The Plantagenets: The Warrior Kings and Queens Who Made England

by Dan Jones

  Stephen of Rouen, 54

  Stewart, Robert, 446, 447, 470

  Stirling Bridge, battle (1297), 345, 346

  Stratford, John, archbishop of Canterbury, 458, 463, 465–7, 468

  Stratford, Robert, bishop of Chichester, chancellor, 464, 465

  Strongbow (Richard FitzGilbert de Clare), 79–80

  Sudbury, Simon of, archbishop of Canterbury, 527, 528, 529, 532, 533, 536–7

  Suffolk, Michael de la Pole, earl of: Appellant revolt, 552, 554; escape overseas, 554; relationship with Richard II, 544, 550; removal demanded by parliament, 546, 548; role in Richard II’s household, 542; title, 545

  Suffolk, Robert Ufford, earl of, 436, 450, 457

  Surrey, duke of, see Holland, Thomas

  Surrey, John de Warenne, earl of, 339, 340, 345

  Surrey, John de Warenne, earl of (grandson of above): Gaveston’s capture and death, 374–5, 377; Gaveston’s return, 368; opposition to Edward II, 365; Ordinances policy, 369; Scottish campaign issue, 383, 386; Stratford mediation, 467; support for Edward II, 398, 400, 403

  Swynford, Katherine, 568

  Swynford, Sir Thomas, 591

  Sybil, queen of Jerusalem, 110

  Tancarville, count of, 490

  Tancred II, king of Sicily, 255

  taxation: avoidance, 305; clerical, 254, 256, 404; crusading tax, 254, 289, 322; customs duties, 342, 346; Edward I’s policies, 317, 323, 324, 342–4, 346; Edward II’s policies, 368, 404; Edward III’s policies, 461–2, 465, 467, 468, 477, 520; export taxes, 477; expulsion of Jews, 323; hearth taxes, 512; Henry III’s policies, 227–8, 232, 243, 251–2, 254, 260; on Jews, 320; John’s policies, 183, 184, 205–6, 214; for military campaigns, 228, 232, 243, 251–2, 404, 520, 531; on movables, 183, 227–8, 323, 344, 468; papal taxation of English clergy, 520; Peasants’

  Revolt, 532, 534–5; poll taxes, 532, 534–5; Richard II’s policies, 546, 586; Richard I’s ransom, 133; right to grant taxes, 593; Saladin tithe, 113, 190; scutage, 205–6, 210; ‘sheriff’s aid’, 67; Welsh revolt, 332–3; wool tax, 468

  Templar knights, 99, 113, 119, 224, 331, 380

  Templar of Tyre, the, 292

  Tewkesbury abbey, 259

  Theobald, archbishop of Canterbury, 34, 38, 45, 60, 63

  Theobald, count of Blois, brother of Stephen, 15

  Theobald V, count of Blois, 29, 31, 86

  Theobald IV of Champagne, 242

  Thomas, cog, 457, 461, 490

  Thomas, earl of Lancaster: ancestry, 358, 371; capture and imprisonment, 400, 403; character, 371–2; civil war, 398–400; death, 400–1, 402, 416, 417, 430, 551, 597; earldoms, 371; Edward II’s coronation, 363, 364; Edward II’s view of, 381, 382; Gaveston’s capture and death, 375–8, 390, 401; government role, 389, 390; lands distributed by king, 403–4; lands inherited by son, 508; nicknamed by Gaveston, 368; opposition to Edward II, 365, 397–8; Ordainer, 372, 373, 390, 414; pardoned by Edward II, 382, 572; reform programme undone, 402; relationship with Edward II, 387–8, 391–2, 393, 395; reputation, 596; reversal of treason sentence, 423; Scottish campaign issue, 383, 386; widow, 405

  Thomas of Brotherton, earl of Norfolk: birth, 349; earldom, 381, 450; opposition to Mortimer, 430; Scottish campaign (1333), 446; supplanted by Gaveston, 361; support for Edward II, 398; support for Edward III, 415; support for Isabella and Mortimer, 415

  Thomas of Burton, 460

  Thomas of Savoy, count of Flanders, 240, 242

  Thomas of Woodstock, earl of Buckingham, duke of Gloucester: Appellant, 552–4, 565, 566; arrest and imprisonment, 565–7, 590; birth, 480, 500; death, 568–9, 571, 572, 573; lands and castles, 578; marriage, 512; mother’s death, 516; pardon revoked, 568; Peasants’ Revolt, 536; regency, 500; relationship with nephew Richard II, 543, 547, 552–4, 564–5; removal from council, 557; status, 505, 508; titles, 536, 545

  Thorne, William, 512–13

  Toulouse: siege (1159), 54–8, 597; unrest, 106, 107

  Tour de Nesle scandal, 409

  Touraine: barons, 151; Breton–French attack, 154; castles, 95; Henry II’s control of, 31, 51, 470; Henry the Young King’s gifts, 86; John’s grants of castles, 140; John’s losses, 165, 169, 174, 178; Plantagenet sovereignty, 498; Richard’s inheritance, 109

  tournaments: deaths, 104; Edward I, 273, 282, 288, 293; Edward II, 358; Edward III, 440, 443, 449, 462, 466, 479–80, 485–6; Henry the Young King, 82, 101; King’s Langley, 387; Mortimer’s role, 428–9; pretext for muster of forces, 374; ‘Round Tables’, 298

  Tours, fall (1189), 108

  Tower of London: Appellants, 553; construction, 212; Edward II’s flight, 413, 414; Edward III’s arrival, 463–4, 465, 467; executions, 568; Mortimer’s escape, 407–8; Peasants’ Revolt, 533, 534, 536–7, 579, 583; prisoners, 339, 340, 398, 403, 407, 565; Richard II’s imprisonment, 583–5; royal treasury, 404, 465; traitors’ heads, 309

  treasury, royal: at Chinon, 151; Henry I’s reforms, 9–10; Henry III’s finances, 244; John’s finances, 187, 195; Richard I’s finances, 138; Richard II’s finances, 541; seized by Stephen, 14; at Tower of London, 404, 465

  Tresilian, Sir Robert, 550, 552, 554–5

  True Cross: captured by Saladin, 110, 121, 129; fragments of, 233, 236, 264, 489

  Trussel, Sir William, 416, 417, 418, 421

  Turberville, Thomas, 334

  Turpington, Sir Hugh, 436–7

  Tyler, Wat, 532, 533, 536–9, 583, 595

  Ufford, Robert, see Suffolk

  Ullford, Andrew, 482–3

  Ulster, earldom of, 507

  Urban V, Pope, 509

  Urban VI, Pope, 541

  Valois, count of, 362, 364

  Vaudreuil, 167

  Vere, see de Vere

  Vermandois, count of, 28

  Verneuil, siege (1173), 86–7

  Veurne, battle (1297), 345

  Vexin, the: Château Gaillard, 143, 155; dispute between Henry II and Philip II, 105–6; dowry of Margaret of France, 53–4, 59; French occupation, 140; French raids from, 159; Gaillon siege, 143; Gisors castle, 140, 144; Le Goulet treaty (1200), 155–6; Philip II’s claim to, 141–2; Plantagenet dominance, 144; rebellion (1154), 40; strategic importance, 57; war (1173), 86

  Victor IV, anti–pope, 69

  Visconti, Violante, 515

  Vows of the Heron, The, 455

  Waleran Beaumont, 16, 34

  Wales: Arthur’s dominion, 598; civil war (1321–2), 394, 399, 402, 414, 427; de Montfort war, 278; Despenser estates, 404; Edward I’s campaigns (1277), 299–303, 314; (1282), 307–9, 314, 489; (1294–5), 333–4, 335; Edward I’s castles, 310–13, 333, 350, 599; enlistment of soldiers for crusade, 112; Henry II’s campaign (1157), 53; homage from princes, 74, 243, 245; John’s achievements, 187, 195, 197; John’s campaign (1211), 195; John’s castles, 197, 198; John’s policies, 192; landholdings, 404; Montgomery treaty (1267), 287, 300; Mortimer territories, 428; Norman conquest of south Wales, 50, 53; parliamentary representation, 402; peace negotiations, 262; rebellion (1212), 198; rebellion (1233), 233; rebellion (1241), 245; rebellion (1258), 259; rebellion (1282), 306; rebellion (1294), 332–3; Rhuddlan truce (1277), 302, 306–7; Statute (1284), 314; succession dispute, 243

  Wallace, Sir William, 345–7, 350

  Wallingford, siege (1153), 33, 35

  Walsingham, Thomas: on Alice Perrers, 522, 528; on Black Prince’s death, 523; on Bolingbroke’s banishment, 579; on England’s decline, 520; on England’s prosperity, 563–4; on Gaveston, 542; on Peasants’ Revolt, 537; on Pedro the Cruel, 511; on Richard II’s death, 590; on Richard II’s revenge on Appellants, 566, 568; on Richard II’s rule, 557, 574, 575; on titles, 558

  Walter, Hubert, archbishop of Canterbury: advice to John, 178; career, 137; character, 137; death, 181, 188; financial policies, 138; John’s accession, 149–50, 152; John’s coronation, 154; relationship with Richard I, 133, 137; Richard I’s death, 148–9; succession debate, 149–50; vice–regency, 137–8

  Walter of Coutances, bishop of Lincoln, 126–7, 133
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  Walter of Coventry, 191, 195, 215, 216

  Walter of Guisborough, 338, 342, 343, 357

  Waltheof, Earl, 274

  Walworth, William, 536, 538–9

  Wars of the Roses, 592

  Warwick, Guy de Beauchamp, earl of: death, 389; Edward II’s coronation, 363; Gaveston’s capture and death, 375–7, 381; nicknamed by Gaveston, 368; opposition to Edward II, 365, 373; Ordainer, 373; Scottish campaign issue, 383, 386

  Warwick, Thomas de Beauchamp, earl of, 461, 472, 474, 485, 492

  Warwick, Thomas de Beauchamp, earl of (son of above): Appellant, 552, 566; arrest and imprisonment, 565, 566, 567; lands and castles, 578; pardon revoked, 568; Peasants’ Revolt, 536; removal from council, 557; sentenced to life imprisonment, 569, 571, 573

  Warwick, William de Beauchamp, earl of, 301, 333, 343

  Wayland the Smith, 11

  Welsh Marches, 191, 192, 198

  Wenceslas IV, king of Bohemia, 540–1

  Westminster: abbey rebuilding project, 246, 266, 517; controlled by rebels, 219, 220; coronation of Edward II, 362–5; coronation of Edward III, 422–3; coronation of Henry the Young King, 78; council (1163), 68; Henry III’s presentation ceremony, 244, 246; Painted Chamber, 250, 294, 466–7, 517; palace of, 47, 266; reconstruction of Hall, 559, 587; royal tombs, 427, 595; Stephen’s court, 19; tomb of the Confessor, 288, 427, 537–8; White Hall, 554

  Westminster chronicler, 541

  Westmorland, earl of, see Neville (Ralph)

  White Ship, 3–8, 10, 15

  Wigmore castle, 51

  William, count of Poitou, son of Matilda and Geoffrey, 20, 52

  William IX (‘the Troubadour Duke’), duke of Aquitaine, 27

  William X, duke of Aquitaine, count of Poitou, 26–7

  William I (the Conqueror), king of England, duke of Normandy: birthplace, 161; Dover castle, 95; execution of Waltheof, 274; finances, 404; government, 9; grandsons, 3, 4; sons, 9, 428; Tower of London, 212; war with Harold, 234

  William II (Rufus), king of England, 9

  William II, king of Sicily, 94, 110

  William, son of Henry II, 47, 49

  William the Aetheling, 3–8, 10, 15, 34, 168–9, 241

  William of Aumerle, 50

  William of Blois, count of Boulogne, son of Stephen, 38, 39, 40, 57–8

  William the Breton, 133

  William of Ely, 182

  William Fitz Alan, 206

  William d’Harcourt, 196

  William of Hatfield, son of Edward III, 443

  William I the Lion, king of Scotland: accession, 86; capture, 90; Falaise treaty (1174), 92, 93, 599; Great War rebellion, 86, 87, 88, 599; Henry II’s view of, 86; Norham treaty (1209), 194, 197; plots against, 197; refusal to join John’s rebellion, 133; relationship with Henry II, 92, 94; relationship with Richard I, 133, 136

  William Longchamp, bishop of Ely, 114, 119, 124–6, 150

  William of Malmesbury, 4, 6

  William de Mowbray, 210–11

  William of Newburgh: on Becket, 65; copies of his history, 470, 506, 509; on Eleanor and Louis, 28; on Henry II’s coronation, 45; on Henry’s invasion, 23; on John, 151; on marriage of Henry and Eleanor, 30; on Normandy, 19; on Stephen and Henry, 33, 39

  William de Valence, 247, 252–3, 261, 278

  William of Windsor, son of Edward III, 480, 483

  Wilton Diptych, 559

  Wiltshire, earl of, see Scrope (William)

  Winchelsea, naval battle (1350), 491–3

  Winchelsea, Robert, archbishop of Canterbury: character, 342; exiled, 358; Gaveston’s excommunication, 365, 367, 374–5; Gaveston’s recall, 368; plot against Gaveston, 374–5; recalled to England, 365; response to French campaign, 344; taxation dispute with king, 342, 344

  Winchester: castle, 95; cathedral, 136; John’s reconciliation with Church (1213), 205; peace of (1153), 38–9, 51; royal treasury, 14; Stephen anointed king, 14; Stephen’s court, 19

  Winchester, earl of, 240

  Windsor: castle, 95, 194, 365, 486, 503–4; Round Table project, 486–7, 489; St George’s Chapel, 489, 528, 595; treaty (1175), 93

  Woodstock: council of (1163), 67; palace of, 49

  wool trade: Boulogne role, 15; Flanders role, 122, 454, 491, 544; London management, 464, 519; monopoly sales, 461; reform planned, 449; revenue, 389, 468, 543; Richard I’s ransom, 134; seizure of wool sacks, 344; shipping, 454, 457, 491, 519; taxation and customs duties, 342, 346, 468

  Worcester: base for Welsh campaigns, 301, 307, 333; captured (1321), 398; cathedral, 216

  Worcester, earl of, see Percy (Thomas)

  Wyclif, John, 504, 531, 533, 562, 577

  Wykeham, William of, bishop of Winchester, 503, 557

  Yevele, Henry, 506, 559, 587

  Yolanda, wife of Alexander III of Scotland, 325

  York: May parliament (1298), 346; military base (1333–7), 445; muster of troops (1327), 425

  Zouche, William, archbishop of York, 476

  OTHER BOOKS BY DAN JONES

  Summer of Blood: The Peasants’ Revolt of 1381

  Copyright

  HarperPress

  An imprint of HarperCollinsPublishers

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  www.harpercollins.co.uk

  Published by HarperPress in 2012

  Dan Jones asserts the moral right to be identified as the author of this work

  A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library

  ISBN 978-0-00-721392-4

  Maps by John Gilkes

  THE PLANTAGENETS. Copyright © Dan Jones 2012. All rights reserved under International and Pan-American Copyright Conventions. By payment of the required fees, you have been granted the nonexclusive, nontransferable right to access and read the text of this e-book on-screen. No part of this text may be reproduced, transmitted, downloaded, decompiled, reverse-engineered, or stored in or introduced into any information storage and retrieval system, in any form or by any means, whether electronic or mechanical, now known or hereinafter invented, without the express written permission of HarperCollins e-books.

  EPub Edition © APRIL 2012 ISBN: 978-0-00-745749-6

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  Table of Contents

  Cover

  Title Page

  Dedication

  Epigraph

  List of Maps

  List of Genealogical Tables

  French Kings, 1060–1422

  Preface

  Part I

  The White Ship

  Hunt for an Heir

  The Shipwreck

  Ambition

  A Scandalous Wife

  Henry the Conqueror

  Peace Process

  Part II

  Births and Rebirth

  L’Espace Plantagenet

  Unholy War

  Succession Planning

  The Eagle’s Nest

  Henry Triumphant

  A World on Fire

  New Horizons

  Hero of
the East

  Treachery

  At the Emperor’s Pleasure

  Return of the Lionheart

  Lackland Supreme

  John Softsword

  Triumph and Catastrophe

  Lackland Undone

  Part III

  Salvaging the Wreck

  A Stay-at-Home King

  A Cruel Master

  Beginning of the End

  To Bouvines

  Magna Carta

  Securing the Inheritance

  From Marshal to Magna Carta

  Kingship at Last

  Marriage and Family

  Holy Kingship

  The Road to War

  The Provisions of Oxford

  Part IV

  Lewes

  From Imprisonment to Evesham

  The Leopard

  King at Last

  A New Arthur

  The Final Stand

  The King’s Castles

  The Price of Conquest

  The Expulsion of the Jews

  The Great Cause

  War on All Fronts

  The Conquest of Scotland

  Crisis Point

  Relapse

  Part V

  The King and his Brother

  Coronation

  Emergency

  The Ordinances

  Manhunt

  Summer of Promise

  Bannockburn