8. Heintzelman diary, May 13, Heintzelman Papers, Library of Congress; Meade to his wife, May 15, 19, Meade, Life and Letters, 1:376, 377; Gouverneur K. Warren to his fiancée, May 15, Warren Papers, New York State Library; Hooker to Samuel P. Bates, May 30, 1878, Bates Collection, Pennsylvania State Archives. Webb described Meade’s outburst to Charles S. Wainwright, who recorded it June 12 in A Diary of Battle: The Personal Journals of Colonel Charles S. Wainwright, 1861–1865, 219.
9. George W. Smalley, Anglo-American Memories (New York: Putnam’s, 1911), 159–60.
10. Hooker testimony, Report of Joint Committee, 1 (1865), 151, 176; Chase to Hooker, May 23, cited in Walter H. Hebert, Fighting Joe Hooker, 229.
11. Hooker testimony, Report of Joint Committee, 1 (1865), 151; May 25, John Gibbon, Personal Recollections of the Civil War, 120; Francis A. Walker, History of the Second Army Corps, 254; Sedgwick to his sister, Nov. 16, Sedgwick, Correspondence, 2:161–62; Han-cockto his wife, [May 1863], Almira R. Hancock, Reminiscences of Winfield Scott Hancock (New York: Charles L. Webster, 1887), 94–95; New York Herald, May 16, June 1.
12. Heintzelman diary, May 15, 17, Heintzelman Papers, Library of Congress; May 18, Marsena R. Patrick, Inside Lincoln’s Army: The Diary of Marsena Rudolph Patrick, 250.
13. Gibbon, Personal Recollections, 121–22; Lincoln to Hooker, May 14, Lincoln, Works, 6:217. Howard piously but unconvincingly professed his loyalty to Hooker: Howard in Atlantic Monthly (July 1876), in Peter Cozzens, ed., Battles and Leaders of the Civil War: Volume 5, 320–21.
14. Donaldson to his brother, May 14, Francis A. Donaldson, Inside the Army of the Potomac: The Civil War Experience of Captain Francis Adams Donaldson, 264; June 10, Stephen M. Weld, War Diary and Letters of Stephen Minot Weld, 1861–1865, 213; Schurz to Lincoln, Jan. 24, Lincoln Papers, Library of Congress; Edward H. Ketchum to his mother, May 12, cited in Annette Tapert, ed., The Brothers’ War: Civil War Letters to Their Loved Ones from the Blue and Gray (New York: Times Books, 1988), 142.
15. May 7, Theodore A. Dodge, On Campaign with the Army of the Potomac: The Civil War Journal of Theodore Ayrault Dodge, 258; William W. Folwell to his wife, May 12, 13, Minnesota Historical Society; John Willard to his mother, May 15, Margaret Bradley Willard Papers, Duke University Library.
16. Hooker to Lincoln, May 13, OR 25.2:473. The number mustered out of the Army of the Potomac in spring 1863 is compiled from data in: OR 25.2:532; OR ser. III. 3:760, 775; Report of Joint Committee, 1 (1865), 219. The April 30 return of 111,650 infantry “present for duty equipped” reflects the five two-year regiments mustered out during April: OR 25.2:320.
17. James W. Latta diary, May 24, Library of Congress; Sedgwick to his sister, May 15, Sedgwick, Correspondence, 2:128.
18. Hooker to Lincoln, May 13, OR 25.2:473; Sedgwick to his sister, April 20, Sedgwick, Correspondence, 2:91; Meade to his wife, May 19, Meade, Life and Letters, 1:378. Hooker’s reference to a marching force of “about 80,000” referred to rank and file. By return, the number of infantrymen on May 31 was 81,792: OR 25.2:574.
19. Hooker testimony, Report of Joint Committee, 1 (1865), 112; Halleck to Stanton, May 18, OR 25.2:504–6.
20. Edward G. Longacre, The Man Behind the Guns: A Biography of General Henry J. Hunt, 138–41; May 3, Wainwright, Diary of Battle, 194.
21. Hooker S.O. 129, May 12, OR 25.2:471–72; Tully McCrae, “Light Artillery: Its Use and Misuse,” in Catherine S. Crary, ed., Dear Belle: Letters from a Cadet & Officer to his Sweetheart, 1845–1865 (Middletown, Conn.: Wesleyan University Press, 1965), 195.
22. Stephen Z. Starr, The Union Cavalry in the Civil War, 1:367–69; Frank A. Haskell, Haskell of Gettysburg: His Life and Civil War Papers, 133–34; Charles Russell Lowell to Josephine Shaw, July 23, Edward W. Emerson, Life and Letters of Charles Russell Lowell (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1907), 279; Hooker to Bates, July 12, 1878, Bates Collection, Pennsylvania State Archives; return of May 31, OR 25.2:574; Hooker to Stoneman, Apr. 12, OR 25.1:1067.
23. Haskell, Haskell of Gettysburg, 133; Theodore Lyman, Meade’s Headquarters, 1863–1865: Letters of Colonel Theodore Lyman, 103.
24. Williams to his daughter, May 23, Alpheus S. Williams, From the Cannon’s Mouth: The Civil War Letters of General Alpheus S. Williams, 203; Carswell McClellan, General Andrew A. Humphreys at Malvern Hill … and Fredericksburg … a Memoir (St. Paul, 1888), 15.
25. Timothy J. Reese, Sykes’ Regular Infantry Division, 1861–1864, 17.
26. Lyman, Meade’s Headquarters, 108; return of Apr. 30, OR 25.2:320; John W. Busey and David G. Martin, Regimental Strengths and Losses at Gettysburg, 16.
27. Schurz to Hooker, May 17, Carl Schurz Papers, Library of Congress; Apr. 19, Wainwright, Diary of Battle, 183.
28. Sept. 27, John Hay, Inside Lincoln’s White House: The Complete Civil War Diary of John Hay, 86. For a summary and evaluation of the command makeup of the Army of the Potomac, see Larry Tagg, The Generals of Gettysburg.
29. Hooker to Lincoln, May 7, OR 25.1:438; Hooker to Samuel Ross, Feb. 28, 1864, in Battles and Leaders of the Civil War, 3:223.
30. Richmond Examiner, May 22; Heintzelman diary, May 27, Heintzelman Papers, Library of Congress. For this intelligence, and its sources and handling, see Edwin C. Fishel, The Secret War for the Union: The Untold Story of Military Intelligence in the Civil War, 416–18.
31. Hooker to John A. Dix, May 25, Hooker to Stanton, May 27, Halleckto Stanton, May 18, Hooker to Chase, May 25, Stanton to Hooker, May 27, OR 25.2:523, 527, 505, 524, 528.
32. Edward J. Nichols, Toward Gettysburg: A Biography of General John F. Reynolds, 182–84, 220–23; Reynolds to his sisters, Jan. 23, John F. Reynolds Papers, Franklin and Marshall College; Meade to his wife, June 13, Meade, Life and Letters, 1:385; T. J. Barnett to S.L.M. Barlow, June 26, Barlow Papers, Huntington Library; June 29, Wainwright, Diary of Battle, 229; Weld, War Diary and Letters, 227n. Although Henry Slocum was next on the Potomac army seniority list after Couch, there was apparently no thought of him for the command.
3. The Risk of Action
1. Pender to his wife, May 18, William Dorsey Pender, The General to His Lady: The Civil War Letters of William Dorsey Pender, 238; Lee to Davis, May 20, Lee, Wartime Papers, 488–89.
2. Pendleton to his mother, June 4, William Nelson Pendleton Papers, Southern Historical Collection, University of North Carolina; John B. Gordon, Reminiscences of the Civil War, 158; Donald C. Pfanz, Richard S. Ewell, 273, 574; Evans to his wife, June 6, Clement A. Evans, Intrepid Warrior: Clement Anselm Evans, Confederate General, ed. Robert Grier Stephens (Dayton: Morningside House, 1992), 187. Donald Pfanz credits Jackson’s physician, Dr. Hunter McGuire, with recording Jackson’s wish that Ewell succeed him.
3. Lee to Davis, Oct. 2, 1862, OR 19.2:643; James I. Robertson, Jr., Gen eral A. P. Hill, 119–21, 160–61. Biographer Robertson discovered Hill’s illness to be prostatitis.
4. Lee to Davis, May 25, Robert E. Lee, Lee’s Dispatches: Unpublished Letters of Robert E. Lee to Jefferson Davis, 91–92; A. P. Hill to Lee, May 24, cited in Douglas Southall Freeman, Lee’s Lieutenants, 2:698–99.
5. Return of Dec. 31, 1862, OR 21:1082; return of Jan. 31, 1863, OR 25.2:601; Sears, Chancellorsville, 112, 442.
6. Lee to Davis, May 7, June 7, Davis, Papers, 9:170, 209; Longstreet to McLaws, June 3, McLaws Papers, Southern Historical Collection. This correspondence makes it clear that Lee was not suggesting that Beauregard take command of the Army of Northern Virginia, as Douglas Southall Freeman surmised in R. E. Lee, 2:560.
7. Hal Bridges, Lee’s Maverick General: Daniel Harvey Hill (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1961), 187; Lee to D. H. Hill, May 16, 25, Lee, Wartime Papers, 485–86, 494.
8. Davis to Lee, May 29, OR 18:1077; Lee to Davis, May 29, 30, Lee, Wartime Papers, 495, 495–96; Davis to Lee, May 31, Davis, Papers, 9:202.
9. Lee to D. H. Hill, May 25, Lee, Wartime Papers, 494; D. H. Hill to his wife, June 25, D. H. Hill Papers, North Carolina State Archives; Davis to Lee, May 31, Davis, Papers, 9:202.<
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10. Lee to Hood, May 21, Lee, Wartime Papers, 490; Lee S.O. 146, May 30, OR 25.2:840.
11. G. Moxley Sorrel, Recollections of a Confederate Staff Officer, 48.
12. Ewell to his wife, June 5, 1865, Polk-Brown-Ewell Papers, Southern Historical Collection; Allan, conversation with Lee, Mar. 3, 1868, in Gallagher, ed., Lee the Soldier, 11.
13. Robert Stiles, Four Years under Marse Robert (New York: Neale, 1903), 189; Henry C. Walker, May 9, in Mills Lane, ed., “Dear Mother: Don’t grieve about me…”: Letters from Georgia Soldiers in the Civil War (Savannah: Beehive Press, 1977), 234.
14. Lee to Davis, May 20, Lee, Wartime Papers, 487.
15. A. P. Hill to Lee, May 24, cited in Freeman, Lee’s Lieutenants, 2:698.
16. Sorrel, Recollections of a Confederate Staff Officer, 264. The Army of Northern Virginia’s infantry commanders are described and evaluated in Larry Tagg, The Generals of Gettysburg.
17. Richard Rollins, “The Failure of Confederate Artillery at Gettysburg: Ordnance and Logistics,” North & South, 3:2 (2000), 44–54.
18. Lee to Davis, May 7, Davis, Papers, 9:169; D. H. Hill to Seddon, Feb. 23, OR 18:891.
19. Busey and Martin, Regimental Strengths and Losses at Gettysburg, 129, 16; Stephen W. Sears, To the Gates of Richmond: The Peninsula Campaign (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1992), 156, 416n11.
20. Davis to Lee, May 26, 31, Davis, Papers, 9:192, 202–3; Johnston to Seddon, June 15, OR 24.1:227.
21. Lee to Seddon, June 8, Lee, Wartime Papers, 504–5; Edward Porter Alexander, Fighting for the Confederacy: The Personal Recollections of General Edward Porter Alexander, 221.
4. Armies on the March
1. Charles M. Blackford to his father, June 15, Blackford Family Papers, Southern Historical Collection, University of North Carolina; Alexander, Fighting for the Confederacy, 222.
2. Lee to Davis, June 7, Davis, Papers, 9:208; Allan, conversation with Lee, Feb. 19, 1870, in Gallagher, ed., Lee the Soldier, 17.
3. Sharpe to John McEntee, June 4, B.M.I., RG 393, National Archives; Hooker to Lincoln, June 5, OR 27.1:32–33; Sedgwick to Hooker, June 6, OR 27.3:13; Lee to Davis, June 7, Davis, Papers, 9:208.
4. Fishel, Secret War for the Union, 426; William W. Averell report, OR 25.1:47; Sears, Chancellorsville, 83–92; Hooker to Lincoln, n.d., B.M.I., RG 393, National Archives; Hooker to Halleck, June 6, OR 27.1:33.
5. Hooker to Lincoln, June 5, OR 27.1:30; Hooker testimony, Report of Joint Committee, 1 (1865), 160–61; Lincoln to Hooker, June 5, Lincoln, Works, 6:249; Halleckto Hooker, June 5, OR 27.1:31–32. Hooker never fully developed his plan for moving against A. P. Hill’s corps, beyond crossing above and below Fredericksburg, but it surely would not have included attacking the entrenchments there frontally, as Halleck implied.
6. Return of May 31, OR 25.2:846; Heros von Borcke, Memoirs of the Confederate War for Independence (New York: Peter Smith, 1938), 2:264–67; Freeman, Lee’s Lieutenants, 3:2; W. W. Blackford, War Years with Jeb Stuart, 212; H. B. McClellan, The Life and Campaigns of Major-General J.E.B. Stuart, 261–62; Lee to his wife, June 9, Lee, Wartime Papers, 507.
7. McClellan, Life and Campaigns of Stuart, 262–63; Hooker to Pleasonton, June 7, OR 27.3:27–28. Although the course of the Rappahannock here is west by north, for clarity the left (Federal) bank is termed the north bank, and the right (Confederate) bank is termed the south bank.
8. Gary W. Gallagher, “Brandy Station: The Civil War’s Bloodiest Arena of Mounted Combat,” Blue & Gray, 8:1 (1990), 11–12, 20; Patrick Brennan, “Thunder on the Plains of Brandy,” Part I, North & South, 5:3 (2002), 21–25.
9. Buford report, OR Supplement 5:227–28; McClellan, Life and Campaigns of Stuart, 264–66; Charles R. Phelps to his aunt, June 11, University of Virginia Library; R. F. Beckham report, OR 27.2:772.
10. Buford report, OR Supplement 5:228–29; Phelps to his aunt, June 11, University of Virginia Library; James F. Hart in Philadelphia Weekly Times, June 26, 1880; Henry C. Whelan, George C. Cram reports, OR Supplement 5:239, 246–47. Due to ill health, Fitz Lee had turned over his brigade that day to Col. Thomas Munford.
11. Frank S. Robertson memoir, Jedediah Hotchkiss Papers, Library of Congress; Frank M. Myers, The Comanches: A History of White’s Battalion, Virginia Cavalry (Marietta, Ga.: Continental Book, 1956), 183; Hart in Philadelphia Weekly Times, June 26, 1880.
12. McClellan, Life and Campaigns of Stuart, 269–72; Starr, Union Cavalry, 1:383–85.
13. Taylor to Bettie Saunders, June 11, Walter H. Taylor, Lee’s Adjutant: The Wartime Letters of Colonel Walter Herron Taylor, 55; Noble D. Preston, History of the 10th Regiment of Cavalry, New York State Volunteers (New York: Appleton, 1892), 85; Henry C. Meyer, Civil War Experiences (New York: Knickerbocker Press, 1911), 28; George W. Shreve reminiscence, Library of Virginia.
14. James Moore, Kilpatrick and Our Cavalry (New York: W. J. Widdleton, 1865), 59; Edward G. Longacre, The Cavalry at Gettysburg: A Tactical Study, 80–81; June 9, Jedediah Hotchkiss, Make Me a Map of the Valley: The Civil War Journal of Stonewall Jackson’s Topographer, 150.
15. Patrick Brennan, “Thunder on the Plains of Brandy,” Part II, North & South, 5:4 (2002), 46–48; Longacre, Cavalry at Gettysburg, 84; Brooke to his mother, June 12, Philadelphia Civil War Library and Museum. On June 27, while recuperating in a private home, Rooney Lee was captured by a Federal raiding party. He was not exchanged until March 1864.
16. Pleasonton to Hooker, June 9, OR 27.1:903; Pleasonton to Hooker, June 9, Hooker to Pleasonton, June 9, OR 27.3:38, 39; Lee to Stuart, June 9, OR 27.3:876.
17. OR 27.1:168–70; OR 27.2:719; McClellan, Life and Campaigns of Stuart, 292.
18. Pleasonton report, OR 27.1:1045. For Pleasonton’s fictional inventions, see Fishel, Secret War for the Union, 433–34, 588–92.
19. Stuart G.O. 24, June 15, OR 27.2:719–20; Charleston Mercury, June 15, Richmond Enquirer, June 13, Richmond Examiner, June 12; Pender to his wife, June 12, Pender, General to His Lady, 246.
20. Henry D. McDaniel, With Unabated Trust: Major Henry McDaniel’s Love Letters from Confederate Battlefields…, ed. Anita B. Sams (Monroe, Ga.: Historical Society of Walton County, 1977), 171; McClellan, Life and Campaigns of Stuart, 294; Walter S. Newhall to his mother, June 25, Historical Society of Pennsylvania.
21. Lee to Davis, June 18, Lee, Wartime Papers, 519; June 11, Hotchkiss, Make Me a Map, 150; June 10, 11, 12, Louis Leon, Diary of a Tar Heel Confederate Soldier (Charlotte: Stone Publishing, 1913), 30, courtesy Greg Mast; Busey and Martin, Regimental Strengths and Losses at Gettysburg, 150,199.
22. Lee to Davis, Sept. 8, 1862, June 10, 25, 1863, Lee, Wartime Papers, 301, 507–9; 530–31; Stephens to Davis, June 12, Dunbar Rowland, ed., Jefferson Davis, Constitutionalist: His Letters, Papers, and Speeches (Jackson: Mississippi Department of Archives and History, 1923), 5:513–15; Davis to Stephens, June 18, cited in Davis, Papers, 9:229; Thomas E. Schott, “The Stephens ‘Peace’ Mission,” North & South, 1:6(1998), 40.
23. William H. Beach, The First New York (Lincoln) Cavalry (New York: Lincoln Cavalry Assoc., 1902), 220; Margaretta Barton Colt, Defend the Valley: A Shenandoah Family in the Civil War, 217; Davis message to Congress, Jan. 12, OR ser. IV. 2:345.
24. Halleckto Schenck, June 11, Milroy to Schenck, June 11, Schenck to Milroy, June 12, Halleck to Schenck, June 14, OR 27.2:171, 161, 125, 167; Milroy report, OR 27.2:43; Lincoln to Schenck, June 14, Lincoln, Works, 6:274. The Federal intelligence failure at Winchester is examined in Fishel, Secret War for the Union, 444–53, 572–74.
25. Milroy report, OR 27.2:43; Wilbur Sturtevant Nye, Here Come the Rebels!, 97–98; Richmond Enquirer, June 22. The 1,800 of Milroy’s men at Berryville were counted apart from the 6,900 at Winchester. The total of Milroy’s casualties and his survivors, collected at Harper’s Ferry and in Maryland and Pennsylvania, came to 8,702: OR 27.2:53, OR 27.3:220, 295–96.
26. Mark Chance, “Prelude to Invasion: Lee’s Preparations and the Second Battle of Winchester,” Gettys
burg Magazine, 19 (1998), 20–21; Hays report, OR 27.2:477; Harry Gilmor, Four Years in the Saddle (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1866), 89–91.
27. Milroy report, testimony, OR 27.2:47, 93, 161; Nye, Here Come the Rebels!, 108–23; Chance, “Prelude to Invasion,” Gettysburg Magazine, 19 (1998), 27–34; Monroe Nichols report, OR Supplement 5:70; June 15, Hotchkiss, Make Me a Map, 152.
28. OR 27.2:53; Ewell report, OR 27.2:442; J. Thompson Brown report, OR 27.2:456.
29. Blackford to his wife, June 16, Susan Leigh Blackford, ed., Letters from Lee’s Army (New York: Scribner’s, 1947), 177; June 16, Hotchkiss, Make Me a Map, 153; Campbell Brown memoir, Brown, Campbell Brown’s Civil War: With Ewell and the Army of Northern Virginia, 194; Ann C. R. Jones to Lucy R. Parkhill, June 18, Colt, Defend the Valley, 260.
30. Nye, Here Come the Rebels!, 140; Curtin to Lincoln, June 14, OR 27.3:113; June 15, Welles, Diary, 1:329–30.
31. Nye, Here Come the Rebels!, 142–45; Chambersburg Repository, cited in Frank Moore, ed., The Rebellion Record: A Diary of American Events, 7:Documents, 197.
32. Thompson to Lincoln, June 16, OR 27.3:168; June 17, Welles, Diary, 1:332; Grant to Halleck, May 24, OR 24.1:37.
33. Butterfield to Rufus Ingalls, June 17, OR 27.3:175; Fishel, Secret War for the Union, 454–60; Pleasonton to Seth Williams, June 10, OR 27.3:48.
34. Hooker to Lincoln, June 10, OR 27.1:34–35; Lincoln to Hooker, June 10, Lincoln, Works, 6:257; Halleck to Hooker, June 11, OR 27.1:35; Army of the Potomac circular, June 11, OR 27.3:67.
35. Fishel, Secret War for the Union, 437–40; McEntee to Sharpe, June 12 (two), 13, B.M.I., RG 393, National Archives; Hooker to Halleck, June 13, OR 27.1:38; Dawes to Mary Gates, June 7, State Historical Society of Wisconsin.
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