Gettysburg

by Stephen W. Sears

20. Meade, Life and Letters, 2:62–63; July 2, Wainwright, Diary of Battle, 246; Gibbon, Personal Recollections, 139; Frassanito, Early Photography at Gettysburg, 127–28. For Meade’s gathering of forces on July 1–2, see Coddington, Gettysburg Campaign, 323–58.

  21. Thomas W. Hyde, Following the Greek Cross; or, Memories of the Sixth Army Corps (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1895), 143; David A. Ward, ” Sedgwick’s Foot Cavalry’: The March of the Sixth Corps to Gettysburg,” Gettysburg Magazine, 22 (2000), 59–65; George W. Bicknell, History of the Fifth Regiment Maine Volunteers (Portland: Hall L. Davis, 1871), 242; James L. Bowen, History of the Thirty-seventh Regiment Massachusetts Volunteers (Holyoke, Mass.: Clark W. Bryan, 1884), 172; James S. Anderson, “The March of the Sixth Corps to Gettysburg,” Wisconsin MOLLUS, War Papers (4: 1914), 49:80; Robert L. Orr, in John P. Nicholson, ed., Pennsylvania at Gettysburg, 1:377.

  22. Meade to Slocum, July 2, Slocum to Meade, July 2, OR 27.3:486–87; Turner, Victory Rode the Rails, 278–81; Warren testimony, Report of Joint Committee, 1 (1865), 377; Meade to Halleck, July 2, OR 27.1:72.

  23. Coddington, Gettysburg Campaign, 351–52; Pleasonton testimony, Report of Joint Committee, 1 (1865), 359; Meade to Pleasonton, July 2, OR 27.3:490; Meade, Life and Letters, 2:71.

  24. Richard A. Sauers, A Caspian Sea of Ink: The Meade-Sickles Controversy, 27–29; George Gordon Meade II, With Meade at Gettysburg, 101–2; Meade testimony, Report of Joint Committee, 1 (1865), 331–32; Meade to C. G. Benedict, Mar. 16, 1870, in Meade, Life and Letters, 2:353–54.

  25. William Glenn Robertson, “The Peach Orchard Revisited: Daniel E. Sickles and the Third Corps on July 2, 1863,” Gallagher, ed., Three Days at Gettysburg, 139–42; Henry J. Hunt, “The Second Day at Gettysburg,” Battles and Leaders, 3:301–2; Gibbon, Personal Recollections, 136; Henry L. Abbott to John C. Ropes, Aug. 17, MOLLUS Collection, Houghton Library, Harvard University.

  26. July 2, Fiske, Mr. Dunn Browne’s Experiences, 103–4.

  27. S. R. Johnston to Lafayette McLaws, June 27, 1892, Johnston to George Peterkin, n.d., Johnston Papers, Virginia Historical Society; David Powell, “A Reconnaissance Gone Awry: Capt. Samuel R. Johnston’s Fateful Trip to Little Round Top,” Gettysburg Magazine, 23 (2000), 88–99.

  28. Venable to Longstreet, May 11, 1875, in SHSP 4 (1877), 289; Ewell, Pendleton reports, OR 27.2:446, 350; Longto Early, Apr. 5, 1876, in SHSP, 4 (1877), 67.

  29. Fremantle, Three Months in the Southern States, 256–57; Sorrel, Recollections of a Confederate Staff Officer, 161, 157; Longstreet, “Lee in Pennsylvania,” Annals of the War, 422.

  30. Hood to Longstreet, June 28, 1875, in SHSP, 4 (1877), 147–48; Johnston to McLaws, June 27, 1892, Johnston to Peterkin, n.d., Johnston Papers, Virginia Historical Society; Roger J. Greezicki, “Humbugging the Historian: A Reappraisal of Longstreet at Gettysburg,” Gettysburg Magazine, 6 (1992), 63–65.

  31. McLaws, “Gettysburg,” SHSP, 7 (1879), 68; Harry W. Pfanz, Gettysburg— The Second Day, 113–14.

  32. Ewell report, OR 27.2:446; Alexander, Fighting for the Confederacy, 234–35; July 2, Hotchkiss, Make Me a Map, 157.

  33. Long, Memoirs of Lee, 281; Longstreet, “Lee in Pennsylvania,” Annals of the War, 422; Alexander, Fighting for the Confederacy, 235–36; E. M. Law, “The Struggle for ‘Round Top,’” Battles and Leaders, 3:319.

  34. Paul M. Shevchuk, “The Lost Hours of ‘Jeb’ Stuart,” Gettysburg Magazine, 4 (1991), 70–71; E. P. Alexander, Military Memoirs of a Confederate, 376–77.

  35. H. W. Pfanz, Gettysburg— The Second Day, 118–22; McLaws, “The Battle of Gettysburg,” Addresses Delivered Before the Confederate Veterans Association of Savannah, Georgia (1896), 73; Alexander, Fighting for the Confederacy, 236; McLaws, “Gettysburg,” SHSP, 7 (1879), 69; J. B. Kershaw, “Kershaw’s Brigade at Gettysburg,” Battles and Leaders, 3:331; Sorrel, Recollections of a Confederate Staff Officer, 157; Hall to Butterfield, July 2, OR 27.3:488.

  36. McLaws to his wife, July 7, McLaws, A Soldier’s General, 196; Kershaw report, OR 27.2:367; McLaws, “Gettysburg,” SHSP, 7 (1879), 70, 76; H. W. Pfanz, Gettysburg— The Second Day, 152–55, 163–65; J. C. Haskell report, OR Supplement 5:352; Hood to Longstreet, June 28, 1875, SHSP, 4 (1877), 149; Fairfax to Longstreet, Nov. 12, 1877, Fairfax Papers, Virginia Historical Society.

  37. Sauers, A Caspian Sea of Ink, 37–38; William H. Paine to George Meade, May 22, 1886, James C. Biddle to George Meade, Aug. 8, 1880, Meade Papers, Historical Society of Pennsylvania; Sykes report, OR 27.1:592; John C. Ropes to John C. Gray, Apr. 16, 1864, Gray and Ropes, War Letters, 318; Isaac R. Pennypacker, “Military Historians and History,” Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography, 53:3 (1929), 40.

  10. A Simile of Hell Broke Loose

  1. Hunt, “Second Day at Gettysburg,” Battles and Leaders, 3:295–96, 304; Frassanito, Early Photography at Gettysburg, 266–68; Meade, Life and Letters, 2:79.

  2. H. W. Pfanz, Gettysburg— The Second Day, 168–72; Law, “Struggle for ‘Round Top,’” Battles and Leaders, 3:323–24; Alexander, Fighting for the Confederacy, 239; D. U. Barziza, The Adventures of a Prisoner of War, 1863–1864, ed. R. Henderson Shuffler (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1964), 45–46; W. C. Ward in Confederate Veteran, 8 (1900), 347; F. B. Chilton, Unveiling and Dedication of Monument to Hood’s Texas Brigade (Houston, 1911), 350.

  3. Haskell, Haskell of Gettysburg, 119; Hunt, “Second Day at Gettysburg,” Battles and Leaders, 3:305; Smith report, OR 27.1:588; Warren testimony, Report of Joint Committee, 1 (1865), 377; July 2, Wainwright, Diary of Battle, 244. Warren wrote nine years later that “at my suggestion” Meade sent him to Little Round Top, but Warren’s 1864 testimony seems the more accurate: Warren to Peter Farley, July 13, 1872, Warren Papers, New York State Library.

  4. Alexander W. Cameron, “The Saviors of Little Round Top,” Gettysburg Magazine, 8 (1993), 33–35; Warrento Porter Farley, July 13, 1872, Warren to his wife, July 2, 1863, Warren Papers, New York State Library; Mackenzie to Meade, Mar. 22, 1864, OR 27.1:138; Oliver W. Norton, The Attack and Defense of Little Round Top, 263–64.

  5. H. W. Pfanz, Gettysburg— The Second Day, 215–17; William C. Oates, The War Between the Union and the Confederacy, 210; William C. Oates in SHSP, 6 (1878), 174; Daniel M. Laney, “Wasted Gallantry: Hood’s Texas Brigade at Gettysburg,” Gettysburg Magazine, 16 (1997), 40–41; Robertson report, OR 27.2:405.

  6. Kathleen Georg Harrison, “‘Our Principal Loss Was in This Place’: Action at the Slaughter Pen and at the South End of Houck’s Ridge,” Gettysburg Magazine, 1 (1989), 57–59; A. W. Tucker in National Tribune, Jan. 21, 1886; Fox, New York at Gettysburg, 2:869–71.

  7. J. B. Polley, Hood’s Texas Brigade: Its Marches, Its Battles, Its Achievements (New York: Neale, 1910), 170, 169; Anderson to Bachelder, Mar. 15, 1876, Ladd and Ladd, eds., Bachelder Papers, 1:449–50; de Trobriand to his daughter, July 4, Régis de Trobriand, Our No ble Blood: The Civil War Letters of Régis de Trobriand, Major-General U.S.V., ed. William B. Styple (Kearny, N.J.: Belle Grove, 1997), 116–17; George W. Verrill, “The Seventeenth Maine at Gettysburg,” Maine MOLLUS, War Papers (1:1898), 16:266.

  8. J. E. Smith, A Famous Battery and Its Campaigns, 1861-‘64 (Washington: W. H. Lowdermilk, 1892), 138; Waddell, Egan reports, OR 27.2:426, 27.1:526–27; Mauriel P. Joslyn, “‘For Ninety Nine Years or the War’: The Story of the 3rd Arkansas at Gettysburg,” Gettysburg Magazine, 14 (1996), 58; Porter Farley, “Bloody Round Top,” in Sauers, ed., Gettysburg in the National Tribune, 249.

  9. Norton, Attack and Defense of Little Round Top, 265–66; Joshua L. Chamberlain, “Through Blood and Fire at Gettysburg,” Hearst’s Magazine (June 1913), in Gettysburg Magazine, 6 (1992), 48; Maine Gettysburg Commission, Maine at Gettysburg (Portland: Lakeside Press, 1898), 254.

  10. H. W. Pfanz, Gettysburg— The Second Day, 215–19; Elisha Coan memoir, Coan Papers, Bowdoin College; Chamberlain to Bachelder, Mar. 10, 1884, Ladd and Ladd, eds., Bachelder Papers, 3:1884.

  11. Thomas A. Desjardin, Stand Firm Ye Boys f
rom Maine: The 20th Maine and the Gettysburg Campaign, 50–57; Val C. Giles, Rags and Hope: The Recollections of Val C. Giles, Four Years with Hood’s Brigade, Fourth Texas Infantry, 1861–1865, ed. Mary Lasswell (New York: Coward-McCann, 1961), 180; 0ates, War Between the Union and the Confederacy, 213, 218; Chamberlain report, OR 27.1:623–24.

  12. Martin report, OR 27.1:659; Warrento T. H. Davis (notes), Warren to Porter Farley, July 13, 1872, Warren Papers, New York State Library; Joseph M. Leeper statement, A. S. Marvin to Warren, Oct. 29, 1877, Ladd and Ladd, eds., Bachelder Papers, 2:896, 1:511; Emerson G. Taylor, Gouverneur Kemble Warren: The Life and Letters of an American Soldier (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1932), 128. Later Warren would be vague about his knowledge of Vincent’s presence on Little Round Top (Warren to Farley, 1872), but by the time of Hazlett’s arrival Vincent’s fight could hardly have been a secret.

  13. Hunt, “Second Day at Gettysburg,” Battles and Leaders, 3:303; Lee report, Jan. 1864, OR 27.2:318–19; H. W. Pfanz, Gettysburg— Culp’s Hill and Cemetery Hill, 168–89; July 2, Wainwright, Diary of Battle, 243; Nicholson, ed., Pennsylvania at Gettysburg, 2:901.

  14. John W. F. Hatton memoir, 454, Library of Congress; James Stewart, “Battery B, Fourth U.S. Artillery at Gettysburg,” Ohio MOLLUS, Sketches of War History (4: 1896), 4:190–91; Ewell report, OR 27.2:447; Thomas W. Osborn, “The Artillery at Gettysburg,” Philadelphia Weekly Times, May 31, 1879.

  15. Kershaw to Bachelder, Apr. 3, Mar. 20, 1876, Ladd and Ladd, eds., Bachelder Papers, 1:474, 455; McLaws, “Gettysburg,” SHSP, 7 (1879), 73; Joseph B. Kershaw, “Kershaw’s Brigade at Gettysburg,” Battles and Leaders, 3:334; David W. Aiken to his wife, July 11, South Caroliniana Library. The Millerstown Road would later come to be known as the Wheatfield Road.

  16. H. W. Pfanz, Gettysburg— The Second Day, 254–56; John Coxe in Confederate Veteran, 21 (1913), 434; Kershaw, “Kershaw’s Brigade at Gettysburg,” Battles and Leaders, 3:335.

  17. Robert G. Carter, Four Brothers in Blue (Washington: Gibson Press, 1913), 308; John L. Smith to his wife, July 9, Smith Papers, Historical Society of Pennsylvania; Régis de Trobriand, Four Years with the Army of the Potomac, 498; Sweitzer report, OR Supplement 5:191; George W. Verrill, “The Seventeenth Maine at Gettysburg,” Maine MOLLUS, War Papers (1: 1898), 16:267.

  18. Barnes, Winslow reports, OR 27.1:601, 587–88; de Trobriand, Four Years with the Army of the Potomac, 498–500; Winslow to Bachelder, May 17, 1878, Ladd and Ladd, eds., Bachelder Papers, 1:590.

  19. Hancock, Caldwell reports, OR 27.1:369, 379; Nicholson, ed., Pennsylvania at Gettysburg, 1:623; Mike Pride and Mark Travis, My Brave Boys: To War with Colonel Cross and the Fighting Fifth, 234; Charles A. Hale, “With Colonel Cross in the Gettysburg Campaign,” John R. Brooke Papers, Historical Society of Pennsylvania; Tremain, Two Days of War, 84.

  20. Eric Campbell, “Caldwell Clears the Wheatfield,” Gettysburg Magazine, 3 (1990), 33–34; D. Scott Hartwig, “‘No Troops on the Field Had Done Better’: John C. Caldwell’s Division in the Wheatfield, July 2, 1863,” Gallagher, ed., Three Days at Gettysburg, 212–14; Caldwell, N. H. Davis, Brooke reports, OR 27.1:379, 27.3:1087, 27.1:400; Hale, “With Colonel Cross,” Brooke Papers, Historical Society of Pennsylvania.

  21. Pride and Travis, My Brave Boys, 238–41; Charles A. Fuller, Recollections of the War of 1861–1865 (Sherburne, N.Y., 1906), 94–95.

  22. Thomas B. Rogers, in St. Louis Globe Democrat, Mar. 9, 1913; Josiah M. Favill, The Diary of a Young Officer Serving with the Armies of the United States During the War of the Rebellion (Chicago: Donnelley, 1909), 246; Theodore Bean, “Fall of General Zook,” Philadelphia Weekly Times, Jan. 6, 1883.

  23. Kershaw, “Kershaw’s Brigade at Gettysburg,” Battles and Leaders, 3:336–37; Robert L. Stewart, History of the One Hundred and Fortieth Regiment, Pennsylvania Volunteers (Philadelphia, 1912), 105; John M. Bigham, “Four Brothers at Gettysburg,” Military Images, 12:1 (1990), 9; Nelson report, OR 27.1:398.

  24. Campbell, “Caldwell Clears the Wheatfield,” Gettysburg Magazine, 3 (1990), 41–43; Brooke report, OR 27.1:400; H. W. Pfanz, Gettysburg— The Second Day, 284–86.

  25. John Michael Gibney, “A Shadow Passing: The Tragic Story of Norval Welch and the Sixteenth Michigan at Gettysburg,” Gettysburg Magazine, 6 (1991), 33–42; Welch report, OR 27.1:627–28; Norton, Attack and Defense of Little Round Top, 242–44.

  26. Brian A. Bennett, “The Supreme Event in Its Existence: The 140th New York on Little Round Top,” Gettysburg Magazine, 3 (1990), 17–25; Porter Farley narrative, in Norton, Attack and Defense of Little Round Top, 134; James R. Campbell, July 3, in Rochester Evening Express, July 11, Samuel R. Hazen in National Tribune, Sept. 13, 1894, unknown writer, Aug. 12, in Rochester Evening Express, Aug. 20, all cited in Bennett, “The Supreme Event.”

  27. Desjardin, Stand Firm Ye Boys from Maine, 64–68; 0ates in SHSP, 6 (1878), 176; 0ates, War Between the Union and the Confederacy, 218–20; Chamberlain, “Through Blood and Fire,” Gettysburg Magazine, 6 (1992), 51; Chamberlain report, OR Supplement 5:197.

  28. Desjardin, Stand Firm Ye Boys from Maine, 68–76; Chamberlain, “Through Blood and Fire,” Gettysburg Magazine, 6 (1992), 51–55; Ellis Spear memoir, Collection of Abbott and Marjorie Spear, cited in Desjardin, passim; Coan memoir, Coan Papers, Bowdoin College; Oates, War Between the Union and the Confederacy, 220; William T. Livermore diary, University of Maine.

  29. Chamberlain report, OR Supplement 5:197; Busey and Martin, Regimental Strengths and Losses at Gettysburg, 280; Oates to F. A. Dearborn, Mar. 28, 1898, Collection of Mrs. Robert H. Charles, in Glenn W. LaFantasie, ed., “William C. Oates Remembers Little Round Top,” Gettysburg Magazine, 21 (1999), 63. Joshua Chamberlain would, in effect, dine out on his Gettysburg exploits for the rest of his life. For his career, see Thomas Desjardin’s Stand Firm Ye Boys from Maine, and Glenn LaFantasie, “Joshua Chamberlain and the American Dream,” in Boritt, ed., The Gettysburg Nobody Knows.

  30. B. F. Rittenhouse, “The Battle of Gettysburg as Seen from Little Round Top,” District of Columbia MOLLUS, War Papers (1: 1897), 42:39–40; Porter Farley, “Bloody Round Top,” in Sauers, ed., Gettysburg in the National Tribune, 252.

  31. William H. Powell, The Fifth Army Corps, 534–35.

  32. FitzGerald Ross, A Visit to the Cities and Camps of the Confederate States, 52; Alexander, Fighting for the Confederacy, 239–40; Kershaw to Bachelder, Mar. 20, 1876, Ladd and Ladd, eds., Bachelder Papers, 1:457; McLaws, “Gettysburg,” SHSP, 7 (1879), 74; Haskell, Haskell of Gettysburg, 120.

  33. John R. Bucklyn diary, July 2, Ladd and Ladd, eds., BachelderPapers, 3:72–73; Bucklyn report, OR Supplement 5:188; Tippin report, OR 27.1:499; James M. Martin, History of the Fifty-seventh Regiment, Pennsylvania Veteran Volunteer Infantry (Meadville, Pa., 1904), 88–89; Benjamin H. Humphreys to Bachelder, May 1, 1876, Ladd and Ladd, eds., Bachelder Papers, 1:480–81; David Craft, History of the One Hundred Forty-first Regiment, Pennsylvania Volunteers, 1862–1865 (Towanda, Pa., 1885), 123.

  34. Nicholson, ed., Pennsylvania at Gettysburg, 1:173; Humphreys to his wife, July 4, Humphreys Papers, Historical Society of Pennsylvania; Tremain, Two Days of War, 89–90; Henry L. Abbott to John C. Ropes, Aug. 17, MOLLUS Collection, Houghton Library, Harvard University; Hancock report, OR 27.1:370.

  35. Hartwig, “Caldwell’s Division in the Wheatfield,” Gallagher, ed., Three Days at Gettysburg, 223–26; Sykes, Sweitzer reports, OR 1.27:592, 611; Sweitzer report, OR Supplement 5:192; Powell, Fifth Army Corps, 534–35, 535n.

  36. Kershaw report, OR 27.2:369; John Coxe in Confederate Veteran, 21 (1913), 434; William H. Parker in Richmond Sentinel, July 27; Francis Lawley in London Times, Aug. 18.

  37. Fox, New York at Gettysburg, 1:420; Donaldson to his aunt, July 21, Donaldson, Inside the Army of the Potomac, 305; Brooke report, OR 27.1:401; Stephen A. Osborn, “Recollections of the Civil War” (1915), U.S. Army Military History Institute; Brooke to Francis A. Walker, Mar. 18, 1886, Ladd and Ladd, eds., Bachelder Papers, 2:1234; Morgan s
tatement, Ladd and Ladd, eds., Bachelder Papers, 3:1355–56.

  38. Sweitzer report, OR 27.1:611–12; Sweitzer report, OR Supplement 5:193–94; James Houghton journal, Michigan Historical Collection, Bentley Historical Library, University of Michigan.

  39. Reese, Sykes’ Regular Infantry, 248–55; Frederick Coriette, July 17, U.S. Army Military History Institute; Count of Paris, The Battle of Gettysburg (Philadelphia: Porter & Coates, 1886), 177; Floyd-Jones report, OR 27.1:650; Powell, Fifth Army Corps, 535n.

  40. Alexander, Fighting for the Confederacy, 240; Frederick M. Colston, “The Campaign of Gettysburg,” Campbell-Colston Papers, Southern Historical Collection, University of North Carolina.

  41. July 3, Fiske, Mr. Dunn Browne’s Experiences, 105.

  42. H. W. Pfanz, Gettysburg— The Second Day, 390–91; Fremantle, Three Months in the Southern States, 269; Scheibert in SHSP, 5 (1878), 91.

  43. Hill, Anderson, Lang reports, OR 27.2:608, 614, 631; William Miller Owen, In Camp and Battle with the Washington Artillery of New Orleans, 246.

  44. Humphreys to his wife, July 4, Humphreys Papers, Historical Society of Pennsylvania; Edmund D. Patterson, Yankee Rebel: The Civil War Journal of Edmund DeWitt Patterson, ed. John G. Barrett (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1966), 116; Gibbon, Personal Recollections, 137; Silas Adams, “The Nineteenth Maine at Gettysburg,” Maine MOLLUS, War Papers (4:1915), 19:253; Hancock to Humphreys, Oct. 10, Humphreys Papers, Historical Society of Pennsylvania; Henry N. Blake, Three Years in the Army of the Potomac (Boston: Lee and Shepard, 1865), 215.

  45. John Bigelow, The Peach Orchard, Gettysburg, July 2, 1863 (Minneapolis: Kimball-Storer, 1910), 55; Michael Hanifen, History of Battery B, First New Jersey Artillery (Ottawa, Ill., 1905), 76–77.

  46. Eric Campbell, “Baptism of Fire: The Ninth Massachusetts Battery at Gettysburg, July 2, 1863,” Gettysburg Magazine, 5 (1991), 65–77; Bigelow letter, Bigelow account, Ladd and Ladd, eds., Bachelder Papers, 1:173–74, 176–77; McGilvery report, OR 27.1:882; J. S. McNeily, “Barksdale’s Mississippi Brigade at Gettysburg,” Publications of the Mississippi Historical Society, 19 (1914), 249.