Gettysburg: The Last Invasion

by Allen C. Guelzo

  16. Howard, Autobiography, 1:419; Howard, “Campaign and Battle of Gettysburg, June and July, 1863,” Atlantic Monthly 38 (July 1876), 58; Kirby, “A Boy Spy in Dixie,” National Tribune (July 19, 1888); Charles H. Howard, “First Day at Gettysburg, 258–59; Howard, interview with Alexander Kelly (December 11, 1905), in Generals in Bronze, 181; Hartwell Osborn, Trials and Triumphs: The Record of the Fifty-Fifth Ohio Volunteer Infantry (Chicago: A. C. McClurg, 1904), 98; “Thursday’s Doubtful Issue—Friday’s Victory” (July 4, 1863), in A Radical View: The “Agate” Dispatches of Whitelaw Reid, 1861–1865, ed. James G. Smart (Memphis, TN: Memphis State University Press, 1976), 2:51; E. C. Culp, “Gettysburg—Reminiscences of the Great Fight,” National Tribune (March 19, 1885); Greene, “From Chancellorsville to Cemetery Hill: O. O. Howard and Eleventh Corps Leadership,” in The First Day at Gettysburg, ed. Gallagher, 70.

  17. Meade to Halleck (July 1, 1863) and Howard to Meade (July 1, 1863), in O.R., series one, 27 (pt. 1):72, 696; Hancock, “Gettysburg: Reply to General Howard,” The Galaxy 22 (December 1876), 822, 823; Charles Howard, “First Day at Gettysburg,” 262–63; Carpenter, “General O. O. Howard at Gettysburg,” Civil War History, 9 (September 1963), 269–70, 276; Dougherty, Stone’s Brigade and the Fight for the McPherson Farm, 103.

  18. Hancock, “Gettysburg: Reply to General Howard,” 822–23, 829–30; Howard, “Campaign and Battle of Gettysburg,” Atlantic Monthly 38 (July 1876), 59, 60–61; Pfanz, Gettysburg—The First Day, 338–39; Walker, General Hancock, 108; E. C. Culp, “Gettysburg—Reminiscences of the Great Fight,” National Tribune (March 19, 1885); “Testimony of Major General W. S. Hancock” (March 22, 1864), in Report of the Joint Committee on the Conduct of the War, 4:405.

  19. E. P. Halstead, “The First Day of the Battle of Gettysburg,” 6–7; Greene, “From Chancellorsville to Cemetery Hill,” in The First Day at Gettysburg, 85–86.

  20. Walker, General Hancock, 111–12; Cooke, “The First Day at Gettysburg,” 284–85; Smith, “Recollections of Gettysburg” (1894), in War Papers Read Before the Commandery of the State of Michigan, 2:300; “Reports of Maj. Gen. Abner Doubleday, U.S. Army” (December 14, 1863), in O.R., series one, 27 (pt. 1):252; Mahood, General Wadsworth, 180; John Archer, “The Hour Was One of Horror”: East Cemetery Hill at Gettysburg (Gettysburg: Thomas Publications, 1997), 9, 11; Carpenter, “General O. O. Howard at Gettysburg,” 274–75. Hancock also gave direct orders, bypassing both Doubleday and Howard, to the 55th Ohio (which was already on Cemetery Hill, as part of Orland Smith’s reserve brigade), to Michael Weidrich’s 11th Corps battery, and to Stewart’s 4th U.S. Artillery battery, from the 1st Corps; see Osborn, Trials and Triumphs, 97, Weidrich to J. B. Bachelder (January 20, 1886), in Bachelder Papers, 2:1182, and Stewart, “Battery B, 4th United States Artillery at Gettysburg,” in Sketches of War History, 4:189–90; Hancock to Fitz Lee (January 17, 1878), in “Review of the First Two Days’ Operations at Gettysburg,” SHSP 5 (April 1878), 168, 169.

  21. Winfield Scott Hancock, “Gettysburg: Reply to General Howard,” The Galaxy 22 (December 1876), 830; Howard to Meade (July 1, 1863), in O.R., series one, 27 (pt. 1):696–97.

  22. Edmund R. Brown, The Twenty-Seventh Indiana Volunteer Infantry in the War of the Rebellion, 1861 to 1865 (Monticello, IN: privately printed, 1899), 365; C. H. Slocum, Life and Services of Major-General Henry Warner Slocum, 102; Julian Wisner Hinkley, A Narrative of Service with the Third Wisconsin Infantry (Madison: Wisconsin History Commission, 1912), 82; Doubleday, Chancellorsville and Gettysburg, 137; George Thomas Stevens, Three Years in the Sixth Corps: A Concise Narrative of Events in the Army of the Potomac from 1861 to the Close of the Rebellion, April, 1865 (Albany: S. R. Gray, 1866), 244; E. C. Culp, The 25th Ohio Vet. Vol. Infantry in the War for the Union (Topeka: Geo. W. Crane, 1885), 78–79; Venner, The 19th Indiana Infantry at Gettysburg, 93; “Report of Col. James L. Selfridge, Forty-Sixth Pennsylvania Infantry” (July 18, 1863), in O.R., series one, 27 (pt. 1):803; Toombs, New Jersey Troops in the Gettysburg Campaign, 187; John Richards Boyle, Soldiers True: The Story of the One Hundred and Eleventh Regiment, Pennsylvania Veteran Volunteers (New York: Eaton & Mains, 1903), 117–18; Cooke, “The First Day at Gettysburg,” 284–85, 286; Tevis and Marquis, History of the Fighting Fourteenth, 90; Frey, Longstreet’s Assault, 48; Reminiscences of Carl Schurz, 3:15; Matthew W. Hutchinson, “To Gettysburg and Beyond: A Vermont Captain’s Letters to His Wife,” Gettysburg Magazine 25 (July 2001), 88; J. N. Hubbard, “Gettysburg: Wadsworth’s Division on Culp’s Hill,” National Tribune (March 15, 1915).

  23. Hancock, “Gettysburg: Reply to General Howard,” 826; Gambone, Hancock at Gettysburg, 58, 59, 64, 65; “Testimony of Major General W. S. Hancock” (March 22, 1864), in Report of the Joint Committee on the Conduct of the War, 4:405; Stewart, “Battery B, 4th United States Artillery at Gettysburg,” 189–90; Doubleday, in Letters and Addresses Contributed at a General Meeting of the Military Service Institution … in Memory of Winfield Scott Hancock (New York: G. P. Putnam’s, 1886), 20; “Reports of Maj. Gen. Abner Doubleday, U.S. Army” (December 14, 1863) and “Reports of Maj. Gen. Henry W. Slocum” (August 23, 1863), in O.R., series one, 27 (pt. 1):252, 758; Butts, A Gallant Captain of the Civil War, 83.

  24. Hancock to Fitz Lee, in “Review of the First Two Days’ Operations at Gettysburg,” 168, 169; Reminiscences of Carl Schurz, 3:19–20; Boyle, Soldiers True: The Story of the One Hundred and Eleventh Regiment Pennsylvania Veteran Volunteers, 117–18; Samuel H. Hurst, Journal-History of the Seventy-third Ohio Volunteer Infantry (Chillicothe, OH, 1866), 67–68.

  CHAPTER THIRTEEN If the enemy is there to-morrow, we must attack him

  1. Mills, History of the 16th North Carolina Regiment, 36–37; W. Gordon McCabe, “Annual Reunion of Pegram Battalion Association” (May 21, 1886), SHSP 14 (January–December 1886), 15; J. Coleman Alderson, “Lee and Longstreet at Gettysburg,” Confederate Veteran 10 (October 1904), 488; John C. McInnis, “Saw Gen. Lee on First Day at Gettysburg,” Confederate Veteran 21 (May 1913), 203; John Purifoy, “The Battle of Gettysburg, July 2,” Confederate Veteran 31 (July 1923), 252.

  2. “Reports of Brig. Gen. William N. Pendleton, C.S. Army” (September 12, 1863) and “Report of Lieut. Gen. Ambrose P. Hill, C.S. Army” (November, 1863), in O.R., series one, 27 (pt. 2):349, 607; Long, Memoirs of Robert E. Lee: His Military and Personal History, 277; Bowden and Ward, Last Chance for Victory, 177–79, 180; David Callihan, “Elusive Victory: Robert E. Lee at Gettysburg,” Gettysburg Magazine 28 (January 2003), 11–13; Robertson, General A. P. Hill, 213.

  3. McIntosh, “Review of the Gettysburg Campaign by One Who Participated Therein,” SHSP 37 (January–December 1909), 119; Spencer Glasgow Welch, A Confederate Surgeon’s Letters to His Wife (New York: Neale Publishing, 1911), 67; Perrin to Milledge L. Bonham (July 29, 1863), in Bonham, “A Little More Light on Gettysburg,” 523; “Richmond Inquirer Account” (July 8, 1863), in Rebellion Record, ed. Moore (1864), 4:109; Gallagher, “Confederate Corps Leadership on the First Day,” in The First Day at Gettysburg, 46; Bowden & Ward, Last Chance for Victory, 180, 192, 194.

  4. McCreary, “Gettysburg: A Boy’s Experience of the Battle,” McClure’s Magazine, 245–46; J. Warren Jackson to R. Stark Jackson (July 20, 1863), in Merl E. Reed, ed., “The Gettysburg Campaign—A Louisiana Lieutenant’s Eye-Witness Account,” in Pennsylvania History 30 (April 1963), 188; Meredith, “The First Day at Gettysburg,” SHSP 24 (January–December 1896), 185–86; Seymour, diary entry for July 1, 1863, in Civil War Memoirs of William J. Seymour, 71, 72; Louis Léon, Diary of a Tar Heel Confederate Soldier, 34–35; Sgt. J. A. Leach to J. B. Bachelder (June 2, 1884), in Bachelder Papers, 2:1047; Clark, North Carolina Troops, 1:171, 254, 276–77, 312.

  5. Hollinger, “The Battle of Gettysburg,” 168–69; Nellie E. Auginbaugh, Personal Experiences of a Young Girl at the Battle of Gettysburg (Washington, DC: L. D. Leeds, 1926), 7; Slade and Alexander, Firestorm at Gettysburg, 93.

  6. Clark, North Carolina Troops, 2:312; Robert McLean, “A
Boy in Gettysburg—1863,” Gettysburg Compiler (June 30, 1909); Bennett, Days of “Uncertainty and Dread,” 29; J. Coleman Alderson, “Lee and Longstreet at Gettysburg,” Confederate Veteran 10 (October 1904), 488.

  7. Isaac Trimble, “The Battle and Campaign of Gettysburg,” SHSP 26 (January–December, 1898), 123; Campbell Brown’s Civil War, 211, 332–33; Gallagher, “Confederate Corps Leadership,” 39–40, 50–51; R. H. Early, Lieutenant General Jubal Anderson Early, 269; Smith, “General Lee at Gettysburg,” SHSP 33 (January–February 1905), 144–45; Douglas C. Haines, “ ‘Lights Mingled with Shadows’: Lt. Gen. Richard S. Ewell—July 1, 1863,” Gettysburg Magazine 45 (July 2011), 51–52.

  8. Taylor, “Memorandum by Colonel Walter H. Taylor, of General Lee’s Staff,” in SHSP 4 (July 1877), 83; Taylor, Four Years with General Lee, 99; Thomas, Robert E. Lee, 295–96; Smith, “General Lee at Gettysburg,” 144–45; Casdorph, Confederate General R. S. Ewell, 256–58; “Draft of Letter to Gen. Doubleday” (December 6, 1881), in Campbell Brown’s Civil War, 332–33; Pfanz, Richard S. Ewell, 308; Haines, “ ‘Lights Mingled with Shadows’: Lt. Gen. Richard S. Ewell—July 1, 1863,” 49.

  9. Maj. E. C. Gordon, “Controversy About Gettysburg,” Confederate Veteran (October 1912), 465; Trimble, The Battle and Campaign of Gettysburg, 123–24; Casdorph, Confederate General R. S. Ewell, 257–58; “Copy of a Portion of Capt. Turner’s Memoranda,” in Campbell Brown’s Civil War, 321; “Letter of Maj. Gen. Isaac R. Trimble” to J. B. Bachelder (February 8, 1883), in Bachelder Papers, 2:930–31; Trimble, diary entry for July 1, 1863, in “The Civil War Diary of General Isaac Ridgeway Trimble,” ed. W. S. Myers, Maryland Historical Magazine 17 (March 1922), 11; Gallagher, “Confederate Corps Leadership,” 39–40; Bowden and Ward, Last Chance for Victory, 191, 241–43, 244–45; Pfanz, Richard S. Ewell, 314.

  10. Frank C. Wilson, “Blunder in Battle of Gettysburg,” Confederate Veteran (September 1912), 417; Bowden and Ward, Last Chance for Victory, 182, 185–86; Lafayette McLaws, “The Second Day at Gettysburg,” Philadelphia Weekly Times (August 4, 1886); Seymour, diary entry for July 1–2, 1863, in Civil War Memoirs of William J. Seymour, 72

  11. Samuel Pickens, in Voices from Company D, 182–83.

  12. Martin L. Stoever letter (September 30, 1863), in Timothy H. Smith, The Story of Lee’s Headquarters, Gettysburg, Pennsylvania (Gettysburg: Thomas Publications, 1995), 42.

  13. John C. McInnis, “Saw Gen. Lee on First Day at Gettysburg,” Confederate Veteran 21 (May 1913), 203; Hollinger, “Some Personal Recollections of the Battle of Gettysburg,” 7; Early, Lieutenant General Jubal Anderson Early, 268, 271; Early, The Campaigns of Gen. Robert E. Lee: An Address (Baltimore: John Murphy, 1872), 34; John Purifoy, “The Battle of Gettysburg, July 2,” Confederate Veteran 31 (July 1923), 52; William C. Oates, The War Between the Union and the Confederacy, and Its Lost Opportunities (New York: Neale Publishing, 1905), 204; Walter Taylor, “The Campaign in Pennsylvania,” in Annals of the War, 305–6; John Cabell Early, “A Southern Boy’s Experience at Gettysburg,” Journal of the Military Service Institution of the United States 48 (May–June 1911), 420–21; John Imboden, “Lee at Gettysburg” (1871), in Kathleen Diffley, ed., To Live and Die: Collected Stories of the Civil War, 1861–1876 (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2002), 164; Piston, Lee’s Tarnished Lieutenant, 52, 54; Campbell Brown’s Civil War, 218.

  14. “Domestic Items,” Christian Recorder (September 26, 1863); “Gettysburg After Twenty Years,” National Tribune (May 14, 1885); Collins, Major General Robert E. Rodes, 280; Jacobs, Notes on the Rebel Invasion, 39; Thomas Espy Causby, “Storming the Stone Fence at Gettysburg,” SHSP 29 (January–December 1901), 340; Jubal Early to J. B. Bachelder (March 23, 1876), in Bachelder Papers, 1:460; Swallow, “The First Day at Gettysburg,” Southern Bivouac 4 (December 1885), 443; William J. Seymour, diary entry for July 1–2, 1863, in Civil War Memoirs, 73; Wilson, “Blunder in Battle of Gettysburg,” 417.

  15. Sharpe (June 25, 1889), in Chaplain Cornelius van Santvoord, The 120th Regiment, New York State Volunteers: A Narrative of Its Service in the War for the Union (Rondout, NY: Kingston Freeman, 1894), 223–24, and in “Dedication of Monument—120th Regiment of Infantry,” in New York at Gettysburg, 2:816; Meade, Life and Letters of George Gordon Meade, 2:38; Hancock to Meade (July 1, 1863), Meade to Hancock and Doubleday (July 1, 1863), “Reports of Maj. Gen. Winfield S. Hancock” and “Reports of Maj. Gen. George G. Meade (October 1, 1863), in O.R., series one, 27 (pt. 1):115, 366, 369, and (pt. 3):466; Jordan, Winfield Scott Hancock, 86; Hancock the Superb, 137–38; Cleaves, Meade of Gettysburg, 137–38; Gambone, Hancock at Gettysburg, 72.

  16. Butterfield to Sedgwick (July 2, 1863), in O.R., series one, 27 (pt. 3):484–85.

  17. Sharpe (June 25, 1889), in van Santvoord, The 120th Regiment, 224; Reminiscences of Carl Schurz, 3:20–21.

  18. Meade to Halleck (July 1, 1863), Daniel Butterfield to Commanding General at Emmitsburg (July 1, 1863), and Meade to Lorenzo Thomas (October 1, 1863), in O.R., series one, 27 (pt. 1):71–72, and (pt. 3):467; O. O. Howard interview with Alexander Kelly (April 15, 1899), in Generals in Bronze, 176–77; Howard, Autobiography, 1:423–24.

  19. Wainwright, diary entry for July 2, 1863, in A Diary of Battle, 241–42; Frey, Longstreet’s Assault—Pickett’s Charge, 55; C. H. Howard, “First Day at Gettysburg,” 264; Howard, Autobiography, 1:424; Sauers, A Caspian Sea of Ink, 117; Doubleday, Chancellorsville and Gettysburg, 156; Reminiscences of Carl Schurz, 3:21; Trowbridge, “The Field of Gettysburg,” Atlantic Monthly 16 (November 1865), 623.

  20. Hancock to Meade (July 1, 1863) and Seth Williams to John Sedgwick (July 1, 1863), in O.R., series one, 27 (pt. 1):366, and (pt. 3):465; Doubleday, Chancellorsville and Gettysburg, 134; Barthel, Abner Doubleday, 154.

  21. Frank Augustin O’Reilly, The Fredericksburg Campaign: Winter War on the Rappahannock (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2003), 469–70, 489; Tagg, The Generals of Gettysburg, 12–13; Taaffe, Commanding the Army of the Potomac, 116; Wainwright, diary entry for July 2, 1863, in a Day of Battle, 247; John S. D. Cook, “Personal Reminiscences of Gettysburg” (December 12, 1903), in War Talks in Kansas, 332; “Testimony of General A. P. Howe” (March 3, 1864), in Report of the Joint Committee on the Conduct of the War, 1:313.

  22. Gibbon, Personal Recollections of the Civil War, 144–45; John Michael Priest, Into the Fight: Pickett’s Charge at Gettysburg (Shippensburg, PA: White Mane Books, 1998), 45; Doubleday, Chancellorsville and Gettysburg, 156; Seth Williams and Daniel Butterfield to Henry Slocum (July 2, 1863), in O.R., series one, 27 (pt. 3):486–87; George A. Thayer, “On the Right at Gettysburg,” National Tribune (July 24, 1902); Storrs, The “Twentieth Connecticut”: A Regimental History, 78; Troy Harman, “The Gap: Meade’s July 2 Offensive Plan,” in “The Most Shocking Battle I Have Ever Witnessed”: The Second Day at Gettysburg (Gettysburg: Gettysburg National Military Park, 2008), 84–85, 88; Fox, “Slocum and His Men: A History of the Twelfth and Twentieth Army Corps,” 176; Peter C. Vermilyea, “The Pipe Creek Effect: How Meade’s Pipe Creek Circular Affected the Battle of Gettysburg,” Gettysburg Magazine 42 (July 2010), 36, 37; George Meade, Jr., Did General Meade Desire a Retreat at the Battle of Gettysburg? (Philadelphia: Porter & Coates, 1883), 4–5.

  23. Woodward, Our Campaigns; or, The Marches, Bivouacs, Battles, Incidents of Camp Life and History of Our Regiment, 263; E. J. Allen, Under the Maltese Cross, Antietam to Appomattox: The Loyal Uprising in Western Pennsylvania, 1861–1865 (Pittsburgh: Werner Co., 1912), 162, 165; Robert G. Carter, “Reminiscences of the Battle and Campaign of Gettysburg,” in War Papers Read Before the Commandery of the State of Maine, 2:164; Tilney, My Life in the Army, 47; John L. Smith, History of the 118th Pennsylvania Volunteers, Corn Exchange Regiment, from Their First Engagement at Antietam to Appomattox (Philadelphia: J. L. Smith, 1905), 233, 236, 238; Mary Genevie Brainard, Campaigns of the One Hundred and Forty-Sixth Regiment, New York State Volunteers (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1915), 110–11; Theodore Gerrish, �
�The Battle of Gettysburg,” National Tribune (November 23, 1882); Judson, History of the Eighty-Third Regiment Pennsylvania Volunteers, 124; Capt. Dudley H. Chase, “Gettysburg,” in War Papers Read Before the Indiana Commandery of the Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States (Indianapolis: Indiana Commandery, 1898), 299; “Testimony of Brigadier General S. W. Crawford” (April 27, 1864), in Report of the Joint Committee on the Conduct of the War, 4:469; Harman, “The Gap: Meade’s July 2 Offensive Plan,” in “The Most Shocking Battle I Have Ever Witnessed,” 82; Capt. H. N. Minnigh, History of Company K, 1st (Inft.) Penn’a Reserves (Duncansville: Home Print Publisher, 1891), 23.

  24. Joseph Keith Newell, “Ours”: Annals of the 10th Regiment, Massachusetts Volunteers in the Rebellion (Springfield, MA: C. A. Nichols, 1875), 221–22; Hyde, “Recollections of the Battle of Gettysburg,” in War Papers Read Before the Commandery of the State of Maine, 1:194; James S. Anderson, “The March of the Sixth Corps to Gettysburg,” in War Papers Read Before the Commandery of the State of Wisconsin, 4:78, 80; Hyde, Following the Greek Cross, 143–44; David A. Ward, “ ‘Sedgwick’s Foot Cavalry’: The March of the Sixth Corps to Gettysburg,” Gettysburg Magazine 22 (July 2000), 60.