Freedom's Forge: How American Business Produced Victory in World War II
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27. Nelson, Arsenal of Democracy, 133.
28. Steve Fraser, Labor Will Rule: Sidney Hillman and the Rise of American Labor (New York: Free Press, 1993).
29. Max Kampelman, The Communist Party vs. the CIO (New York: Arno, 1971), 25–26.
30. Borth, Masters of Mass Production, 251–52.
31. Beasley, Knudsen, 305.
32. Knudsen Papers: National Press Club, March 19, 1941.
33. Stimson, Diary, March 7, 1941.
34. Stimson, Diary, March 7, 1941.
35. Beasley, Knudsen, 326.
36. Beasley, Knudsen, 313.
37. Fortune, April 1941.
38. Nelson, Arsenal of Democracy.
39. Beasley, Knudsen, 306.
40. Kampelman, Communist Party vs. the CIO, 26.
41. Ian Kershaw, Fateful Choices: Ten Decisions That Changed the World, 1940–1941 (New York: Penguin Books, 2007), 241.
CHAPTER EIGHT: COUNTDOWN
1. Business Week, May 24, 1941, 15.
2. Fortune, April 1941, 48.
3. Walton, Miracle of World War II, 265.
4. Nelson, Arsenal of Democracy, 152.
5. Knudsen Papers: Speech to Los Angeles Chamber of Commerce, August 22, 1940.
6. Beasley, Knudsen, 305.
7. Finney, Arsenal of Democracy, 47–49.
8. Walton, Miracle of World War II, 216–17.
9. Finney, Arsenal of Democracy, 54–55.
10. Wayne Broehl, Precision Valley: The Machine Tool Companies of Springfield, Vermont (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1959), 132–33.
11. Knudsen Papers: Memo Henry Stimson to Jesse Jones, January 25, 1941.
12. Beasley, Knudsen, 303.
13. Borth, Masters of Mass Production, 123.
14. James Schwartz, Frederick V. Geier, 1893–1981 (Cincinnati: Cincinnati Museum Center, 2002), www.libraries.uc.edu.
15. Schwartz, Geier.
16. Schwartz, Geier.
17. American Machinist, May 14, 1941, 452d.
18. Beasley, Knudsen, 315.
19. Walton, Miracle of World War II, 220.
20. Schwartz, Geier.
21. American Machinist, June 25, 1941, 622c.
22. Fortune, April 1941, 36.
23. Fortune, April 1941, 52.
24. Stimson, Diary, May 29, 1941.
25. Buhite and Levy, FDR’s Fireside Chats.
26. Beasley, Knudsen, 317.
27. Strikes in American Industry (National Association of Manufacturers, 1942), 15.
28. James Gaston, Planning the American Air War (Washington, DC: National Defense University Press, 1982), 44–45.
29. Gaston, Planning the American Air War, 43.
30. Gaston, Planning the American Air War, 43.
31. Nelson, Arsenal of Democracy, 152–53.
32. Beasley, Knudsen, 324.
33. Industrial Mobilization, Vol. 1, 115.
34. Brinkley, Washington Goes to War, 68–69.
35. Gropman, The Big “L,” 58.
36. Perret, Days of Sadness, 257–58.
37. William Baumol, Robert Litan, and Carl Schramm, Good Capitalism, Bad Capitalism, and the Economics of Growth and Prosperity (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2007).
38. Bruce Catton, War Lords of Washington (New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1948), 8–9.
CHAPTER NINE: GOING ALL OUT
1. Stimson, Diary, Dec 7, 1941; Henry Stimson and McGeorge Bundy, On Active Service in Peace and War (New York: Harper and Brothers, 1948), 390–91.
2. “Ultimate Requirements Study Estimate of Army Ground Forces,” reprinted in Charles Kirkpatrick, An Unknown Future and a Doubtful Present: Writing the Victory Plan (Washington, DC: Center for Military History, U.S. Army, 2010), 129.
3. Beasley, Knudsen, 242.
4. Beasley, Knudsen, 330.
5. State of the Union Address, January 6, 1942, the American Presidency Project (www.presidency.ucsb.edu).
6. Beasley, Knudsen, 337.
7. Beasley, Knudsen, 336–37.
8. Nelson, Arsenal, 121–22.
9. Charles Sorensen, Forty Years with Ford, 287; Craven and Cate, Men and Planes, Vol. 6, 334.
10. Beasley, Knudsen, 321.
11. Washington Post, December 23, 1941.
12. Perret, Days of Sadness, 185.
13. Time, January 19, 1942, 10.
14. Business Week, January 17, 1942, 18.
15. American Machinist, June 25, 1941, 655d.
16. Doris Kearns Goodwin, No Ordinary Time: Franklin and Eleanor Roosevelt: The Home Front in World War II (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1994), 314.
17. Fleming, New Dealers’ War, 98–99.
18. Clive, State of War, 35–66.
19. Knudsen Papers; letter Eleanor Roosevelt to WSK, January 13, 1942.
20. Beasley, Knudsen, 341.
21. Beasley, Knudsen, 342. For another version of events, see Catton, War Lords of Washington, 71.
22. “Address of the President,” December 9, 1941 (http://docs.fdrlibrary.marist.edu.).
23. Jones, Fifty Billion Dollars, 272.
24. Timmons, Jesse H. Jones, 314.
25. Jones, Fifty Billion Dollars, 273.
26. Press Statement, January 15, 1942, quoted in Keith Eller, Mobilizing America, 236.
27. Beasley, Knudsen, 346.
28. Walton, Miracle of World War II, 551.
29. Overy, Why the Allies Won, 203.
30. Adam Tooz, Wages of Destruction: The Making and Breaking of the Nazi Economy (New York: Penguin Books, 2008), 553–54.
31. David Woodbury, Builders for Battle: How the Pacific Naval Air Bases Were Constructed (New York: Dutton, 1946), 55.
32. Kaiser Papers: Pearl Harbor Dry Dock 6 (1941–42), Carton 9.
33. Woodbury, Builders for Battle, 59–67.
34. Foster, Kaiser, 166.
35. Wolf, Big Dams, 134; Ronald Spector, Eagle Against the Sun: The American War with Japan (New York: Free Press, 1985), 101.
36. Wolf, Big Dams, 135.
37. James Devereux, The Story of Wake Island (New York: Grosset and Dunlap, 1974), 42–45.
38. Devereux, Story of Wake Island, 58–65.
39. John F. Kinney, Wake Island Pilot: A World War II Memoir (Washington, DC: Potomac Books, 1995), 66.
40. Spector, Eagle Against the Sun, 103–5.
41. Devereux, Story of Wake Island, 152–53.
42. Wolf, Big Dams, 142.
43. Minutes, War Production Board, February 10, 1942, 11.
CHAPTER TEN: SHIPS FOR LIBERTY
1. Winston Churchill, The Second World War. Vol. 5: Closing the Ring (New York: Bantam, 1962).
2. Michael Gannon, Operation Drumbeat (New York: Harper and Row, 1990).
3. Lane, Ships for Victory, 139.
4. Lane, Ships for Victory, 142.
5. Wolf, Big Dams, 105.
6. E.g., Kaiser Papers: telegram Clay Bedford to Carl Lynge, Office of Production Management, December 24, 1941.
7. Carlo D’Este interview, February 25, 2011.
8. Cooke, The American Home Front, 161.
9. Angela Clawson, Shipyard Diary of a Woman Welder (New York: Penguin Books, 1944), 59.
10. Kaiser Papers: J. N. Bowman, “Job Descriptions, Kaiser Shipyards, Richmond, California,” Carton 1.
11. Clawson, Shipyard Diary, 64.
12. Foster, Kaiser, 72–73.
13. Lane, Ships for Victory, 140.
14. Fortune, July 1943, 121.
15. Fortune, July 1943.
16. HAER, 58–59.
17. Kaiser Papers: Kramer, “The Story of the Richmond Shipyards,” 14–15.
18. Lane, Ships for Victory, 144.
19. U.S. House of Representatives, Appropriations Committee, Higgins Contracts, Executive Hearings, Part 3, 252–53.
20. Lane, Ships for Victory, 145.
21. Lane, Ships for Victory, 298.
22. HAER, 162–63.
23. Foster, Kaiser, 299, n. 42.
> 24. Foster, Kaiser, 82.
25. HAER, 62.
26. “How Kaiser Builds Liberty Ships,” American Machinist, November 12, 1942, 1299–1306.
27. “How Kaiser Builds,” 1303.
28. “How Kaiser Builds,” 1302–6.
29. HAER, 101–2.
30. Kramer, “Richmond Shipyards,” 23–25.
31. Bunker, Liberty Ships, 12.
32. Quoted in Heiner, Kaiser, 129.
33. Heiner, Kaiser, 128.
34. Davis, FDR: The War President, 616.
35. Kaiser Papers: Clay Bedford folder.
36. Heiner, Kaiser, 129.
37. Kaiser Papers: “Hull No 440 … and Why,” Fore N Aft, November 12, 1942.
38. HAER, 60.
39. Heiner, Kaiser, 130.
40. Heiner, Kaiser, 130.
41. Heiner, Kaiser, 131.
42. Kaiser Papers: Clay Bedford to Henry Kaiser, November 9, 1942, Crate 25, File 26.
43. “Hull No 440 … and Why.”
44. Heiner, Kaiser, 131.
45. Kaiser Papers: OPM.
46. Foster, Kaiser, 84.
47. Sawyer and Mitchell, The Liberty Ships, 132.
CHAPTER ELEVEN: THE PRODUCTION EXPRESS
1. Time, January 19, 1942, 11–12.
2. Nelson, Arsenal of Democracy 208.
3. Cabell Phillips, The 1940s: Decade of Triumph and Trouble (New York: Macmillan, 1975), 144.
4. Davis, FDR: The War President.
5. Quoted in Catton, War Lords, 117.
6. E.g., Brinkley, Washington Goes to War, 69–70; Blum, V Was for Victory, 121–22.
7. Brinkley, Washington Goes to War, 71.
8. Fleming, New Dealers’ War, 101–2.
9. Nelson, Arsenal of Democracy, 208.
10. Quoted in Catton, War Lords, 112–13.
11. Perret, Days of Sadness, 258.
12. Nelson, Arsenal of Democracy, 60.
13. Nelson, Arsenal, 60.
14. Davis, FDR: The War President, 400.
15. Catton, War Lords, 121.
16. Catton, War Lords.
17. Quoted in Blum, V Was for Victory, 133.
18. Nelson, Arsenal of Democracy, 99.
19. Blum, V Was for Victory, 134–35.
20. Catton, War Lords, 117–18.
21. Brinkley, Washington Goes to War, 112.
22. Gropman, The Big “L,” 82–91; Beasley, Knudsen, 381.
23. Harrison, “Resource Mobilization for World War II,” 184.
24. Charles Hyde, Riding the Roller Coaster: A History of the Chrysler Corporation (Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 2003), 137.
25. Green and Brown, M4 Sherman at War, 30–32.
26. Beasley, Knudsen, 355–56.
27. Time, March 23, 1942, 12.
28. Walton, Miracle of World War II, 397.
29. Walton, Miracle of World War II, 48.
30. Rae, Climb to Greatness, 9, 67.
31. Bill Yenne, The American Aircraft Factory in World War II (Minneapolis: Zenith Press, 2010), 80.
32. Yenne, Aircraft Factory, 86.
33. Rae, Climb to Greatness, 145.
34. Buhite and Levy, FDR’s Fireside Chats, 243.
35. Walton, Miracle of World War II, 380–83; Gropman, The Big “L,” 78–79.
36. Jerry Strahan, Andrew Jackson Higgins and the Boats That Won World War II (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1994), 11–12; Holland M. Smith, Coral and Brass (1948; Washington, DC: U.S. Marine Corps, 1991), 90–91.
37. Strahan, Higgins, 93–94.
38. Strahan, Higgins, 143–44.
39. Strahan, Higgins, 144.
40. Life, August 1943.
41. Nelson, Arsenal of Democracy, 361.
42. Nelson, Arsenal of Democracy, 362.
43. Nelson, Arsenal of Democracy, 354; Walton, Miracle of World War II, 541; Gropman, The Big “L,” 69.
44. Minutes, War Production Board, 54–56; Nelson, Arsenal of Democracy, 353–58.
45. Walton, Miracle of World War II, 419; Nelson, Arsenal of Democracy, 355.
46. Walton, Miracle of World War II, 420.
47. Hyde, Roller Coaster, 137.
CHAPTER TWELVE: STEEL MEN AND CAST-IRON CHARLIE
1. Time, April 28, 1941, 77–78.
2. Foster, Kaiser, 302.
3. Jones, Fifty Billion Dollars, 331–32.
4. Jones, Fifty Billion Dollars, 333.
5. Heiner, Kaiser, 173.
6. Foster, Kaiser, 95.
7. Heiner, Kaiser, 172.
8. Heiner, Kaiser, 174.
9. Wolf, Big Dams, 181.
10. Quoted in Heiner, Kaiser, 174.
11. Walton, Miracle of World War II, 421.
12. Heiner, Kaiser, 175–76.
13. Fortune, October 1943, 122.
14. Gerald D. Nash, World War II and the West (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press), 4–5.
15. Allan Nevins, Ford: Decline and Rebirth (New York: Scribner, 1963), 199.
16. Nelson, Arsenal of Democracy, 277.
17. Janeway, Struggle for Survival, 195.
18. Beasley, Knudsen, 260.
19. Davis, Detroit’s Wartime Industry, 45.
20. Quoted in Finney, Arsenal of Democracy.
21. Walton, Miracle of World War II, 237; Clive, State of War, 22.
22. Nelson, Arsenal of Democracy, 228–29.
23. Walton, Miracle of World War II, 237.
24. Nevins, Ford: Decline and Rebirth, 203–4.
25. Nevins, Ford: Decline and Rebirth, 207.
26. Nevins, Ford: Decline and Rebirth, 208.
27. Overy, How the Allies Won, 195.
28. Sorensen, Forty Years with Ford, 279.
29. Sorensen, Forty Years with Ford, 59–61.
30. Hounshell, American System, 224–25.
31. Sorensen, Forty Years with Ford, 127.
32. Hounshell, American System.
33. Jasper Guinon to Charles Sorensen, March 8, 1925, quoted Hounshell, American System, 292.
34. Sorensen, Forty Years with Ford, 8.
35. Nevins, Ford: Decline and Rebirth.
36. See Martin Bowman, Combat Legend: B-24 Liberator (Shrewsbury, UK: Airlife Publishing, 2003).
37. Stephen Ambrose, The Wild Blue: The Men and Boys Who Flew the B-24s over Germany (New York: Simon and Schuster, 2001), 21–23, 79–80.
38. Starr Smith, Steve Gansen, and Walter Cronkite, Jimmy Stewart, Bomber Pilot (Minneapolis: Zenith Press, 2005).
39. Sorensen, Forty Years with Ford, 280.
40. Sorensen, Forty Years with Ford, 281.
41. Sorensen, Forty Years with Ford, 281.
42. Sorensen, Forty Years with Ford, 281–82.
43. Sorensen, Forty Years with Ford, 282–83.
44. Rae, Climb to Greatness, 12.
45. Sorensen, Forty Years with Ford, 284.
46. Walton, Miracle of World War II, 307.
47. Walton, Miracle of World War II, 308–9.
48. Nevins, Ford: Decline and Rebirth, 189.
49. Sorensen, Forty Years with Ford, 286.
50. Nevins, Ford: Decline and Rebirth.
51. Sorensen, Forty Years with Ford, 279.
CHAPTER THIRTEEN: AGONY AT WILLOW RUN
1. Time, March 1942.
2. Nevins, Ford: Decline and Rebirth, 189.
3. Nevins, Ford: Decline and Rebirth, 189.
4. Sorensen, Forty Years with Ford, 284–85.
5. Nevins, Ford: Decline and Rebirth, 190.
6. Nevins, Ford: Decline and Rebirth, 192.
7. Sorensen, Forty Years with Ford, 286.
8. Timothy J. O’Callaghan, Ford in Service to America: Mass Production During the Two World Wars (Jefferson, NC: McFarland, 2009), 60–61.
9. O’Callaghan, Ford in Service to America, 72–73.
10. Charles A. Lindbergh, The Wartime Journals of Charles A. Lindbergh (New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1975), April 7, 1942, 615–16.
11. Sorensen, Forty Years with Ford, 291.
12. Davis, Detroit at War, 84.
13. Nevins, Ford: Decline and Rebirth, 210.
14. Nevins, Ford: Decline and Rebirth, 210–11.
15. Lindbergh, Wartime Journals, April 7, 1942, 616.
16. Lindbergh, Wartime Journals, 613.
17. Nevins, Ford: Decine and Rebirth, 217.
18. Lindbergh, Wartime Journals, May 8, 1942, 637.
19. Lindbergh, Wartime Journals, 638.
20. Nevins, Ford: Decline and Rebirth, 213.
21. Lindbergh, Wartime Journals, May 15, 1942, 644.
22. Sorensen, Forty Years with Ford, 298.
23. Craven and Cate, Vol. 6, Men and Planes, 328–29.
24. Lindbergh, Wartime Journals, July 27, 1942, 682.
25. Beasley, Knudsen, 351.
26. Borth, Masters of Mass Production, 91–92.
27. Borth, Masters of Mass Production, 91.
28. Beasley, Knudsen, 351.
29. Lewis Strauss, Men and Decisions (New York: Popular Library, 1963), 143.
30. Beasley, Knudsen, 347.
31. Beasley, Knudsen, 288.
32. Craven and Cate, Vol. 6, Men and Planes, 335–36.
33. Craven and Cate, Vol. 6, Men and Planes, 336.
34. Walton, Miracle of World War II, 312.
35. Walton, Miracle of World War II, 310–11.
36. Nevins, Ford: Decline and Rebirth, 218.
37. Craven and Cate, Vol. 6, Men and Planes, 329.
38. Nevins, Ford: Decline and Rebirth, 223.
39. Rae, Climb to Greatness, 148–49; Wolf, Big Dams, 158–59.
40. Craven and Cate, Vol. 6, Men and Planes, 337.
41. Martin Middlebrook, Convoy (New York: William Morrow, 1976), 50–52; Dan van der Vat, The Atlantic Campaign: World War II’s Great Struggle at Sea (New York: Harper and Row, 1988), 304–6, 326.
CHAPTER FOURTEEN: VICTORY IS OUR BUSINESS
1. Sherwood, Roosevelt and Hopkins, 727.
2. Quoted in John Ohly, Industrialists in Olive Drab: The Emergency Operation of Private Industry During World War II (Washington, DC: Center of Military History, U.S. Army, 2000), 58.
3. H. G. Nicholas, ed., Washington Dispatches, 1941–1945: Weekly Political Reports from the British Embassy (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1981), 209.
4. Phillips, The 1940s, 169.
5. American Machinist, July 6, 1944, 16–17.
6. Gropman, The Big “L,” 86–91.
7. Harrison, “Resource Mobilization for World War II,” 184.