Pearl, Lisa, 316
Pedophilia, among Pirahãs, 131
Peirce, C. S., 176–77, 199, 201, 255–56
“people culture,” 171. See also business culture; culture(s)
perception, 14–16, 319; and culture, 141–50, 143n2. See also blindness; culture(s); photography; self; vision
perceptual literacy. See photography
perceptual organization, 144
perceptual reorganization, 144, 146–47
perlocution, effect of, 113
philosophy, 7; Aristotle’s vs. Plato’s, 50–52; discussion of, 169; of language, 283–316; of translation, 269; vs. science, 49. See also Aristotle; language(s); Plato; Wittgenstein, Ludwig; and various names
phoneme(s), Pirahã, 208–11. See also linguistics; phonemics; phonetics; sonority
phonemics: chart, 32; vs. phonetics, 7, 86. See also linguistics; phonetics
phonetic, vs. phonemic, 7. See also linguistics; phoneme(s); phonemics; phonetics
phonetics, 7n6; Amazonian, 152–53; Pirahã, 132, 152–53, 152n10, 208; rarities among, 153–54; voiced vs. voiceless sounds, 31–32. See also language(s); linguistics; phoneme(s); phonemics
phonological core knowledge, “seven wonders of” (Berent), 298–300, 302. See also knowledge; phonology
phonological mind (Berent), 293–304. See also phonology
phonology: Berent on nativist, 292–304, 294, 295; instinct nonexistent in, 292–307; parents’ toward Pirahã babies, 126; of Pirahã language, 152n10, 198–226; theory, 152–53. See also ethnophonology; linguistics; phonemics; phonetics; Pirahãs; speech
phonotactics, 296–98
photography: and perception, 143, 145–47, 146, 146n7; and perception, among Pirahãs, 137–38, 142, 145–49, 145n5, 147n8, 148, 148n9. See also art
physiology, effect on emotions, 321–22. See also biology; emotion(s)
Piaget, J., vs. Vygotsky, 131
Pike, Kenneth, 7, 8, 17, 27, 30, 31, 78, 274, 289; on gestures, 228–29, 230, 234, 237n8, 239, 245; on structure, 91–92, 93–94, 96, 199. See also gesture(s); language(s); linguistics; speech
“Pike’s problem,” 229. See also Pike, Kenneth
Pinker, Steven, 291, 322–24
Pirahãs: and animals, 127–28, 127, 131; anthropology of, 75–76, 75n4; assumptions held, 2–4, 53, 103, 113; attachment among, 122, 123–31; “blindness” among, 142; canoes of, 110; C-grammar of, 96; children, 120–21, 122, 124–31, 133; culture, vs. American, 39, 151–60; dance among, 138–39; dismiss abstractions, 54; ethnography of, 92–96; grammar of, 192; hippies compared with, 167–68; infants, 124–25, 126, 129n9; and Kaoaibogis, 275–76; language of, 32, 33, 111, 113–14, 118, 126, 157, 207–12, 216, 217, 218, 259–60, 265, 266–67, 270–71, 304–5; language of, gender marked, 177, 208–10; language of teachers, 185, 213, 278; monolingual, 193, 277–78; mothers, 124–25, 126, 270; phonemes used, 32; on photography, 137–38, 142, 145–48, 145n6, 146n7, 147n8, 148n9; prosody of, 208; and religion, 259–60, 319; repetitive discourse of, 192–93; sex among, 130–31; storytelling among, 132–33, 161–70; structure of society, 94–95; syllable structure among, 33; and taste, 16; teaching English to (Everett), 278; texts of, 107, 212–14; texts of, on making arrows, 179–85; texts of, names in, 191; theft from, 181–85, 189, 190, 193; trade practices, 181, 185–87; translation of, 266–67, 270–71, 274–78; vocabulary, 191–92, 270–71, 274–78; women, 123–24, 181; xenophobia among, 125–26, 186. See also anthropology; Culture; grammar; language(s); linguistics; nature; nurture; phonetics: Amazonian; spee
ch; women
Plato: vs. Aristotle on knowledge, 51, 245; descendants of, 36–50; Meno, 35, 38, 51, 52; view of innate knowledge, 34–50, 245. See also Aristotle; philosophy
Polanyi, Michael, 5, 11, 13, 24, 26; on effects of language, 35; on “emergence,” 58; Personal Knowledge, 58; on tacit knowledge, 57–58
popular culture. See culture(s)
poranting (wooden club), 134
portmanteau being, 96
Portuguese language, translation issues of, 264–65. See also language(s); translation
potential evidentiality domain (PED), 204; in Pirahã language, 220–22, 221, 222
pragmatism, American, 55. See also philosophy
pregnancy, 123–24. See also birth; children; mothers; women
procedures, dark matter of, 178–93. See also dark matter
prosody, 254: in Pirahã language, 208, 209–10, 230n3. See also linguistics; Pirahãs
pseudo-exceptions. See counter-examples
“psychic unity of mankind” (Bastian), 34, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 49, 56
psychoanalysis, Freud’s, 43–44. See also Freud, Sigmund; psychology
psychology, 6, 14–15; of autochthonous peoples toward researchers, 187–88; and culture, 100, 119–20; evolutionary (EP), 11n10, 68, 69–70; scientific, 43. See also Freud, Sigmund
psychotherapy, Freud’s, 44. See also Freud, Sigmund; psychology
Pullum, Geoffrey K., 270, 291
queuing, 111
Quine, W. V. O., 58–59, 259, 261, 265–67, 266n4, 274; Word and Object, 265
Quintilian, 232
Quran, translation of, 267–68. See also Bible; Christians/Christianity; Islam/Muslims; religion; translation
Ramus, Peter, 232
ranking: alternative, 173–74; of values, 82–83, 84–90, 91, 97, 162. See also values
rationalism: Cartesian, 286; Chomsky and Platonic, 47, 49, 49n9, 287; clade of, 50; Kant’s, 38–39; “settled and proved,” 49. See also philosophy
rationality, 83. See also rationalism
reasoning: a priori, 54–55; inductive and abductive, 55
recursion, 86n5, 155–56, 215–26, 247–48; Pirahã language lacks, 155, 215, 216–17, 216n5, 218–20, 220n7, 222, 270. See also language(s); linguistics
“regenesis” (Berent), 302
reification: of linguistics, 204–6, 233. See also Chomsky, Noam; linguistics