Beckman Oxygen Analyzer, 61
1 1 8
Behrensmeyer, Anna Kay, 1 1 6 , 1 1 8
metabolic rate, 18, 84
Benton Formation, 3 9 - 4 1
posture, reconstructed in museums, 2 0 3
Benton Sea, 3 9 - 4 0
speed of locomotion, 2 1 4 , 2 1 7
Bering Land Bridge, 4 4 1
tail, use of, 190, 2 6 7
Big Bend National Park, Texas, 2 8 9
Brown, S. O., 3 5 3 - 3 5 4 , 3 6 0
Bipedalism, 1 7 3 - 1 7 4 , 1 7 5 , 2 0 7 , 2 1 7
Browsing adaptations by herbivorous dinosaurs,
Birds
1 8 5 - 1 9 8
anatomical adaptations for flight, 279—280
Bug Creek, Montana, 45
bipedalism and digestion, 1 7 5
brains of, 3 6 8
classification, 4 5 7 - 4 6 2
Cacops. 328, 335
crocodile, similarities to, 1 2 7
Camarasaur, 1 0 7 , 108-109, 1 1 3
dinosaur affinities, 20, 2 2 - 2 3 , 2 6 - 2 7 , 51, 132,
Camarasaurus, 145, 215. See also Brontosaurs
1 7 5 , 3 0 4 - 3 0 8 , 3 4 6 , 363
feeding, 1 3 5 - 1 3 8 , 1 9 0
evolutionary origins of, 25—26, 304, 3 0 4 -
habitat preference, 1 0 5 - 1 1 5
3 0 8 , 3 1 1 - 3 2 2 , 4 4 9 , 4 5 7 - 4 6 2
nostrils, 1 4 4 - 1 4 5
growth rates, 3 4 8
punctuated evolution of, 4 0 1
metabolic rates, 2 5 , 3 6 3
Camouflage, 7 9 - 8 0 , 8 4 , 2 7 5 - 2 7 6 . See also Col-
respiratory system, 2 0 , 3 6 3 - 3 6 4
oration
with teeth, 32, 2 9 8 - 3 2 2
Carnegie, Andrew, 2 0 1 , 2 0 3
Body heat. See Metabolic rate; Thermoregula-
Carnegie Museum, Pittsburgh, 203
tion
Carpenter, Kenneth, 178
Body size, evolution of, 8 4 , 9 8 - 1 0 0 . See also Mass
Cassowaries, 2 5 5 - 2 5 7
homeothermy
Census, animal, 5.3-54, 5 7 , 6 0 , 1 0 1 , 1 1 5 , 3 7 7 -
Bonaparte, Jose, 2 9 3 , 2 9 5 , 4 5 7
.385, 4 2 2 , 4 3 5 . See also Predator-prey ra-
Bonehead dinosaurs, 2 3 7 - 2 4 0 , 2 5 4 . See also
tios
Domehead dinosaurs; Pachycephalosaurus
Centrosaurus. 208, 223. See also Horned dino-
Bone texture, 3 4 7 - 3 5 6 , 3 6 0 , 3 7 0 - 3 7 1 , 3 9 1 ,
saurs
4 1 3 - 4 1 5 , 4 1 8 , 4 2 2
ancestors, 2 4 9
Book of Job, 28
armor, 2 4 5
Boonstra, Liewe Dirk, 4 1 2 - 4 1 3
posture, 2 0 6 , 2 0 9 , 2 1 2
Brachiosaurids, 39, 193. See also Brontosaurs
Ceratophrys. 5 4 - 5 5
Brachiosaurus. 144, 145, 2 0 1
Ceratosaurus. 111. 216. 227, 265, 266
feeding and digestion, 173, 1 8 5 , 1 9 0
crests, 3 3 9
posture, reconstructed in museums, 2 0 5 - 2 0 6
extinction, 39
teeth and tooth wear, 1 3 6 - 1 3 7
hunting methods, 2 2 9
Brain size
lips, 143
dinosaur, 15, 126, 3 6 5 - 3 6 9 , 3 7 1 - 3 7 4
relatives of, 2 5 9
human, 73
skull anatomy, 2 6 4 - 2 6 7
increase, in evolution, 3 6 8
teeth, 1 1 0 - 1 1 2 , 2 6 2
intelligence, correlation with, 3 6 9
Chameleons, 6 7 - 6 9 , 2 0 4 , 2 0 9 , 2 2 1 - 2 2 2 . See also
metabolic rate, association with, 3 6 9 - 3 7 0
Lizards
Brontosaurs. See also Sauropoda
Chasmosaurus. 213, 223, 4 3 6 . See also Horned
classification, 2 5 5 , 4 4 7 - 4 5 4
dinosaurs
defense, 2 6 4 , 2 6 7
Chasmosaurus kaiseni, 2 4 5
extinction, 38
Cheeks, use in feeding, 1 6 4 - 1 6 5
feeding, 1 2 5 , 160, 185
Chlamydosaurus. 49
gizzards, 1 3 4 - 1 3 6 , 160, 173
Chugwater Formation, 34, 39
habitat preference, 3 3 - 3 7 , 1 0 5 , 1 10, 1 1 2
Clams, rates of evolution in, 4 0 1 - 4 0 2
limb anatomy, 2 1 8
Classification, zoological. See also Evolution; No-
metabolic rates, 1 2 5 - 1 2 6
menclature; Phylogeny; Species
swamps, avoidance by, 1 2 1 - 1 2 4 , 157
anatomical evidence in, 4 4 9
tails, use of, 2 2 8 , 2 6 7
birds, 1 2 7 , 3 0 5 , 4 5 7 - 4 6 2
Brontosaurus. 14. 126, 191. 192, 364
dinosaurs, 2 5 3 - 2 5 4 , 4 4 5 - 4 6 2
abundance of, 391
rates of evolution reflected in, 4 0 3
evolution of, 3 9 9 - 4 0 1
reptiles, 52, 57
474 I INDEX
Clavicles, 295, 306, 3 1 6 . See also Collarbones;
survival of extinction, 4 3 1
Wishbones
tails, use in swimming, 152—153
Cleveland-Lloyd fossil site, Utah, 264. See also
Crocodilia, Order, 4 4 7 . See a/so Classification
Predator traps
Crocodilians, 59, 1 2 8 , 2 0 9 , 3 6 9
Climate, 94, 158, 388. See also Extinction; Hab-
Crompton, A . W., 4 5 5 - 4 5 6 , 4 5 7
itats
Crotophytus, 67
ancient, 1 0 0 - 1 0 1 , 1 0 7 - 1 1 1 , 1 1 7 , 1 1 8 , 1 2 1 ,
Cuvier, Georges, 2 0 , 2 3 , 2 7 3 - 2 7 7 , 2 8 6 , 4 2 8 -
359, 4 1 4
4 3 0 , 4 6 2
effects on rate of evolution (theories), 160,
Cycads, 171
2 4 8
Cynodonts, 34, 4 1 6 , 4 1 8 - 4 1 9 , 420-421
Climate and Evolution, W. D. Matthew, 1 6 0
Cynognathus, 420-421
Cnemial crest. See Limb anatomy
Coelophysis, 257, 2 5 9 - 2 6 4 , 2 6 0 . 261, 262
Dakota Sandstone, 39
Coelurus, 112
Darlington, Philip, 4 8 - 4 9 , 58
Co-evolution, 100, 4 4 2
Darwin, Charles, 2 8 , 3 0 1 , 3 9 5 - 3 9 7
dinosaurs and flowers, 179—198
Darwinism, 3 9 6 - 3 9 7
predators and prey, 2 2 6 , 2 5 5 , 264
Death Star, 26 Million Year, 4 3 1 , 4 3 4 , 4 3 8 . See
Coggeshall, Arthur, 201
also Alvarez, Walter; Asteroid theory; Ex-
Colbert, Edwin, 2 5 8 - 2 5 9
tinction; Iridium layer
Cold blood, definition of, 23
Defense, animal, 4 1 , 56, 79, 9 0 , 2 2 9 - 2 3 7 , 2 4 0 ,
Collagen, 3 1 , 355
2 4 8 - 2 7 2 . See also Armor; Display; Lo-
Collarbones, 2 2 1 - 2 2 2 , 3 0 6 - 3 0 8 , 3 1 8 . See also
comotion; Poisons
Clavicles; Wishbones
Defense, of plants against herbivores, 129, 179—
Coloration, animal, 2 8 6 - 2 8 9 , 3 3 3 . See also Cam-
1 9 8
ouflage; Display; Vision
Deinonychus, 22, 310, 3 1 1 - 3 1 4 , 3 1 9 , 373, 4 5 8
Colossochelys. 77, 7 7 - 7 8
Deltas, 1 2 0 - 1 2 4 , 2 4 9 , 3 9 0
Comets, 434. See also Asteroid theory of extinc-
Desmatosuchus, 423
tions
Diadectes. 3 8 2 , 384
Como Bluff, Wyoming, 2 9 - 4 4 , 9 8 - 1 0 0 , 1 0 5 -
Diceratops, 3 9 6
116, 360, 3 9 8 - 4 0 2
Dicynodonts, 4 1 4 , 4 1 6 , 4 1 8
Competition, 1 0 1 , 4 1 6 , 4 1 9 , 4 2 4
Digestion, 1 3 0 - 1 3 8 , 1 7 1 - 1 7 8 . See also Enzymes;
avoidance of, 7 9 - 8 1
Gizzards
&n
bsp; mammals, with dinosaurs, 15, 50, 9 7 , 372
Dilophosaurus, 256. 2 6 3 - 2 6 4 , 3 3 9 , 342
metabolic rate, effect on, 8 1 , 9 7 , 4 0 2
Dimetrodon. 326. 3 3 3 - 3 3 6 , 3 8 0 - 3 8 5 , 4 0 9
Compsognathus, 3 0 5 , 3 1 1
Dimorphodon. 278. 2 8 3 - 2 8 5 , 2 8 7 - 2 8 8
Coombs, Walter, 254
Dinocephalians, 3 3 6 . See also Protomammals
Cope, Edward Drinker, 1 6 1 , 2 0 1 , 2 2 5 , 2 5 9 , 3 0 4 ,
Dinornis maximus. 131, 132. See also Moas
333
Dinosaur National Monument, Utah, 1 1 7 — 1 1 8
Corythosaurus, 1 5 1 , 155, 344, 4 3 6 . Seea/so Duck-
Dip/ocaulus. 331, 3 3 2 - 3 3 3 , 3 8 4
bill dinosaurs
Diplodocus. 3 8 - 3 9 , 1 1 8 , 137. 140, 141. 145.
Countercurrent exchange, 364
192, 202, 205. 268. 4 5 8
Courtship, animal, 4 2 - 4 3 , 3 3 4 , 3 3 7 , 3 4 1 . See
anatomy and posture, 2 0 3 - 2 2 5
also Coloration; Crests; Display; Mating
extinction, 193
rituals; Ornamentation; Vocalization
feeding, adaptations for, 15, 1 3 8 - 1 3 9 , 1 8 5 ,
Crests, 4 2 - 4 3 , 148, 2 9 1 , 3 2 5 , 3 3 9 , 3 4 1 . See also
1 9 0
Ornamentation
tail, 190, 2 2 8
Crimson crocs, 4 1 6 - 4 2 2 , 423, 4 3 1 , 4 4 9 , 4 5 1 ,
trunk, evidence of, 1 4 0 - 1 4 4
462. See also Erythrosuchians; Pseudo-
Diplodocus carnegiei, 2 0 1 - 2 0 5 , 202
suchians
Diracodon, 227
Crocodiles, 143
Disease, 1 1 2 , 3 7 8 , 4 2 7 , 4 4 2 - 4 4 4
anatomy compared to dinosaurs', 2 3 , 2 9 6
Display
ancestry, 23, 4 1 6 , 4 4 9
energy expenditure in, 3 3 7 - 3 4 6 , 4 1 4
armor, 59, 232
sexual, 4 2 - 4 4 , 3 3 4 - 3 3 6
carriage, 204
threat, 6 5 - 6 6 , 3 3 3
ecological importance of, 59
vocalization, 4 3 - 4 4 , 3 4 5 - 3 4 6
fossil, as indicators of ancient habitats, 1 1 6
Diversity, ecological, 54, 6 0 , 6 1 , 8 1 , 3 8 0 , 404.
gizzards, 1 2 7 - 1 2 8
See also Adaptive radiation; Rates of evo-
growth rates, 3 4 9
lution
hunting methods, 58, 81
Dolichorhynchops. 426
maternal care of young, 58
Domehead dinosaurs, 1 7 6 , 193, 2 3 7 - 2 4 0
INDEX | 475
Draco, 69
punctuated, 39, 4 0 9 , 4 2 3
Dragon, Komodo. See Komodo Dragon
reversals in, 3 0 7 - 3 0 8 , 3 1 5 - 3 1 8 . See also Ata-
Dragons, flying. See Pterodactyls
visms
Dragons of the Air. Hans Seeley, 282
stasis in, 3 9 9 - 4 0 1
Drought, 1 1 7 - 1 1 8 , 148, 3 9 0 , 4 0 5
warm-bloodedness, 25
Dryosaurs, 1 5 4 , 1 5 7 , 1 7 8
Evolutionary trees, 4 4 6 - 4 4 7 , 4 5 1 . See also Clas-
Dryosaurus. 149, 151
sification; Family trees; Phylogeny
Dryptosaurus. 2 2 5
Extinction
Duckbill dinosaurs, 15, 4 1 - 4 5 , 5 1 , 163
asteroid theory of, 4 3 2 - 4 3 4 , 4 3 8 - 4 3 9 , 4 4 3 -
abundance of, 2 7 2 , 4 3 6 - 4 3 7
4 4 4
display, 4 2 , 3 4 2 , 3 4 5
climate change, role in, 4 2 8 , 4 3 9
evolution of, 1 2 0 - 1 2 1 , 4 0 4
co-evolution affected by, 185
feeding, 4 2 , 1 6 1 - 1 6 2 , 1 6 5 - 1 6 9 , 1 9 4 - 1 9 8
Cretaceous, 4 0 , 4 4 - 4 5 , 50, 197, 371, 4 0 5 ,
gait, 2 0 6
4 2 5 - 4 4 4
habitat preference, 1 1 5 , 1 2 0 - 1 2 1 , 1 4 8 - 1 5 7
differential vulnerability to, 4 0 4 - 4 0 5 , 4 0 9 ,
mummy, as evidence, 1 1 8 , 1 4 6 - 1 4 8 , 1 5 7 -
4 1 4 - 4 1 5 , 4 3 1 - 4 3 2 , 4 3 9 , 4 4 4
1 5 9
dinosaur, 16, 38, 39, 4 4 , 4 6 - 4 7 , 181
respiratory system, 365
mammal role in, 50, 4 2 5
skull anatomy, 4 1 - 4 5
Eocene, 4 3 0 , 4 4 2
swimming, theory of, 1 4 8 - 1 5 5
human role in, 78, 1 3 1
tail, 1 5 0 - 1 5 4
Jurassic, 1 1 9 - 1 2 0 , 193, 2 3 4 , 2 8 9 , 4 2 8
teeth, 4 2 , 1 6 1 - 1 6 4 , 1 7 5 , 3 5 9
Kazanian, 4 1 4
vocalization, 44
law ot land-sea simultaneity, 4 3 0
mass, 4 3 6 , 4 3 8 , 4 4 4
Ears, 3 2 7 , 3 3 0 , 346. See also Hearing
opportunism following, 3 9 - 4 0 , 4 7 , 193, 4 1 5 -
Ecological roles, 3 3 , 53, 5 7 , 6 3 , 8 2 , 8 4 , 2 7 5 ,
4 1 6 , 4 1 9 , 4 2 2 . See also Adaptive radiation
2 8 7 , 3 3 2 , 4 1 0 , 4 1 6 , 4 1 9 . See also Guilds
patterns in, 4 2 3 , 4 2 8 - 4 3 1 , 4 3 5 , 4 3 8 , 4 4 4
Edaphosaurus, 3 3 4 , 3 8 2 , 4 0 9
Permian, 4 1 5 - 4 1 6 , 4 2 8
Edmonton-Hell Creek Formation, 4 3 6 - 4 3 7
plants, 4 3 5
EJmontonia, 194. 234. 236
Pleistocene, of giant mammals, 4 2 8
Edmontosaurus. 59, 194. See also Duckbill dino-
rates of, 4 7 , 4 3 6
saurs
Tartarian, 4 15
feeding, adaptations for, 167, 185
theories of, 4 2 5 - 4 2 7
habitat, deduced by anatomy, 149, 151
Eyelids, 2 5 4
skull anatomy, 42
vocalization, 4 4 , 3 4 5
Fabrosaurs, 178. See also Beaked dinosaurs
Elasmosaur, 40
Falconer, Hugh, 3 9 7
Eldredge, Niles, 3 9 8 , 4 0 1
False crocodiles, 308. See also Pseudosuchians
Electromyographs, 57
Family trees, 2 5 3 , 4 5 1 , 4 6 0 . See also Classifica-
Elephants, 1 2 8 - 1 2 9 , 1 4 1 - 1 4 2 , 173, 2 0 4 , 2 1 4 ,
tion; Phylogeny
3 6 6 , 3 9 7 , 4 4 6 - 4 4 7
Faunal mixing, 4 4 3 - 4 4 4
Enlow, D. H., 3 5 3 , 3 6 0
Feathers, 3 0 2 , 3 1 8 , 3 1 9 , 4 5 8
Enzymes, 8 7 - 8 9 , 172, 1 7 7 , 3 4 9
Feeding, adaptations for, 6 9 - 7 0 , 1 3 6 - 1 4 5 , 2 8 7 .
Eohippus. 74, 4 4 7
See also Gizzards; Rumination
Epanterias. 2 2 9
Field Museum, Chicago, 2 0 1 , 2 0 3
Equability, faunal, 4 3 6 - 4 3 8
Finbacks, 3 3 0 , 3 3 5 - 3 3 6 , 3 3 8 - 3 3 9 , 3 7 9 - 3 8 5 .
Eryops. 326. 3 8 2 - 3 8 4
See also Dimetrodon
Erythrosuchians, 4 1 9 , 4 2 2
Fish, fossil, as indicators ot ancient habitats, 1 1 6
Erythrosuchidae, 4 1 6 . See also Crimson crocs
Fish lizards. See Ichthyosaurs
Erythrosuchus. 420-421. 4 2 2
Flamingos, 2 8 5 - 2 8 7
Evolution. See also Co-evolution; Punctuated
Flight, 2 7 5 , 2 7 6 - 2 8 3 , 2 9 0 , 4 5 8 . See also Birds;
equilibria; Rates of evolution; Species
Pterodactyls
continuity of, 39, 2 9 7 , 3 9 7
evolution of, 3 1 8 - 3 2 2
convergent, 308
metabolic prerequisites of, 2 9 2 - 2 9 3 , 3 2 1 -
direction of, 154, 3 6 8 , 3 7 1 - 3 7 4
322
gradual, theory of, 3 9 7
Floodplains, 33, 4 3 , 1 1 2 , 1 1 4 , 1 1 6 , 1 1 8 , 1 2 1 ,
"missing links" in, 22, 2 4 8 , 3 0 2 - 3 0 3 , 3 9 7 -
124, 1 3 4 , 3 8 2 , 3 8 4 , 3 9 0 , 4 0 9
3 9 8 , 4 5
4 - 4 5 5
Floods, 3 2 , 4 5 , 106, 1 1 4 , 1 1 7 , 134, 155
parallel, 3 0 8 , 3 1 1
Food requirements of animals, 125, 388, 392,
patterns of, 2 5 1 - 2 5 2 , 3 3 4 , 4 4 9 , 4 5 1
4 1 2
476 | INDEX
Footprints
Heart-lung systems. See Respiratory systems
dinosaur, 34, 37, 1 1 6 , 157, 2 0 6 , 2 1 1 - 2 1 2 ,
Heilmann, Gerhard, 3 0 6 - 3 0 8 , 3 1 1 , 3 1 5 - 3 1 8
2 2 3 - 2 2 5 , 3 9 1 - 3 9 2 . See alio Trackways
Hell Creek, Montana, 4 4 - 4 6 , 2 6 7
fossil, 4 0 9
Herbivores, 408
Frogs, 5 4 - 5 6 , 327
co-evolution with plants, 179—198
dinosaur, 1 8 0 - 1 9 8 , 2 5 5
Gait, 23, 6 7 , 2 0 3 - 2 2 5 , 3 9 1 - 3 9 2 , 4 0 9 , 4 1 3 . See
ecological importance of, 184
also Locomotion
Herpetofauna, 54. See also Census, animal
Galton, Peter, 165, 1 7 4 , 2 3 9 - 2 4 0 , 4 5 2 - 4 5 7
Herpetology, definition of, 54
Game parks, 379, 3 8 5
Hesperornis, 300, 3 0 1 - 3 0 2 , 321
Gastroliths, 1 7 5 . See a/so Gizzard stones
Heterodontosaurus, 446, 453
Genetic storage, 3 1 6 - 3 1 8
Hippos, 156, 4 4 6
Geochelone, 4 0 4
Histology, 3 5 3 - 3 5 6 . See also Bone texture; Ha-
Geochemistry, 1 0 0 - 1 0 1
versian Canals; Thin sections
Geographical barriers, 4 4 3 . See also Isolation;
Hoatzin, 3 1 4 - 3 1 6 , 3 1 9 - 3 2 0 , 321
Migration
Holland, William J . , 2 0 3
Geologica Hungarica, 2 5 4
Homo sapiens, 2 5 , 52. See also Humans
Geological Society of London, 3 0 5
Horned dinosaurs, 1 1 5 , 1 2 0 - 1 2 1 , 2 4 4 - 2 4 5 , 385,
Geological Survey, United States, 2 9 8 , 301
4 3 6
Geraldine Bone Bed, Texas, 3 8 2 - 3 8 3
armor, 2 2 6
Ghost Ranch, New Mexico, predator quarry,
defense, evolution of, 2 4 8 - 2 5 4
2 5 8 - 2 5 9
display, sexual, 342
Gizzard stones, 1 2 6 - 1 3 8 , 1 6 0 , 1 7 5 , 178, 251
evolution, rate of, 4 0 4
Gizzards, 1 2 6 - 1 3 8 , 160, 1 7 3
feeding, 1 6 7 - 1 6 8 , 1 7 1 , 1 7 5 , 194
Gley, 33
locomotion, speed of, 217—225
Gobi Desert, 2 4 8 - 2 4 9
posture, represented in museums, 2 0 6
Gorgons, Tartarian saber-toothed, 4 1 4 , 4 1 9 , 4 3 8 ,
respiratory system, 3 6 5
4 3 9
tail corset, 154
Gould, Stephen Jay, 3 9 8 , 4 0 1
Horns, 2 4 0 , 2 4 1 , 2 4 5 , 2 5 1 , 3 3 6
Great Hall, Peabody Museum, Yale, 15, 16, 2 0 6
Horses, 3 1 7 , 4 4 6
Gregory, William King, 5 1 - 5 2
Human evolution, 73, 2 4 8
Growth, rate of, 3 4 7 - 3 6 0 , 4 1 3 - 4 1 4 . See also
Humans, ecological disturbances caused by, 3 8 8 -
Robert T Bakker Page 50