Field of Schemes
Page 45
Simmons College, 328, 334
sin tax, 15, 16, 18, 33
SkyDome (Toronto), 37, 141, 215, 337; attendance at, 217; debt of, 79; as obsolete, 229; sale of, 216, 217
“smart seats,” 240
Smith, Damu, 260
Smith, Janet Marie, 332
Smith, Mike, 231
Smulyan, Jeff, 160
social services, cutbacks in, 157
social welfare, 156
Society for American Baseball Research, 335
Somerindyke, William Jr., 254
Sosa, Sammy, 209
South Armour Square, 126–27, 131, 132, 146
South Armour Square Neighborhood Association, 127, 128
South Street Seaport (Manhattan), 149, 150
Spanos, Alex, 210
sports: as entertainment and tradition, 124
sports facilities and isolation from surrounding neighborhoods, 136–37
Sports Facilities Finance conference (1997), 106, 114, 184
sports fans, 83
sports finances, 44–48; and profits of clubs, 42, 43
sports industry, 42–43
Sports, Jobs, and Taxes (Noll), 34
sports teams: sale price of, 44; and threatening to move, 67–73; value of, 24–25, 216
stadiums: amenities of, 48; and backlash against subsidies, 207; benefits of, 75–77; captive audiences at, 145; circular, 137; competitiveness of, 73–75, 201; and configuration of playing fields, 139; construction of, xiii; cost of, 27–28, 31, 40n1, 142, 296–97, 351–52; cost overruns of, 78–81; domed, 7, 66, 85, 216, 348; and driving payroll costs, 234; dual-purpose, 9; economic arguments for, 200; economic impact of, 234–37; food service at, 143–46; free rent for, 19; hidden costs of, 28, 40n1; “honeymoon period” of, 216; impact on cities’ economy, 34–35; as imputed income, 186; and integration with urban neighborhoods, 145–46; lottery as funding for, 22, 80; luxury suites of, 48–50; municipal ownership of, 185; need for new, 31–32; new “old-fashioned,” 137, 141; obsolescence of, 65, 200; opposition to, 63–64, 226; and parking, 297; as part of entertainment zone, 148–49; and paying own way, 173; payment for, 28–29; and performance of teams, 212, 215; and privately owned facilities, 28; public’s lack of desire for, 153; renegotiation of subsidies for, 78–81; rents of, 31, 52; retractable roofs on, 66, 79, 161, 169, 171; and seat guarantees, 210, 219, 220; shelf life of, 229; subsidies on, 184; tax revenues to finance, 171; unique character of, 139–40; volume (overall size) of, 141–43
“stadium self-cleaning machines,” 240
Staples Center (Los Angeles), 286
Stark, Jayson, 238
state-of-the-art clauses, 239, 240
Stebbins, John, 117n2
Steinberg, Dan, 299, 300, 307–8, 312, 316
Steinbrenner, George, xiv, 43, 47, 199–203, 296; demands of, 69, 75; and leakage, 237; and purchase of Yankees, 301; and stadium parking, 297; and subsidies, 298
Sterling, John, 202
St. Louis Cardinals, 47, 241, 297; and “deadlines,” 237; as a stadium suitor, 223
St. Louis Rams, 31, 61n6; and moving fine, 72
Stone, Mike, 191
Stop Tax-exempt Arena Debt Issuance Act (STADIA), 184–85
Stop the Stadium, 218, 219, 221, 222
St. Petersburg, and new stadium, 130
strike: baseball, 216; players’, 44, 247
Strike Three on Proposition C (STOP-C), 212
Stringer, Scott, 198
Stroud, Kim, 78, 101, 102n4, 115, 117n3
structural adjustment, 156–59, 363–64
“studied incompetence,” 113
subsidies: and backlash against, 207; hidden, 57, 245–46, 339; stadium, 269, 298, 338. See also government subsidies; tax abatements; tax breaks; tax exemptions
“subsidy abuse,” 30
substitution effect, 35, 37, 40n4, 76, 236–37, 258
Sugg, John, 117n2
suites, 48–50
Sullivan, Kevin, 220
Super Bowl: hosting of, 240; and tourism, 241
Suwe, Newton, 123
Swindal, Steve, 296, 297
Sylvan, Jack, 373
Tagliabue, Paul, 177, 240
Tampa Bay Buccaneers, 117n2
Tampa Bay Devil Rays, 71, 251, 270, 314; as a stadium suitor, 223
Target Center (Minneapolis), 165, 166, 167
Tarlin, Erika, 322, 327, 332, 334, 336
Tavares, Daniel, 305
tax abatements, 153–56, 194; limits on, 157. See also corporate welfare
tax breaks, 29–31, 45, 50–52. See also corporate welfare
taxes, regressive, 148
tax-exempt bonds, 50–52, 81, 311
tax exemptions, 57–58, 298
tax-increment financing (TIF), 172, 175, 206, 242–44, 277
Tax Reform Act of 1986, 47, 51, 52, 184, 311
tax revenues to finance stadiums, 171
Taylor, Glen, 228
Taylor, John, 320
team owners, demands of, 27
T. E. Brown apartments, 130, 133
Teflon roof, 166, 248
Tejada, Miguel, 234
ten-percent solution, 50–52
Texas Rangers, 71, 72, 191
Texas Stadium (Dallas), 54
Thompson, Jim, 131
Thompson, Tommy, 80, 107, 260
Thornton, Bill, 206
3Com Park, 53
Three Rivers Stadium (Pittsburgh), 67, 137, 336
ticket guarantees, 58–59
ticket pricing, 26n6
ticket surcharge, 55
Tiger Stadium (Detroit), 64, 65, 84, 101, 143, 234; engineering study for, 88–89; as fan-friendly ballpark, 90; on the National Register of Historic Places, 92–93; renovation of, 85; saving, 86–94
Tiger Stadium Fan Club, 65, 83–84, 87–94, 102n4, 115, 335, 339, 358; and correcting reports, 117n3; and new reporters, 113; small-scale plans of, 104; and uphill battle, 155
Time-Warner, 43
Todd, Jack, 248
Toronto Blue Jays, 46, 215, 216, 229, 314
tourists, emphasis on, 156
Tower City, 195
town hall meeting, 306
tradition of sports, 124
Trenkle, Hank, 134
Tropicana Field (Tampa Bay), 71
TV commercials, 107–8
TV revenue, 175
TWA Dome (St. Louis), 59, 60
“unanticipated capital costs,” 239
“undervalued” franchises, 42
Uniform Land Use Review Process, 306
United Artists theater, 97, 101n1
United Baseball League (UBL), 191, 192
United Center (Chicago), 187
Updike, John, 324
“urban homesteaders,” 158
urban planning, 33
urban priorities, 152
urban renaissance, 157
U.S. Olympic Committee, 164
Vaillancourt, Meg, 318
Valienti, John, 335
Vallone, Peter, 202, 274
Vancouver Grizzlies, 229, 230
Vander Weide, Bob, 231
Van Dyk, Chris, 161, 165, 181n1, 194, 196
Vaughn, Greg, 213
Veeck, Bill, 44, 45–46, 182; and sale of White Sox, 65, 120
Vennocchi, Joan, 319
Ventresca, Joel, 177
Ventura, Jesse, 250
Verducci, Tom, 255
Veterans Stadium (Philadelphia), 48, 137
Vincent, Fay, 15–16, 70
Virginia Baseball Stadium Authority, 254
Voinovich, George, 8, 348
voter turnout by African Americans, 348
Vote Yes for Major League Baseball, 208
Walden, Michael, 373
Walt Disney Company, 150–51
Ward, Lloyd, 275
Washington, Harold, 131
Washington DC, as new home for Expos, 251, 270
Washington Nationals, 265
Washington Redskins, 57
Wash
ington Senators, 251, 256
Wasynczuk, Andy, 159n1
“Wayfen” option, 328
Weiner, Jay, 40n4
Weiss, Chris, 259, 268, 271
Wentworth Gardens, 119, 127
Wentworth Residents United for Survival, 127, 130
Werner, Tom, 331, 332
White, Michael, 18, 19, 20, 21, 33, 105, 195, 350
Whitman, Christine Todd, 107, 201
Wilbon, Michael, 262
Wilkerson, Dianne, 327
Williams, Anthony, 252, 256–71
Williams, Edward Bennett, 10, 11, 105, 356
Williams, Ted, 203
Wilner, Richard, 313
Wilpon, Fred, 202, 203, 298
Wilpon, Jeff, 298
Wilson, Dan, 321, 322, 323, 324, 328, 330, 332, 334, 335, 336, 339
Winfree, Chuck, 208
Wojnar, Steve, 335
Wolfenson, Marv, 166, 167
Wolff, Lew, 241
Wolff, Nelson, 253
Woodward, Denni, 178–79
World Series, cancellation of, 247
Wrigley Field (Chicago), 92; and its neighborhood, 147; as old steel-framed ballpark, 300
Yankee Stadium, 32, 198–203, 296, 298; cost of, 384–85; and fall of roof, 199; inadequacies of, 306; nostalgia for, 300; rally for, 305; renovation of, 69, 301, 336
Yankee Stadium (new), 299
Yaro, Robert, 294
Yastrzemski, Carl, 203
Yawkey, Jean, 324
Yawkey, Tom, 320, 324
Yawkey Trust, 324; putting Red Sox up for sale, 330
Young, Coleman, 88, 93
Zimbalist, Andrew, 191, 192, 220, 373; and hiring by Ratner, 283; report of, 284
Zimmerman, Dennis, 37
Zurnsteg, Derek, 256