Gettysburg

  36. Hooker to Halleck, June 13, OR 27.1:38; Hooker to Reynolds, June 12, OR 27.3:72–73; Hooker to Samuel P. Bates, May 30, 1878, Bates Collection, Pennsylvania State Archives.

  37. June 17, Wainwright, Diary of Battle, 221; Dawes to Mary Gates, June 15, State Historical Society of Wisconsin.

  38. Halleck to Francis Lieber, Aug. 4, Lieber Papers, Huntington Library; return of June 20, OR 27.1:151; Pleasonton to Hooker, June 14, OR 27.3:107. Expiring enlistments data: OR 25.2: 532; OR ser. III. 3:760, 775; Report of Joint Committee 1 (1865), 219. The overestimate of Lee’s army was due primarily to lack of intelligence on the nature and number of his reinforcements from the south.

  39. Hooker to Lincoln, June 5, Halleck to Hooker, June 5, OR 27.1:30, 32.

  40. Halleck to Hooker, June 15, OR 27.1:42; Lincoln to Hooker, June 15, Lincoln, Works, 6:273; Herman Haupt, Reminiscences of General Herman Haupt (Milwaukee: Wright & Joys, 1901), 205; Hooker to Lincoln, June 15 (two), OR 27.1:43; June 14, Welles, Diary, 1:329; Hooker to Lincoln, June 16, OR 27.1:45.

  41. Lincoln to Hooker, June 16, 16 (telegram), Lincoln, Works, 6:281, 282.

  5. Into the Enemy’s Country

  1. Elizabeth Blair Lee to her husband, June 15, Lee, Wartime Washington, 275.

  2. Couch report, OR 27.2:211–12; Nye, Here Come the Rebels!, 155–56, 212–21; Curtin proclamation, June 12, OR 27.3:79–80; Lincoln proclamation, June 15, Lincoln, Works, 6:277–78; Stanton to Horatio Seymour, June 15, OR 27.3:138; Charles W. Sandford report, OR 27.2:227–28.

  3. June 16, 19, 14, Welles, Diary, 1:331–32,335,329.

  4. Lee to Davis, June 10, Lee, Wartime Papers, 508; June 17, George Templeton Strong, The Diary of George Templeton Strong: The Civil War, 1860–1865, ed. Allan Nevins (New York: Macmillan, 1952), 324; Hooker to Lincoln, June 15, OR 27.1:43.

  5. Hooker to Lincoln, June 15 (two), OR 27.1:43, 43–44; Hooker to Reynolds, June 13, OR 27.3:87; Sharpe to Jansen Hasbrouck, June 20, Sharpe Collection, Senate House Museum, Kingston, N.Y.; Julia Lorrilard Butterfield, ed., A Biographical Memorial of General Daniel Butterfield (New York: Grafton Press, 1894), 332n; Hookertestimony, Report of Joint Committee, 1 (1865), 177.

  6. Marsena R. Patrick diary, June 17, Library of Congress.

  7. Lee to Longstreet, June 15, OR 27.3:890; Lee report, July 31, OR 27.2:306.

  8. Cooper to D. H. Hill, June 15, Lee to Cooper, June 23, OR 27.3:891–92, 925–26; Lee to Davis, June 23, 25, Lee, Wartime Papers, 527–28, 532–33; Cooper to Lee, June 29, OR 27.1:75. Cooper’s June 29 dispatch rejecting the Beauregard scheme was intercepted by the Federals and thus was not seen by Lee, but by then events had overtaken the idea: Davis, Papers, 9:247.

  9. Lee’s numbers are summarized from Busey and Martin, Regimental Strengths and Losses at Gettysburg. For Lee’s Chancellorsville numbers, see Sears, Chancellorsville, 112, 526n6.

  10. Jerome Yates to his mother, June 17, cited in Bell Irvin Wiley, The Life of Johnny Reb (Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1943), 310; H. Christopher Kendrick to his father, n.d., to his mother, June 3, Kendrick Papers, Southern Historical Collection, University of North Carolina; Johnston to Seddon, June 15, 18, OR 24.1:227; McLaws to his wife, June 5, Lafayette McLaws, A Soldier’s General: The Civil War Letters of Major General Lafayette McLaws, 187.

  11. Lee G.O. 72, June 21, OR 27.3:912–13; Roger Long, “General Orders No. 72, ‘By Command of Gen. R. E. Lee,’” Gettysburg Magazine 7 (1992), 13–14; Reuben V. Kidd, July 17, Alice V. D. Pierrepont, ed., Reuben Vaughan Kidd: Soldier of the Confederacy (Petersburg, Va., 1947), 329; June [27] statement, OR 27.1:65; Taliaferro N. Simpson, June 28, July 27, Simpson, Far, Far from Home: The Wartime Letters of Dick and Tally Simpson, Third South Carolina Volunteers, eds. Guy R. Everson and Edward W. Simpson, Jr. (New York: Oxford, 1994), 251, 261–62; Evans to his wife, June 4, Clement A. Evans, Intrepid Warrior: Clement Anselm Evans, Confederate General (Dayton: Morningside House, 1992), 184.

  12. Hooker to Lincoln, June 16, Halleckto Hooker, June 15, OR 27.1:45, 42; Hooker to Pleasonton, June 17, OR 27.3:172.

  13. Longacre, Cavalry at Gettysburg, 104–9; Nye, Here Come the Rebels!, 175–81; Adams, June 19, W. C. Ford, ed., A Cycle of Adams Letters, 1861–1865 (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1920), 1:36–37; OR 27.1:171; Munford report, OR 27.2:741.

  14. McClellan, Life and Campaigns of Stuart, 303–4; Nye, Here Come the Rebels!, 181–85; Duffié report, OR 27.1:962–64; Pleasonton to Hooker, June 18, OR 27.1:907; Hooker to Pleasonton, June 18, OR 27.3:195.

  15. Nye, Here Come the Rebels!, 186–95; John S. Mosby, Stuart’s Cavalry in the Gettysburg Campaign, 65–67; Hooker to Pleasonton, June 17, Pleasonton to Hooker, June 20, OR 27.3:176–77, 224.

  16. Longacre, Cavalry at Gettysburg, 126–32; Nye, Here Come the Rebels!, 196–211; George Baylor, Bull Run to Bull Run; or, Four Years in the Army of Northern Virginia (Richmond: B. F. Johnson, 1900), 149; Francis A. Donaldson to his aunt, June 25, Donaldson, Inside the Army of the Potomac, 285; John P. Sheahan to his father, June 23, Maine Historical Society.

  17. OR 27.1:193; OR 27.2:712–13; Pleasonton to Hooker, June 21, 22, OR 27.1:911–13.

  18. Ewell report, OR 27.2:442–43; Pender to his wife, June 23, Pender, General to His Lady, 251; Lee to Ewell, June 19, [21], 22, OR 27.3:905, 914–15.

  19. Mark Nesbitt, Saber and Scapegoat: J.E.B. Stuart and the Gettysburg Controversy, 57–73; Mosby, Stuart’s Cavalry in the Gettysburg Campaign, 76; Jeffry D. Wert, Mosby’s Rangers, 91; Lee to Stuart, June 22, Longstreet to Lee, June 22, Longstreet to Stuart, June 22, OR 27.3:913, 915; Lee to Stuart, June 23, OR 27.3:923. (In the latter dispatch, in the phrase, should the enemy “not appear to be moving northward,” “not” may have been added by clerical error.) June 18 is the only date for the Lee-Stuart-Longstreet Paris, Va., meeting that fits their respective timetables. Mark Nesbitt posits a third Lee order to Stuart, written June 23, the distinctive contents of which are described by Henry McClellan in Life and Campaigns of Stuart, 316–18, but which is not now on record. By McClellan’s description, this third order clarified Stuart’s objectives and endorsed his move around Hooker’s army. Nesbitt, Saber and Scapegoat, 65–68.

  20. Longstreet to Stuart, June 22, OR 27.3:915; Pender to his wife, June 23, Pender, General to His Lady, 251; Lee to his wife, Feb. 23, Lee, Wartime Papers, 408; Alexander, Fighting for the Confederacy, 228.

  21. McClellan, Life and Campaigns of Stuart, 321–24; Longacre, Cavalry at Gettysburg, 152–54; David Powell, “Stuart’s Ride: Lee, Stuart, and the Confederate Cavalry in the Gettysburg Campaign,” Gettysburg Magazine, 20 (1998), 27, 32–33, 36–37.

  22. Randolph A. Shotwell, The Papers of Randolph Abbott Shotwell, ed. J. G. de Roulhac Hamilton (Raleigh: North Carolina Historical Commission, 1929–36), 1:486–87; John H. Stone diary, June 19, Thomas G. Clemens, ed., Maryland Historical Magazine, 85:2 (1990), 131, courtesy Scott M. Sherlock; Francis W. Dawson, Reminiscences of Confederate Service, 1861–1865 (Charleston, 1882), 90–91.

  23. Arthur J. L. Fremantle, Three Months in the Southern States: April-June, 1863, 231–32, 226, 234, 239, 237–38.

  24. Jacob Hoke, The Great Invasion of 1863, 134–35; Lancaster Daily Express, July 11, courtesy Jeff Burke. These summary figures are drawn from 1868 war-damage claims: Daniel Bauer, “Did a Food Shortage Force Lee to Fight?” Columbiad, 1:4 (1998), 57–74. Ewell’s aide Campbell Brown noted in his diary on June 20 the passage of more than 1,100 cattle “from Pa.”: Brown, Campbell Brown’s Civil War, 385.

  25. Jedediah Hotchkiss to his wife, June 25, Hotchkiss Papers, Library of Congress; Edward M. Burruss to his sister, July 27, Burruss Papers, Louisiana State University; Joseph Hilton to Lizzie Lachlison, July 18, Georgia Department of Archives and History; Benjamin L. Farinholt to his wife, July 1, Virginia Historical Society; Joseph W. Jackson, July 20, Boyd Civil War Papers, Louisiana State University; Louis Leon, Diary of a Tar Heel Confederate Soldier (Charlotte: Stone Publishing, 1913), 32, courtesy Greg Mast.

  26. Florence McCarthy to his siste
r, July 10, Virginia Historical Society; Fremantle, Three Months in the Southern States, 246; George W. Fahnestock diary, June 27, Historical Society of Pennsylvania; Edwin B. Coddington, The Gettysburg Campaign: A Study in Command, 140–41.

  27. Charles Carleton Coffin, The Boys of ‘61; or, Four Years of Fighting (Boston: Estes and Lauriat, 1885), 259; Coddington, Gettysburg Campaign, 150; Nye, Here Come the Rebels!, 260.

  28. Philip Schaff diary, cited in Hoke, The Great Invasion, 96; Wert, Mosby’s Rangers, 91; William S. Christian to his wife, June 28, Moore, Rebellion Record, 7:Documents, 325; G. M. Sorrel to Pickett, July 1, OR 51.2:732–33; Ted Alexander, “A Regular Slave Hunt,” North & South, 4:7 (2001), 82–89.

  29. Hoke, The Great Invasion, 124–26; Nye, Here Come the Rebels!, 245–46.

  30. June 25, Hotchkiss, Make Me a Map, 154–55; Ewell, Early reports, Lee to Davis, June 20, OR 27.2:443, 464–65, 296–97.

  31. Hoke, The Great Invasion, 170–71; Jubal A. Early, Autobiographical Sketch and Narrative of the War Between the States, 255–56.

  32. Linda G. Black, “Gettysburg’s Preview of War: Early’s June 26, 1863, Raid,” Gettysburg Magazine 3 (1990), 3–8; John M. Chapman, “Comanches on the Warpath: The 35th Battalion Virginia Cavalry in the Gettysburg Campaign,” Civil War Regiments, 6:3 (1999), 16–21; S. W. Pennypacker, “Six Weeks in Uniform, 1863,” Historical and Biographical Sketches (Philadelphia, 1883), 342–43; Michael Jacobs, Notes on the Rebel Invasion of Maryland and Pennsylvania and the Battle of Gettysburg, 15, 16–17; Fannie J. Buehler, Recollections of the Rebel Invasion and One Woman’s Experience During the Battle of Gettysburg (Gettysburg, 1900), 11.

  33. Robert Stiles, Four Years under Marse Robert (New York: Neale, 1903), 203–5; York Gazette, June 29, cited in Moore, Rebellion Record, 7:Documents, 321–22; William J. Seymour, The Civil War Memoirs of Captain William J. Seymour, 67; Nye, Here Come the Rebels!, 285–96.

  34. Nye, Here Come the Rebels!, 302–3; Ewell to his wife, June 24, Ewell Papers, Library of Congress; James W. Sullivan, Boyhood Memories of the Civil War, 1861-‘65 (Carlisle, Pa., 1933), 16; D. C. Pfanz, Richard S. Ewell, 300; Ewellreport, OR 27.2:443.

  35. Hoke (The Great Invasion, 162) is a day early for Lee’s arrival in Chambersburg. Lee left his Williamsport camp on June 26, and could not have reached Chambersburg by 9:00 A.M. that day, as Hoke indicates. Anderson’s report (OR 27.2:613) and other Third Corps reports give the correct date as the 27th. Also Fishel, Secret War for the Union, 679n11.

  36. Thomas E. Schott, “The Stephens ‘Peace’ Mission,” North & South, 1:6 (1998), 40; Davis to Stephens, July 2, Stephens to Davis, July 8, OR ser. II. 6:74–75, 94–95; July 4–6, Welles, Diary, 1:358–63.

  37. Lee to Davis, June 25 (two), Lee, Wartime Papers, 530–33; June 26, Hotchkiss, Make Me a Map, 155; J. B. Hood, Advance and Retreat: Personal Experiences in the United States & Confederate States Armies, 55; Lee to Davis, June 23, OR 27.2:297; Lee report, Jan. 1864, OR 27.2:316; Isaac R. Trimble, “The Battle and Campaign of Gettysburg,” SHSP, 26 (1898), 121. Portions of Trimble’s recollections appear enhanced by hindsight, yet Lee’s mention to Trimble of Gettysburg as a possible battle site echoes Lee’s dispatch to Ewell of the day before, as noted in Hotchkiss’s diary.

  38. Nesbitt, Saber and Scapegoat, 68–70; Fishel, Secret War for the Union, 471, 459, 470, 456–57, 495, 475; Sharpe to Hooker, June 23, OR 27.3:266.

  39. Babcock to Sharpe, June 24 (two), OR 27.3:285–86, entry 34, RG 107, National Archives; Hooker to Howard, June 24, OR 27.3:290–91; Fishel, Secret War for the Union, 480–81.

  40. June 23, 26, Welles, Diary, 1:340, 344; Elizabeth Blair Lee to her husband, June 23 (citing Cabinet officer Montgomery Blair), Lee, Wartime Washington, 276; Hooker testimony, Report of Joint Committee, 1 (1865), 173; June [27] statement, OR 27.1:65; June 20 return, OR 27.1:151; Butterfield to Hooker, June 24, 27, OR 27.3:301–3, 355–58.

  41. Hooker, Butterfield testimony, Report of Joint Committee, 1 (1865), 173–74, 418; Hooker to French, June 25, Hooker to Reynolds, June 25, Hooker to Slocum, June 27, OR 27.3:317, 304–5, 354; Sept. 9, Hay, Inside Lincoln’s White House, 79; Hooker to Halleck, June 26, OR 27.1:58.

  42. Halleck to Hooker, June 27, Hooker to Halleck, June 27, OR 27.1:59, 60; Warren Gettysburg notes, c. 1875, Warren Papers, New York State Library; Hooker to Butterfield, June 27, OR 27.3:349; French, Generals’ Reports, RG 94, National Archives; Hebert, Fighting Joe Hooker, 245; Hooker to Halleck, June 27, OR 27.1:60.

  43. Halleck to Hooker, June 27, OR 27.1:60; June 28, Welles, Diary, 1:348; War Department G.O. 194, OR 27.3:369; Meade to his wife, June 29, Meade, Life and Letters, 2:11–12, George Meade narrative, ibid., 2:1–2. Charles F. Benjamin’s account of Hooker’s removal (“Hooker’s Appointment and Removal,” Battles and Leaders, 3:239–43) is as largely fictitious as his account of Hooker’s appointment.

  44. Sorrel, Recollections of a Confederate Staff Officer, 147, 153, 155; Charles Marshall, An Aide-de-Camp of Lee, 218–19; James Longstreet, “Lee’s Invasion of Pennsylvania,” Battles and Leaders, 3:244, 249–50; Fairfax to Custis Lee, 1896, cited in Freeman, Lee’s Lieutenants, 3:49n; Fishel, Secret War for the Union, 499–501. Harrison’s identity was revealed in James O. Hall, “The Spy Harrison,” Civil War Times Illustrated, 24:10 (Feb. 1986), 18–25. While Sorrel and Marshall both said that Harrison brought the news of Hooker’s replacement, the spy’s last contact with the Federals was on June 27, the day before the command change.

  45. Lee report, Jan. 1864, OR 27.2:316; Marshall, Aide-de-Camp of Lee, 220; Lee to Ewell, June [29], OR 27.3:943–44. This Lee dispatch to Ewell, written at 7:30 A.M. on the 29th (misdated June 28 in the OR), began “I wrote you last night…,” a dispatch not on the record. Hotchkiss’s diary confirms that Ewell only took action on Lee’s orders on the 29th: June 29, Hotchkiss, Make Me a Map, 156.

  6. High Stakes in Pennsylvania

  1. Meade to his wife, June 25, Meade, Life and Letters, 1:388–89.

  2. Lyman, Meade’s Headquarters, 188.

  3. June 29, Gibbon, Personal Recollections, 128–29; Williams to his daughters, June 29, Williams, From the Cannon’s Mouth, 220–21; June 28, Patrick, Inside Lincoln’s Army, 265–66; June 28, Wainwright, Diary of Battle, 227; Hooker G.O. 66, June 28, OR 27.1:373–74; Charles Carleton Coffin, The Boys of ‘61; or, Four Years of Fighting (Boston: Estes and Lauriat, 1885), 261–62.

  4. Adams diary, June 28, Massachusetts Historical Society; T. C. Grey to Sydney H. Gay, June 29, Gay Collection, Columbia University Library; June 28, Isaac L. Taylor, “Campaigning with the First Minnesota: A Civil War Diary,” ed. Hazel C. Wolf, Minnesota History, 25 (Dec. 1944), 359.

  5. Rufus R. Dawes, Service with the Sixth Wisconsin Volunteers, 157–58; Donaldson to his aunt, June 28, Donaldson, Inside the Army of the Potomac, 289; June 29, Whitelaw Reid, A Radical View: The “Agate” Dispatches of Whitelaw Reid, 1861–1865, ed. James G. Smart (Memphis: Memphis State University Press, 1976), 2:6.

  6. Halleck to Meade, June 27, OR 27.1:61; Halleckto Grant, July 11, OR 24.3:498. General Halleck’s chief of staff, G. W. Cullum, boasted of his part in the general-in-chief’s manipulations, writing on July 4, “I did my share in getting rid of Hooker….”: Coddington, Gettysburg Campaign, 634n108.

  7. Meade to his wife, June 25, Meade, Life and Letters, 1:389; Meade to Halleck, June 28 (two), OR 27.1:61–62, 65; Meade testimony, Report of Joint Committee 1 (1865), 329; Fishel, Secret War for the Union, 493–94; Busey and Martin, Regimental Strengths and Losses at Gettysburg, 129.

  8. Coddington, Gettysburg Campaign, 218–19; Hooker to Humphreys, June 28, OR 51.1:1064; Warren to his wife, June 28, Warren Papers, New York State Library; Longacre, Cavalry at Gettysburg, 166; Pleasonton S.O. 98, June 28, OR 27.3:376.

  9. Halleck to Meade (two), Meade to Halleck, June 28, OR 27.1:62–64; Elizabeth Blair Lee to her husband, July 1, Lee, Wartime Washington, 279; Longacre, Cavalry at Gettysburg, 157; George Edgar Turner, Victory Rode the Rails: The Strategic Place of the R
ailroads in the Civil War, 278–79.

  10. Meade circular, June 28, OR 27.3:375–76; June 29, Wainwright, Diary of Battle, 228.

  11. Stuart report, OR 27.2:694; John Esten Cooke diary notes, University of Virginia Library; Blackford, War Years with Stuart, 224–25; Longacre, Cavalry at Gettysburg, 155–59.

  12. Lee to Ewell, June 28, is missing, but its contents can be inferred from Lee to Ewell, June [29], OR 27.3:943–44; Charles Marshall, “Events Leading Up To the Battle of Gettysburg,” SHSP, 23 (1895), 226; Lee report, Jan. 1864, OR 27.2:316; Sharpe to David McConaughy, June 29, McConaughy Collection, Gettysburg College.

  13. Marshall, Aide-de-Camp of Lee, 218; A. P. Hill report, OR 27.2:606; Lee to Ewell, June [29], OR 27.3:943–44; Early, Johnson reports, OR 27.2:467, 503; June 29, Hotchkiss, Make Me a Map, 156; George Thomas in SHSP, 14 (1886), 444; Nye, Here Come the Rebels!, 358–59; John O. Casler, Four Years in the Stonewall Brigade (Girard, Kan., 1906), 173.

  14. Lee report, Jan. 1864, OR 27.2:317; Alexander, Fighting for the Confederacy, 229.

  15. Heth report, OR 27.2:637; George A. Bruce, “The Strategy of the Civil War,” PMHSM, 13:455; Louis G. Young, “Pettigrew’s Brigade at Gettysburg,” Walter Clark, ed., Histories of the Several Regiments and Battalions from North Carolina, 5:115–17; Heth in SHSP, 4 (1877), 157; A. P. Hill report, OR 27.2:607. That this was indeed the spy Harrison is suggested by the July 1 entry in Fremantle’s diary: “A spy who was with us insisted upon there being ‘a pretty tidy bunch of blue-bellies in or near Gettysburg,’ and he declared that he was in their society three days ago.” Fremantle, Three Months in the Southern States, 252. As to shoes: Early had requisitioned shoes in Gettysburg on June 26, but certainly did not report any shoe factory there, as stated in Nye, Here Come the Rebels!, 275. The 1860 census listed twenty-two shoemakers in Gettysburg, but neither a shoe factory nor a shoe warehouse: J. Matthew Gallman with Susan Baker, “Gettysburg’s Gettysburg: What the Battle Did to the Borough,” Boritt, ed., The Gettysburg Nobody Knows, 149.