Gettysburg: The Last Invasion

by Allen C. Guelzo

  20. Eric J. Wittenberg, “The Fight at Stevensburg, June 9, 1863: Saving Jeb Stuart from Defeat at Brandy Station,” Gettysburg Magazine 44 (January 2011), 7–10; Scott Patchan, The Battle of Piedmont and Hunter’s Raid on Staunton: The 1864 Shenandoah Campaign (Charleston: The History Press, 2011), 33.

  21. Harriet Bey Mesic, Cobb’s Legion Cavalry: A History and Roster of the Ninth Georgia Volunteers (Jefferson, NC: McFarland, 2009), 64; “Fight at Brandy Station, Va” (June 10, 1863), in The Rebellion Record: A Diary of American Events, ed. Frank Moore (New York: D. Van Nostrand, 1864), 7:288–89; Thomas, Bold Dragoon, 222; Fairfax Downey, Clash of Cavalry: The Battle of Brandy Station, June 9, 1863 (New York: D. McKay, 1959), 139; “Sketches of Hampton’s Cavalry,” in Stories of the Confederacy, ed. U. R. Brooks (Columbia, SC: State Co., 1912), 150; “The Great Cavalry Fight—The Fight at Stevensburgh,” New York Times (June 16, 1863).

  22. Paul D. Casdorph, Confederate General R. S. Ewell: Robert E. Lee’s Hesitant Commander (Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 2004), 232; Luther W. Hopkins, From Bull Run to Appomattox: A Boy’s View (Baltimore: Fleet-McGinley, 1908), 92; Wittenberg, Battle of Brandy Station, 183, 185; Lee to Stuart (June 16, 1863), in O.R., series one, 27 (pt. 2): 687; Nye, Here Come the Rebels!, 57–58; Charles M. Blackford to Susan Blackford (June 12, 1863), in Letters from Lee’s Army; or, Memoirs of Life in and Out of the Army in Virginia During the War Between the States, ed. C. M. Blackford III (1947; Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1998), 175; “Cavalry Fight of Tuesday,” Washington National Intelligencer (June 11, 1863).

  23. “Return of Casualties in the Union Forces at Brandy Station,” “Tabular Statement of Casualties in Cavalry Division, Army of Northern Virginia,” and “Reports of Col. William C. Wickham, Fourth Virginia Cavalry,” in O.R., series one, 27 (pt. 1):168–70 and (pt. 2):719, 745; Wittenberg, Brandy Station, 153–54, 160; “The Cavalry Fight in Culpeper—Further Particulars,” Richmond Daily Dispatch (June 11, 1863); Thomas, Bold Dragoon, 227; Walter H. Taylor to Bettie Saunders (June 11, 1863), in Lee’s Adjutant: The Wartime Letters of Colonel Walter Herron Taylor, 1862–1865, ed. R. L. Tower (Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1995), 56.

  24. Hooker to Lincoln (June 10, 1863), Halleck to Hooker (June 11, 1863), in O.R., series one, 27 (pt. 1):34–35; Lincoln, “To Joseph Hooker” (June 10, 1863), in Collected Works, 6:257; Gideon Welles, diary entry for June 28, 1863, in Diary of Gideon Welles, ed. John T. Morse (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1911), 1:349; Charles F. Benjamin, “Hooker’s Appointment and Removal,” in Battles & Leaders, 3:241; A. M. Gambone, Hancock at Gettysburg … and Beyond (Baltimore: Butternut and Blue, 2002), 2; Oliver J. Keller, “Soldier-General of the Army: John Fulton Reynolds,” Civil War History 4 (June 1958), 123–24.

  25. Almira Hancock, Reminiscences of Winfield Scott Hancock (New York: Charles L. Webster, 1887), 94–95; Sears, Controversies and Commanders, 161–62.

  26. “Report of Lieut. Gen. James Longstreet, C.S. Army” (July 27, 1863), in O.R., series one, 27 (pt. 2):357; Casdorph, R. S. Ewell, 233; Frank E. Fields, 28th Virginia Infantry (Lynchburg, VA: H. E. Howard, 1985), 23–24; Louis Léon, Diary of a Tar Heel Confederate Soldier, 30–31.

  27. Richard Junger, Becoming the Second City: Chicago’s Mass News Media, 1833–1898 (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2010), 51–52; Lee to Davis (June 10, 1863), in O.R., series one, 27 (pt. 3):880–82.

  28. Davis to Lincoln, O.R. series two, 6:76; Thomas E. Schott, Alexander H. Stephens of Georgia: A Biography (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1988), 376–80; Varina Davis, Jefferson Davis: Ex-President of the Confederate States of America: A Memoir (New York: Belford, 1809), 400–11; “The Mission of A. H. Stephens,” in Rebellion Record, ed. Moore (1864), 4:199–200.

  29. Pfanz, Richard S. Ewell, 281–82; Larry B. Maier, Gateway to Gettysburg: The Second Battle of Winchester (Shippensburg, PA: Burd Street Press, 2002), 3, 9, 35–36, 37, 55–56, 115; Nye, Here Come the Rebels!, 70–71, 73.

  30. Richard R. Duncan, Beleaguered Winchester: A Virginia Community at War, 1861–1865 (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2007), 135–56; Jerry W. Holsworth, Civil War Winchester (Charleston, SC: History Press, 2011), 83–90; Maier, Gateway to Gettysburg, 57–58, 63–64, 126–27; Jonathan A. Noyalas, “My Will Is Absolute Law”: A Biography of Union General Robert H. Milroy (Jefferson, NC: McFarland, 2006), 79–80, 84; David S. Reynolds, John Brown, Abolitionist: The Man Who Killed Slavery, Sparked the Civil War and Seeded Civil Rights (New York: Random House, 2005), 3; Charles Blackford to Susan Blackford (June 19, 1863), in Letters from Lee’s Army, 179; “Milroy’s Reign in Winchester,” Richmond Daily Dispatch (June 18, 1863); Lee to Seddon (January 10, 1863), in O.R., series two, 5:806–7.

  31. Lee to Jefferson Davis (June 15, 1863), in O.R., series one, 27 (pt. 2):295; Darrell L. Collins, Major General Robert E. Rodes of the Army of Northern Virginia: A Biography (El Dorado Hills, CA: Savas Beatie, 2008), 240–42; “General Lee and the Officer,” in The Grayjackets: And How They Lived, Fought and Died, for Dixie (Richmond, VA: Jones Bros., 1867), 103; Eddie Woodward, “An Affair of Outposts: Edward Johnson, the Army of the Northwest, and the Battle of Allegheny Mountain,” West Virginia History 59 (2001–2003), 1–35; John Overton Casler, Four Years in the Stonewall Brigade (Girard, KS: Appeal Publishing, 1906), 163; Gary Shreckengost, The First Louisiana Special Battalion: Wheat’s Tigers in the Civil War (Jefferson, NC: McFarland, 2008), 36; J. W. Minnich, “Picturesque Soldiery,” Confederate Veteran 31 (August 1923), 295; Furgurson, Chancellorsville, 291; Thomas Hughes, A Boy’s Experience in the Civil War, 1860–1865 (Washington, DC: n.p., 1904), 14–17.

  32. Samuel Pickens, diary entry for June 12, 1863, in Voices from Company D, 176; Pfanz, Richard S. Ewell, 282–83; William Seymour, diary entry for June 12, 1863, in The Civil War Memoirs of William J. Seymour, 58–60; “Diary of Bartlett Yancey Malone,” 34–35; Samuel Pendleton, diary entry for June 12, 1863, in Diary of Samuel H. Pendleton, Special Collections, University of Virginia; Gary W. Gallagher, Stephen Dodson Ramseur: Lee’s Gallant General (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1985), 68–69; Louis Léon, diary entry for June 13, 1863, in Diary of a Tar Heel Confederate, 30–31; Maier, Gateway to Gettysburg, 158, 164.

  33. “Report of Maj. Gen. Jubal Early, C.S. Army” (August 22, 1863), in O.R., series one, 27 (pt. 2):462–63; Maier, Gateway to Gettysburg, 143, 146–47, 178–179, 180, 181–82, 188, 189, 195, 198; Charles S. Grunder and Brandon Beck, The Second Battle of Winchester, June 12–15, 1863 (Lynchburg, VA: H. E. Howard, 1989), 34; William Seymour, diary entry for June 14, 1863, in Isaac Seymour File, Gettysburg National Military Park Vertical Files; Pfanz, Richard S. Ewell, 284, 286; William Seymour, diary entry for June 14, 1863, in Civil War Memoirs of William J. Seymour, 61, 62; Casdorph, R. S. Ewell, 235–36; Thomas Benton Reed, A Private in Gray (Camden, AR: T. B. Reed, 1905), 36–37; W. G. Loyd, “Second Louisiana at Gettysburg,” Confederate Veteran (September 1898), 417; Randolph H. McKim, A Soldier’s Recollections: Leaves from the Diary of a Young Confederate Soldier, with an Oration on the Motives and Aims of the Soldiers of the South (New York: Longmans, Green, 1910), 145–47.

  34. “Return of Casualties in the Union Forces at Winchester, Va., June 13–15, 1863,” “Report of Lieut. Gen. Richard S. Ewell, C.S. Army,” and “Reports of Maj. Gen. Edward Johnson, C.S. Army” (August 18, 1863), in O.R., series one, 27 (pt. 2):53, 441, 501–2; Maier, Gateway to Gettysburg, 214, 216–17, 221, 238, 254, 263, 264, 266; Pfanz, Richard S. Ewell, 287–88; William Seymour, diary entry for June 15, 1863, in Civil War Memoirs of William J. Seymour, 62–63; Nye, Here Come the Rebels!, 104–5; “Recent Battles in Virginia,” Brooklyn Daily Eagle (June 18, 1863); Bowden and Ward, Last Chance for Victory, 98; Frank A. Bond, “Company A—First Maryland Cavalry,” Confederate Veteran (February 1898), 78.

  35. Allan, “Reminiscences of Field Ordnance Service with the Army of Northern Virginia—1863–’5,” SHSP 14 (January–December 1886), 142–43; Wiley S
word, “Confederate Maj. John W. Daniel Describes the 2nd Battle of Winchester at the Beginning of the Gettysburg Campaign,” Gettysburg Magazine 35 (July 2006), 9; “The Victory at Winchester,” Charleston Mercury (June 22, 1863); Nye, Here Come the Rebels!, 122–23; Samuel Pendleton, diary entry for June 15, 1863, in Diary of Samuel H. Pendleton, Special Collections, University of Virginia; Pickens, diary entry for June 13, in Voices from Company D, 177.

  36. “The News from the Potomac—Our Forces Reported to Be in Maryland—Reported Capture of Milroy,” Richmond Daily Dispatch (June 18, 1863); “Good News from Winchester,” Macon Daily Telegraph (June 18, 1863); “General Orders No. 44” (June 15, 1863), in O.R., series one, 27 (pt. 3):895; Blackford to Susan Blackford, June 16, 1863, in Letters from Lee’s Army, 177; Casler, Four Years in the Stonewall Brigade, 167; William A. and Patricia C. Young, 56th Virginia Infantry (Lynchburg, VA: H. E. Howard, 1990), 77.

  CHAPTER FIVE Victory will inevitably attend our arms

  1. “Report of Maj. Gen. Robert H. Milroy, U.S. Army” (June 30, 1863), in O.R., series one, 27 (pt. 2):51; Halleck to Schenck (June 15, 1863), “Special Orders No. 162” (June 17, 1863), and Halleck to Schenck (June 20, 1863), in O.R., series one, 27 (pt. 3):124, 180, 190, 237; “Shenandoah Valley News,” Washington National Intelligencer (June 17, 1863); Noyalas, “My Will Is Absolute Law,” 119; Lincoln, “To Robert H. Milroy” (June 29, 1863), in Collected Works, 6:308–9

  2. Hooker to Halleck (June 13, 1863), Hooker to Lincoln (June 14, 1863), in O.R., series one, 27 (pt. 1):38–41.

  3. “Report of Maj. Gen. Richard H. Anderson, C.S. Army” (August 7, 1863), Longstreet to John Bell Hood, George Pickett and Lafayette McLaws (June 14, 1863), in O.R., series one, 27 (pt. 3):613, 887–88; Léon, Diary of a Tar Heel Confederate Soldier, 31–32; Rafuse, Robert E. Lee and the Fall of the Confederacy, 48–49; Robertson, General A. P. Hill, 200; Lt. Herman Schuricht, “Jenkins’ Brigade in the Gettysburg Campaign,” SHSP 24 (January–December 1896), 340–41; Frawley, “Marching Through Pennsylvania,” 34, 36–37, 38, 39, 40, 50–51.

  4. W. A. and P. C. Young, 56th Virginia Infantry, 77; D. Augustus Dickert, History of Kershaw’s Brigade (Newberry, SC: Elbert Aull, 1899), 226–27; Pender to Fanny Pender (April 19 and June 15, 1863), in One of Lee’s Best Men, 226, 247–48; Earl J. Hess, Lee’s Tar Heels: The Pettigrew-Kirkland-MacRae Brigade (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2002), 113; James A. Wright, in Rod Gragg, Covered with Glory: The 26th North Carolina Infantry at the Battle of Gettysburg (New York: HarperCollins, 2000), 49; John E. Devine, 8th Virginia Infantry (Lynchburg, VA: H. E. Howard, 1983), 19–20.

  5. “Report of Maj. Gen. R. E. Rodes, C.S. Army,” in O.R., series one, 27 (pt. 2):550; James Johnson Kirkpatrick, diary entry for June 24, 1863, in The 16th Mississippi Infantry, 172–73; Casler, Four Years in the Stonewall Brigade, 180–81; Loyd, “Second Louisiana at Gettysburg,” 417; Casdorph, R. S. Ewell, 237–38; William W. Chamberlaine, Memoirs of the Civil War Between the Northern and Southern Sections of the United States of America, 1861 to 1865 (Washington: Byron S. Adams, 1912), 63–64; William Seymour, diary entry for June 23, 1863, in The Civil War Memoirs of William J. Seymour, 64–65; LeRoy S. Edwards, in Gary W. Gallagher, “ ‘If the Enemy Is There, We Must Attack Him’: R. E. Lee and the Second Day at Gettysburg,” in Three Days at Gettysburg: Essays on Confederate and Union Leadership (Kent, OH: Kent State University Press, 1999), 109; Collins, Major General Robert E. Rodes, 246.

  6. Samuel Pickens, diary entry for June 19, 1863, in Voices from Company D, 178–79; Robert Emory Park, “Sketch of the Twelfth Alabama Infantry,” SHSP 33 (January–December 1905), 242; William Swallow, “From Fredericksburg to Gettysburg,” in Southern Bivouac 4 (November 1885), 356–57; Dickert, History of Kershaw’s Brigade, 229; Benjamin Trask, 9th Virginia Infantry (Lynchburg, VA: H. E. Howard, 1984), 24–26; Charles Blackford to Susan Blackford (June 25, 1863), in Letters from Lee’s Army, 182; West, A Texan in Search of a Fight, 91–92; Léon, Diary of a Tar Heel Confederate Soldier, 31–32; Lee A. Wallace, 3rd Virginia Infantry (Lynchburg, VA: H. E. Howard, 1986), 35.

  7. Park, “Sketch of the Twelfth Alabama Infantry,” 242; Samuel Pickens, diary entry for June 19, 1863, in Voices from Company D, 179; Don Ernsberger, Also for Glory Muster: The Story of the Pettigrew-Trimble Charge (LaVergne, TX: Xlibris, 2008), 18; Robertson, General A. P. Hill, 203.

  8. W. A. Young and P. C. Young, 56th Virginia Infantry, 78; Robertson, 18th Virginia Infantry, 20; Blackford to Susan Blackford (June 25, 1863), in Letters from Lee’s Army, 182; West, A Texan in Search of a Fight, 91; Mills, History of the 16th North Carolina Regiment in the Civil War, 36; James Johnson Kirkpatrick, diary entry for June 26, 1863, in The 16th Mississippi Infantry, 173; John E. Divine, 8th Virginia Infantry (Lynchburg, VA: H. E. Howard, 1983), 20; “Letter from V.A.S.P., in Pennsylvania” (June 26, 1863), in Styple, Writing and Fighting from the Army of Northern Virginia, 239.

  9. Lee to A. P. Hill (June 16, 1863) and Lee to Ewell (June 22, 1863), in O.R., series one, 27 (pt. 3):896, 914.

  10. Frawley, “Marching Through Pennsylvania,” 42, 48, 54; Wilkinson and Woodworth, Scythe of Fire, 219–21.

  11. “Letter from Tout le Monde in Pennsylvania” (June 29, 1863) and “Letter from Lee’s Army” (July 18, 1863), in Styple, Writing and Fighting from the Army of Northern Virginia, 240, 254; John Alexander Barry to “Dear Sister” (July 26, 1863), in Barry Papers, Southern Historical Collection, University of North Carolina; Robert T. Hubard, Jr., to R. T. Hubard (July 20, 1863), in The Civil War Memoirs of a Virginia Cavalryman, ed. T. P. Nanzig (Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 2007), 121; Ernsberger, Also for Glory Muster, 19; Pickens, diary entry for June 24, 1863, in Voices from Company D, 180; George Anson Bruce, The Twentieth Regiment of Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry, 1861–1865 (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1906), 267; Blackford to Susan Blackford (June 28, 1863), in Letters from Lee’s Army, 184–85; Cook, “Reminiscences of Gettysburg,” in Gettysburg Sources, 2:125.

  12. “General Orders No. 72” (June 21, 1863), Col. J. F. Gilmore to Capt. T. B. Lee (June 17, 1863), in O.R., series one, 27 (pt. 3):902, 912; “Report of Maj. Gen. Robert E. Rodes, C.S. Army,” in O.R., series one, 27 (pt. 2):551.

  13. “Reports from Frederick,” New York Times (June 30, 1863); Pender to Fanny Pender (June 28, 1863), in One of Lee’s Best Men, 253; Ernsberger, Also for Glory Muster, 19; Walter, diary entry for June 28, 1863, in Norfolk Blues: The Civil War Diary of the Norfolk Light Artillery Blues, Kenneth Wiley, ed. (Shippensburg, PA.: Burd Street Press, 1997), 73; Collins, Major General Robert E. Rodes, 247; Jeremiah Tate to Mary Tate (July 19, 1863), in Gilder-Lehrman Collection, New-York Historical Society; William Izard Clopton, in Robert H. Moore, The Richmond Fayette, Hampden, Thomas and Blount’s Lynchburg Artillery (Lynchburg, VA: H. E. Howard, 1991), 77; John W. Stevens, Reminiscences of the Civil War (Hillsboro, TX: Hillsboro Mirror Print, 1902), 106–7, 108–9.

  14. Jacob Hoke, The Great Invasion of 1863; or, General Lee in Pennsylvania (Dayton, OH: W. J. Shuey, 1887), 135–36, 139; Campbell Brown’s Civil War, 198; Frawley, “Marching Through Pennsylvania,” 53, 60; Rachel Cormany, diary entries for June 25 and 28, 1863, in The Cormany Diaries: A Northern Family in the Civil War, ed. James C. Mohr (Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1982), 335, 337.

  15. “Rev. Benjamin S. Schneck, D.D.,” in The Fathers of the German Reformed Church in Europe and America, eds., Henry Harbaugh and D. Y. Heisler (Reading, PA: Daniel Miller, 1881), 5:127; Edward L. Ayers, In the Presence of Mine Enemies: War in the Heart of America, 1859–1863 (New York: W. W. Norton, 2003), 402; “Letter from V.A.S.P., in Pennsylvania” (June 26, 1863), in Styple, Writing and Fighting from the Army of Northern Virginia, 240.

  16. Arabella Willson, Disaster, Struggle, Triumph: The Adventures of 1000 “Boys in Blue,” from August, 1862, to June, 1865 (Albany, NY: Argus Co., 1870), 88.

  17. “The Invasion—The Army of the Potomac—Visit Inside the Rebel Lines,” New York Herald (July 2, 186
3); William S. Christian [55th Virginia], in Donald J. Frey, Longstreet’s Assault—Pickett’s Charge: The Lost Record of Pickett’s Wounded (Shippensburg, PA: White Mane Books, 2000), 18–19; Jacob Hoke, Historical Reminiscences of the War; or, Incidents Which Transpired in and About Chambersburg, During the War of the Rebellion (Chambersburg, PA: M. A. Foltz, 1884), 38; Schaff, “The Gettysburg Week,” Scribner’s Magazine 16 (July 1894), 24, 26; Thaddeus Stevens, “Speech on State Elections (September 17, 1863), in The Selected Papers of Thaddeus Stevens, ed. B. W. Palmer (Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1997), 1:407–08; Frawley, “Marching Through Pennsylvania,” 38–39, 66–67; Ted Alexander, “ ‘A Regular Slave Hunt’: The Army of Northern Virginia and Black Civilians in the Gettysburg Campaign,” North & South 7 (September 2001), 84–89, Rafuse, Robert E. Lee and the Fall of the Confederacy, 54–55.

  18. McLaws to Emily McLaws (June 15, 1863), in A Soldier’s General: The Civil War Letters of Major General Lafayette McLaws, ed. John C. Oefflinger (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2002), 190; “General Orders No. 73” (June 27, 1863) and Lee to Imboden (June 23, 1863), in O.R., series one, 27 (pt. 3):924, 943; Simpson to Anna Tallulah Simpson (July 27, 1863), in Far, Far from Home: The Wartime Letters of Dick and Tally Simpson, 3rd South Carolina, eds. G. R. Everson and E. H. Simpson (New York: Oxford University Press, 1994), 262.