Bone texture; Haversian Canals; Meta-
3 8 9
bolic rate
Huxley, Thomas Henry, 22, 3 0 1 , 3 0 4 - 3 0 5 , 4 5 5
dinosaurs', measurement of, 3 5 0 - 3 5 6 , 359—
Hypacrosaurus, 4 2 , 194. See also Duckbill dino-
3 6 0
saurs
metabolism, effect on, 3 4 9 - 3 5 0
rapid, advantages of, 3 4 9
Ichthyornis, 3 0 1 - 3 0 2 , 321
Growth rings, 356, 3 5 9 - 3 6 0
lchthyosaurs, 321
Gubbio, Italy, 4 3 2
lchthyostega, 3 2 7
Guilds, ecological, 6 0 - 6 3 , 8 2 - 8 3 . See also Eco-
lguanodon, 24. 178, 183, 1 8 4 , 1 9 3 , 304
logical roles
Industrial Revolution, 25
Iridium layer, 4 3 2 , 4 3 5 , 4 3 8
Habitats, ancient. See also Drought; Preservation,
Island faunas, 80, 1 3 1 , 4 4 3
tossil; Seasons; Taphonomy
Isolation, ecological, 4 4 3
dinosaurs', 3 3 - 3 6 , 9 8 , 100, 1 0 5 - 1 2 4 , 1 4 8 -
Isthmus of Panama, 4 4 3 . See also Land bridges;
157, 185, 2 4 9 , 3 5 9 , 3 8 9 - 3 9 0
Migration
f l o o d p l a i n s , 1 1 2 - 1 1 3 , 1 1 6 , 1 1 8 , 1 2 1 , 124
Janis, Christine, 1 7 1 - 1 7 2
fossil indicators of, 1 1 6 - 1 1 7
Jaws, 7 1 - 7 3 , 169, 4 1 8
fresh water, 57, 1 1 7
Job. See Book of J o b
reconstruction of, 4 5 , 1 0 0 - 1 0 1 , 1 0 5 - 1 1 2 ,
Judith River Delta, Alberta and Montana, 1 5 5 ,
1 1 6 - 1 1 8
2 4 9 , 3 4 5 , 3 8 5
rivers, 4 4 - 4 5 , 5 8
Judith River Fossil Beds, Alberta and Montana,
shifts in, 4 2 7
2 4 4 - 2 4 5 , 4 0 4 , 4 3 6 - 4 3 7
swamps, 55, 1 0 5 , 1 5 6 - 1 5 7 , 1 8 5 , 2 4 9
Hair, evolution of, 2 9 2 , 4 1 4
Karoo Basin, South Africa, 4 1 0 , 4 1 4 - 4 1 5
Harvard University, 5 1 , 52
Kauffman, Erie, 4 3 9
Hatcher, John Bell, 2 0 1 , 2 0 3 , 2 0 4
Kazanian Epoch, 4 0 9 - 4 2 4
Haversian Canals, 3 5 3 - 3 5 6 , 3 6 0 , 3 8 0
Kazanian protomammals, 4 1 0 , 4 1 2 , 4 1 3 , 4 1 9 ,
Hearing, 3 2 7 - 3 2 8 , 3 3 0 , 3 4 6
4 2 4
INDEX I 477
Kazanian Revolution, 4 0 9 , 4 2 4
Mammals
Kentrurosaurus, 362
in Age of Dinosaurs, 18, 3 7 1 - 3 7 2 , 3 8 9 . 404
Komodo Dragon, 2 3 , 62, 6 2 - 6 4 , 7 5 , 80, 8 5 , 9 0 ,
competition with dinosaurs, 15, 50, 97—98,
2 6 1 - 2 6 2
3 7 2
Komodo Island, Indonesia, 6 2 , 8 0 , 84
growth rates, 3 4 7 - 3 4 8
Kritosaurus, 161, 3 4 5 . See also Duckbill dinosaurs
metabolic rates, 2 5 , 8 7 - 9 4
Kummel, Bernhard, 3 9 8
warm-bloodedness, evolution of, 2 5 , 371
Kunkar nodules, 1 0 7 - 1 0 9 , 1 1 2 , 1 1 3 , 1 1 6 - 1 1 7 .
Marsh, Othniel Charles, 3 6 - 3 7 , 4 0 , 164, 190,
See also Climate; Habitats; Taphonomy
2 0 1 , 2 0 6 - 2 0 7 , 2 1 1 , 2 4 1 , 2 6 4 , 2 8 9 , 298,
3 0 1 - 3 0 3 , 3 0 5 , 3 6 5 - 3 6 8 , 4 5 4
La Brea Tar Pits, California, 2 5 8 - 2 5 9
Marsh's Law, 3 6 8 - 3 6 9
Lacertilians, 6 0 - 6 8 . See also Lizards
Mass homeothermy, theory of, 8 4 - 8 7 , 9 0 - 1 0 1 ,
Lagosuchus, 9 8 , 2 9 3 - 2 9 5 , 4 5 7 , 4 5 9 . See also Rab-
3 5 6
bitcrocs
Massospondylus, 133, 1 4 2 - 1 4 3 , 144
Lambeosaurus, 1 6 7 , 4 3 6 . See also Duckbill dino-
Mating rituals, 4 2 - 4 4 , 6 5 - 6 6 , 3 3 7 - 3 3 9 . See also
saurs
Display
Lance Creek, Wyoming, 4 2 , 4 4 - 4 5 , 1 4 8
Meerkrokodiliers, 4 0 . See also Sea crocodiles
Lance Formation, 41
Megalania, 6 3 , 64
Lancian Epoch, 47
Megalosaurus, 18, 21, 28
Lancian Faunal Age, 41
Metabolic rate. See also Bone texture; Evolution;
Land bridges between continents, 4 4 0 - 4 4 1 , 4 4 3 .
Extinction
See also Migration
body size correlation with, 91 — 101
Langston, Wann, 2 8 9 - 2 9 0
computer model ot, 94—97
Laosaurus, 150
exercise, 361
Laramide Revolution, 50
flight, 2 9 2
Laramie Deltas, 1 2 1 , 2 4 4 , 2 4 9
tood requirements implied by, 8 7 , 3 7 5 , 4 4 4
Laramie Fossil Beds, Wyoming, 121
high, advantages of, 8 7 , 9 0 , 9 7 , 349, 424
Laramie Mountains, 4 1 , 50
measurement of, 6 1 , 2 9 2
Lemur, Indonesian flying, 282
reproductive rates associated with, 349
Leptoceratops. 2 4 9 - 2 5 2
territorial requirements of, 4 4 4
Limb anatomy, 6 8 , 2 0 3 - 2 2 5 , 4 1 3 - 4 1 4 . See also
Meteors, 4 3 2 , 4 3 4 . See also Asteroid theory
Locomotion; Swimming
Melriorhynchus, 35
Lips, as evolutionary prerequisite to trunks, 142—
Meyer, Hermann von, 2 0 4
143
Microsauria, 68—69
Lizards, 6 0 - 6 8 . See also Chameleons; Komodo
Migration, 4 3 9 - 4 4 4 . See also Land bridges; Sea
Dragon
level
limb anatomy, 6 8 , 2 0 3 , 2 0 9
Mississippi Delta, 1 2 0
locomotion, 6 1 , 6 7
Moas, 126, 1 3 1 - 1 3 3 , 1 3 6
relationship to dinosaurs, 22—23
Monitor lizards, 60—63, 2 6 1 . See also Komodo
respiratory systems, 3 6 2 - 3 6 3
Dragon; Lizards
tails, 1 5 2 - 1 5 3
Monoclonius, 2 4 5 , 2 5 2
Locomotion. See also Flight; Footprints; Gait;
Montanaceratops, 2 4 9 , 340
Swimming
Morrison Dinosaur Habitat Research Group, 1 1 6
bipedal, 1 7 3 - 1 7 4
Morrison Formation, 3 6 - 3 8 , 116, 118, 135, 390,
dinosaur, 5 1 , 2 0 1 - 2 2 5 , 2 2 9
3 9 9 , 4 0 0
lizard, 5 5 - 6 1 , 6 7 - 6 8
Mosasaurs, 321
speed of, 2 1 4 - 2 2 5 , 3 9 1 - 3 9 2 , 4 1 3 - 4 1 4
Mosasaurus, 423
Longevity, animal taxa, 16, 184, 4 0 1 - 4 0 2 , 4 0 4 ,
Mountain building, 50, 4 4 0
4 0 9
Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard, 52
Loxommatids, 3 2 8
Loxolophodon, 343
Lull, Richard Swann, 8 4 , 1 6 5 , 2 0 6 - 2 0 7 , 2 0 9 ,
Nanosaurus, 180
2 1 1 - 2 1 2
National Geographic. 1 1 5 , 125
Lyme Regis shale beds, England, 2 8 3
Natural selection, 1 7 9 , 3 2 5 , 4 1 9
Nature. 3 5 3 , 3 8 5 , 4 5 7
McNab, Brian, 1 6 0 , 3 5 5 - 3 5 6
Niche, ecological, 4 0 , 9 7 , 3 1 8 , 4 0 4 , 4 0 9 , 4 1 9 ,
Madsen, James, 2 6 4 - 2 6 5
4 2 2 . See also Ecological roles; Guilds
Mammal chauvinists, 50—53
Nodosaur, 3 8 - 3 9 , 4 0 , 56, 177, 184, 193, 2 3 4 -
Mammallike reptiles, 52, 3 3 6 . See also Proto-
2 3 7
mammals
Nomenclature, biological, 20, 4 5 1 , 4 5 7 - 4 5 9
478 | INDEX
Nopsca, Franz von, 2 5 3 - 2 5 4
Poisons. See also Toxins; Venom
North
Horn Quarry, Utah, 124
animal, 54, 70
plant, 1 8 0 , 1 9 3 , 4 3 0
Ocean lizards. See Mosasaurs
Posture
Odontornitbes, 301
anatomy of, 2 0 3 - 2 2 5
Ooids, 107
feeding and, 1 3 9 , 166, 1 8 7 - 1 9 4
Ophiacodon, 382
Powell, John Wesley, 2 9 8
Opportunism, 3 9 - 4 0 , 4 7 , 193. See also Adaptive
Predation
radiation; Extinction
escape from, 6 0 , 3 1 5
Ora, 6 2 - 6 4 , 80. See also Komodo Dragon
metabolic rate, effect on, 79, 8 1 , 90
Origin of Birds, The, G. Heilman, 3 0 6
strategies, cold-blood vs. warm-blood, 90
Origin of Species, C. Darwin, 395
ambush, 5 8 - 5 9 , 6 1 - 6 9 , 70, 7 8 - 8 1
Ornamentation, 4 1 - 4 2 , 6 6 , 325. See also Color-
dinosaur, 98, 1 1 3 , 229, 2 3 3 , 2 3 5 - 2 3 7 , 2 5 9 -
ation; Crests; Display
2 6 4
Ornithischia, 4 4 7 - 4 4 9 , 4 5 1 - 4 5 2 , 4 5 4 - 4 5 9 . See
poison, 4 9 , 54
also Beaked dinosaurs
pterodactyl, 2 8 3 - 2 8 6
Ormlholestes. 9 8 , 9 9 , 100, 302
Predator-prey ratios, 3 4 7 , 3 7 7 - 3 9 2 , 4 0 9 , 4 1 2 ,
Ornithosuchids, 4 4 9 - 4 5 1
4 1 3 - 4 1 5 , 4 2 2
Ornithosuchus, 3 1 1
Predator traps, 2 5 8 - 2 5 9 , 2 6 4
Ornithotarsus, 304
Preservation, fossil, 4 0 , 4 4 , 106, 134, 155. See
Orogeny. See Mountain building
also Taphonomy
Osborn, Henry Fairfield, 2 0 3 , 4 0 4 , 4 3 9 , 4 4 2 ,
scavenger roles, 1 0 6 , 1 1 0 , 1 1 2 , 1 1 8 , 1 3 4 , 2 7 3
4 4 4
Pristichampsus, 74
Osteology of the Reptiles, A. S. Romer
Progress, nineteenth-century concept of, 25
Ostrom, John, 153, 164, 168, 1 7 1 , 3 1 1 - 3 1 4 ,
Prosaurolophus, 4 3 6 . See also Duckbill dinosaurs
3 1 5 , 3 1 8 - 3 1 9 , 4 5 8
Proterochampsids, 4 1 6
"Our Face from Fish to Man," W. K. Gregory,
Protoceratops, 170, 2 4 9 - 2 5 4 , 340, 3 4 2 , 357
52
Protomammals, 294, 337, 3 7 1 , 4 1 0 , 4 1 5 - 4 1 6 ,
Owen, Sir Richard, 2 0 , 23, 1 3 1 - 1 3 2 , 2 8 3 , 3 0 4 ,
4 1 8 - 4 2 4 , 4 3 1 . See also Therapsida
3 2 1 , 3 9 7
Pseudosuchia, 4 4 9 , 4 5 1 - 4 5 2
Oxygen, 1 0 0
Pseudosuchians, 308. See also False crocodiles
Psittacosaurus, 170, 252, 2 5 2 . See also Parrot
Pachycephalosaurus, 2 3 7 - 4 0 4 . See also Domehead
dinosaurs
dinosaurs
Psittacotherium, 46
Pachydermata, 4 4 6 - 4 4 7
Pteranodon, 16, 2 9 1 . See also Pterodactyls
Paleobotany, 4 3 5
Pterodactyls, 2 7 6 - 2 9 7
Parasaurolophus, 4 2 - 4 3 , 4 3 . 122-123, 1 4 9 , 1 5 1 ,
air sacs, 3 0 5 , 3 1 2
345. See also Duckbill dinosaurs
birds, similarities to, 2 8 0
Parasites, 4 4 2 . See also Disease
claws, 2 8 0 - 2 8 2
Pareiasaurs, 412
coloration, 2 7 5 , 2 8 6 - 2 8 9
Parrot dinosaurs, 1 7 5 , 193, 2 5 1 , 252. See also
crests, 2 9 1
Beaked dinosaurs
dinosaur affinities, 2 9 3 - 2 9 7 , 4 1 6 , 4 5 9
Patterson, Bryan, 52
extinctions, 2 8 9 , 4 3 1
Peabody Museum, Yale, 15, 2 1 2 . See also Great
feeding, 2 8 6 - 2 8 7
Hall
f l i g h t , 2 7 6 - 2 8 3 , 2 9 0 , 321
Pentaceratops, 244
hairy, 2 9 2 - 2 9 3
Petersen, Jane, 221
hunting methods, 2 8 3 - 2 8 6
Phascolotherium. 28
tails, 2 8 9
Phylogeny, dinosaur, 2 9 3 - 2 9 7 , 4 4 7 - 4 6 2
vision, 2 8 8 - 2 8 9
Phytodinosauria, 4 5 9
warm-bloodedness, 2 9 1 - 2 9 3
Phytosaurs, 4 1 9
Pterodactylus, 2 7 5 - 2 7 6 , 276, 2 8 6 , 2 8 9 , 2 9 2
Plants, 186
Pterodaustro, 288
defenses, 120, 180, 1 9 3 - 1 9 8
Pterosauria, Order, 4 4 7 , 4 5 1 , 4 5 9
f l o w e r i n g , 1 7 9 - 1 9 8
Punctuated equilibria, 3 9 8 , 4 0 1 , 4 0 4 , 4 0 9 . See
fossil, as evidence of ancient climates, 1 0 0 -
also Evolution; Rates of evolution
101
Pythons, 70, 7 9 - 8 0
Platyhistrix, 335, 3 3 5 - 3 3 6 . See also Finbacks
Plesiosaurs, 36, 4 0 , 4 2 6 , 4 3 0
Plesiosaurus, 358
Q - 1 0 , 76, 8 8 , 9 7
Pliocyon, 3 8 9
Quetzalcoatlus, 274, 2 9 0
INDEX | 479
Rabbitcrocs, 2 9 3 - 2 9 5 , 3 2 1 . See also Lagosuchus
Senescence, biological, theories of, 52, 2 3 8 , $25,
Rabbits, introduction in Australia, 4 4 3
3 3 6
Rarefication analysis, 4 3 5
Serengeti, East Africa, 6 3 , 3 8 5 , 389
Rates of evolution, 39. See also Punctuated equi-
Sex, 4 2 - 4 4 , 2 4 0 . See also Coloration; Display;
libria
Mating rituals
classification manifesting, 4 0 3
Sexual intimidation and combat, 330, 332, 334,
climate theories, 1 6 0 , 2 4 8 - 2 4 9
3 3 6 - 3 4 2
dinosaurs, 184, 4 0 2
Sexual selection, 3 2 5 - 3 2 6 , 332
habitat, association with, 1 6 0
Sharov, A. G., 2 9 2 - 2 9 3
Kazanian protomammals, 4 1 0 — 4 1 4
Sheep Creek, Wyoming, 37, 1 1 6 - 1 1 7 , 3 9 9
Romer's theory (limbs), 2 0 7
Shivering, role in thermoregulation, 9 2 , 97
spurts, 2 9 7 , 4 0 1
Silica, 129
Rattlesnake Canyon Quarry, Texas, 3 3 5
Simons, Elwyn, 375
Rauisuchids, 423
Simpson's index of evenness, 4 3 6 - 4 3 7 . See also
Reath, Mike, 133
Equability
Red Bird, Wyoming, 41
Sister groups, 4 5 2 , 4 5 4
Respiratory systems, 361—374
Siwalik Hills, India, 77, 375
Revolutions in science, 3 9 5
Skin, dinosaur, 1 4 6 - 1 4 7
Rhacophorus, 55
Smithsonian Institution, 124
Rhamphorhynchus. 284. 2 8 5 - 2 8 6 , 2 8 7 . 289. See
Snails, fossil, as evidence of ancient habitats, 1 1 6
also Pterosauria
Snakes
Rhinoceros, 2 1 4 , 2 1 9 , 4 4 6 - 4 4 7
giant land, 7 9 - 8 0
Rhynchosaurs, 34
hunting methods, 70, 7 9 - 8 0
Ricqles, Armand de, 3 4 7 , 3 5 3 , 3 5 5 , 3 5 9 , 4 1 3 -
skull anatomy, 7 0 - 7 3 , 2 6 6 - 2 6 7
4 1 5 , 4 1 8 , 4 2 2
Social structure of dinosaurs, 37
Riggs, Elmer S., 190, 2 0 1 , 203
Solnhofen limestone quarries, Bavaria, 273
Rinderpest, 4 4 2
South America, biological isolation of, 4 4 3
Riojasuchus. 309
Speciation, 4 7 , 3 9 8 , 4 0 9
Rivers, 4 4 - 4 5 , 8 1 , 1 0 5 , 1 1 2 , 1 1 4 - 1 1 5 , 1 1 6
Species
Romer, Alfred Sherwood, 5 1 - 5 2 , 6 2 , 2 0 7 , 333,
definition of, 52
3 8 0 - 3 8 2 , 4 1 6
diversity, 4 7 , 5 4 , 6 0 , 61
Rumen, 130, 172. See also Digestion
; numbers of, 4 7 , 5 3 - 5 4 , 56, 6 0 , 75, 8 1 , 101
Rumination, 1 3 0 , 172. See also Digestion
Speed of dinosaurs. See Locomotion
Russell, Dale, 3 7 1 - 3 7 2 , 3 7 4 , 3 8 5 - 3 8 6 , 4 3 5
Sphenacodon, 3 3 4
Spiders, 3 7 8 - 3 7 9
Spinosaurus, 3 3 9
Salamanders, 3 2 7
Spotila, J . , 9 4 , 9 7
Sampson, Admiral, 2 0 1
Stanley, Steven M., 4 0 1
Saurischia, 4 4 7 - 4 4 9 , 4 5 4 , 4 5 7 - 4 5 9
Starlings, European, 442—443
Saurolophus, 4 2 , 3 4 5 , 4 3 7 . See also Duckbill di-
Stegosaur, 33, 34, 1 15
nosaurs
defense, 2 2 6 - 2 3 4 , 2 6 4
Sauropoda, 4 4 7 , 4 5 2 , 4 5 4 . See also Brontosaurs
evolutionary affinities, 2 5 4
Scala Naturae. 5 1 , 2 7 5 , 2 9 2 , 4 1 8
extinction, 2 3 4
Scaphognathus. 281
feeding, 1 8 5 , 1 9 0
Scavengers, 58, 6 0 , 106, 1 1 0 , 1 1 1 , 1 1 2 , 2 7 3
feet, 157
Scelidosaurus, 2 5 4 , 2 5 6
gizzard stones, 135
Schley, Commander, 2 0 1
locomotion, 2 1 7 - 2 1 8 , 2 2 9
Science, 2 9 0
predators of, 2 2 9 , 2 6 7
Scientific American, 3 8 5 , 4 1 3 , 4 6 2
tails, 2 2 6 - 2 2 9 , 2 3 7
Scollard fossil beds. Alberta, 4 3 6 , 4 3 7
Stegosauria, 2 2 6
Scythian Epoch, 4 1 5 - 4 1 6
Stegosaurus, 1 1 8 , 1 3 5 , 1 9 1 , 3 4 8
Sea crocodiles, 36, 40
afterbrain, 3 6 7
Sea level, changes in, 4 3 9 - 4 4 0 , 4 4 3
anatomy, 1 8 7 - 1 9 0
Sea lizards, 426, 4 3 0 . See also Plesiosaurs
brains, 3 6 5 - 3 6 9
Sea monsters, 36
extinction, 193, 1 9 7 - 1 9 8
Sea serpents, 40
spikes, 2 3 0 - 2 3 4
Seashells, fossil, 1 0 0
tripodal feeding posture, 1 9 0
Seasons, 32, 1 0 1 , 1 1 7 - 1 1 8
Stegosaurus tingulatus, 228
Seeley, Hans, 2 8 2 , 2 8 8 , 2 9 1 - 2 9 2
Stenonychosaurus. 3 7 1 , 3 7 2
480 | INDEX
Sternberg, Charles, 4 3 , 2 1 2
Trackways, fossil, 37, 1 5 8 - 1 5 9 , 2 2 4 , 3 0 5 . See
Stonesfield dinosaur quarry, England, 18
also Footprints
Stratigraphic sequence, 5 1 , 303
Triceratops, 4 1 , 50, 168. 216, 217. 220, 224,
Slruthiomimus. 373
242-243. 244, 245, 439. 4 5 8 . See also
Styracosaurus, 122, 123, 2 4 5 , 4 3 6
Horned dinosaurs
Sundance Formation, 3 4 - 3 7
abundance of, 4 3 7
Sundance Sea, 34—36
ancestors of, 2 4 9 , 252
Suppressor genes, 3 1 7 - 3 1 8
defense, 2 4 0 - 2 4 4 , 341
Surface-area to volume ratio, in physiology, 9 0 -
feeding, 1 6 7 - 1 7 2 , 185
94
frill, 1 6 8 , 2 4 1 , 3 4 1 - 3 4 2
Robert T Bakker Page 51