16. William J. Patterson, “62nd Regiment of Infantry” (September 11, 1889) and Edmund Shaw, “110th Regiment of Infantry” (September 11, 1889), in Pennsylvania at Gettysburg, 1:387 and 2:595; “Address of A. S. Shattuck,” in Michigan at Gettysburg: July lst. 2d. and 3rd. 1863—June 12, 1889—Proceedings Incident to the Dedication of the Michigan Monuments upon the Battlefield of Gettysburg (Detroit: Winn & Hammond, 1889), 76; Verrill, “Seventeenth Maine Regiment,” 196–97; John L. Smith, History of the 118th Pennsylvania Volunteers, Corn Exchange Regiment, from their First Engagement at Antietam to Appomattox (Philadelphia: J. L. Smith, 1905), 244–45; Robert G. Carter, “Reminiscences of the Battle and Campaign of Gettysburg,” in War Papers Read Before the Commandery of the State of Maine, 2:165–66; Jordan, Red Diamond Regiment, 74–75; Jorgensen, Gettysburg’s Bloody Wheatfield, 76, 78–79.
17. John Coxe, “The Battle of Gettysburg,” Confederate Veteran 21 (September 1913), 434; Arthur Peronneau Ford, Life in the Confederate Army: Being Personal Experiences of a Private Soldier in the Confederate Army (New York: Neale Publishing, 1905), 51–52; “Report of Brig. Gen. J. B. Kershaw, C.S. Army” (October 1, 1863, in O.R., series one, 27 (pt. 2):368; Kershaw to J. B. Bachelder (March 20 and April 3, 1876), in Bachelder Papers, 1:455–56, 472, 474; Aiken, “The Gettysburg Reunion: What Is Necessary and Proper for the South to Do,” in Gettysburg Sources, 2:173–74; Murray, E. P. Alexander and the Artillery Action in the Peach Orchard, 95; Hartwig, “ ‘I Have Never Been in a Hotter Place,’ ” 67, 69.
18. Dickert, History of Kershaw’s Brigade, 238; Kershaw to J. B. Bachelder (March 20, 1876), in Bachelder Papers, 1:455–56; Wyckoff, History of the Second South Carolina Infantry, 191, and History of the 3rd South Carolina Regiment, 170–71; Kershaw, “Kershaw’s Brigade at Gettysburg,” in Battles & Leaders, 3:336; Hartwig, “ ‘I Have Never Been in a Hotter Place,’ ” 70; Verrill, “Seventeenth Maine Regiment,” 199.
19. Gottfried, Brigades of Gettysburg, 163; “Report of Lt. Col. Charles H. Morgan,” in Bachelder Papers, 3:1353; Gambone, Hancock at Gettysburg, 72; “Reports of Maj. Leman W. Bradley, Sixty-fourth New York Infantry” (July 17, 1863), in O.R., series one, 27 (pt. 1):407.
20. Marion L. Armstrong, Unfurl Those Colors! McClellan, Sumner, and the Second Army Corps in the Antietam Campaign (Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 2008), 295; Kreiser, Defeating Lee, 55, 65; diary entry for July 1, 1863, in Inside the Army of the Potomac: The Civil War Experience of Captain Francis Donaldson, 298; Daniel M. Callaghan, Thomas Francis Meagher and the Irish Brigade in the Civil War (Jefferson, NC: McFarland, 2006), 143.
21. Gottfried, Brigades of Gettysburg, 177; Eric Campbell, “ ‘Remember Harper’s Ferry’: The Degradation, Humiliation, and Redemption of Col. George L. Willard’s Brigade,” Gettysburg Magazine 7 (July 1992), 57, 59.
22. Favill, The Diary of a Young Officer, 234–35; W. L. Montague, Biographical Record of the Alumni of Amherst College During Its First Half Century, 1821–1871 (Amherst, MA: J. E. Williams, 1883), 287; Charles F. Johnson to Mary Johnson (September 10, 1862), in The Civil War Letters of Colonel Charles F. Johnson, Invalid Corps, ed. Fred Pelka (Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 2004), 123; George C. Bradley and Richard L. Dahlen, From Conciliation to Conquest: The Sack of Athens and the Court-martial of Colonel John B. Turchin (Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 2006), 129.
23. St. Clair A. Mulholland, The Story of the 116th Regiment, Pennsylvania Infantry, 134–35; “Report of Lt. Col. Charles H. Morgan,” in Bachelder Papers, 3:1354; “Report of Capt. John W. Reynolds, One Hundred and Forty-Fifth Pennsylvania Infantry” (August 14, 1863) and “Reports of Brig. Gen. William Harrow” (July 16, 1863), in O.R., series one, 27 (pt. 1):414, 419; Favill, The Diary of a Young Officer, 244–45.
24. Waitt, History of the Nineteenth Regiment, Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry, 229–30; Meade, Life and Letters of General Meade, 2:86; “Reports of Maj. Gen. Winfield S. Hancock” and “Report of Brig. Gen. John C. Caldwell” (September 5, 1863), in O.R., series one, 27 (pt. 1):369, 379; Jordan, Winfield Scott Hancock: A Soldier’s Life, 91; D. Scott Hartwig, “ ‘No Troops on the Field Had Done Better’: John C. Caldwell’s Division in the Wheatfield, July 2,” in Three Days at Gettysburg: Essays on Confederate and Union Leadership, ed. Gary W. Gallagher (Kent, OH: Kent State University Press, 1999), 211; Mulholland, The Story of the 116th Regiment, Pennsylvania Infantry, 371; Charles Augustus Fuller, Personal Recollections of the War of 1861 (Fairfield, Glos.: Echo Library, 2010), 62; Holden, Stand Firm and Fire Low, 154–55.
25. Fuller, Personal Recollections of the War of 1861, 63; James D. Brady, “Reminiscences of Fr. Corby,” in The Corby Memorial Committee (Philadelphia: Allen, Lane & Scott, 1911), 3, 12; Joseph G. Bilby, The Irish Brigade in the Civil War: The 69th New York and Other Irish (Cambridge, MA: Da Capo Press, 1997), 87; “Notes of a Conversation with Col. Mulholland 116 Pa.V.,” Col. John R. Brooke to J. B. Bachelder (November 14, 1885) and “Statement of Lt. William P. Wilson” in Bachelder Papers, 1:420–21 and 2:140, 1195–96; Mulholland, The Story of the 116th Regiment, Pennsylvania Infantry, 372; William Corby, Memoirs of Chaplain Life (Chicago: LaMont, O’Donnell & Co., 1893), 184; W. S. Shallenberger, “140th Regiment Infantry” (September 11, 1889), in Pennsylvania at Gettysburg, 2:689.
26. “Report of Lt. Col. Charles H. Morgan,” in Bachelder Papers, 3:1356; “Report of Brig. Gen. John C. Caldwell” (September 5, 1863), in O.R., series one, 27 (pt. 1):379; Rafferty, “Gettysburg,” in Personal Recollections of the War of the Rebellion, 22–23; R. H. Forster, “148th Regiment Infantry” (September 11, 1889), in Pennsylvania at Gettysburg, 2:735; Mulholland, The Story of the 116th Regiment, Pennsylvania Infantry, 135–36.
27. Tremaine, Two Days of War, 84; Harper, “If Thee Must Fight,” 240; Sara Gould Walters, Inscription at Gettysburg: In Memoriam to Captain David Acheson, Company C, 140th Pennsylvania Volunteers (Gettysburg: Thomas Publications, 1991), 83.
28. Holden, Stand Firm and Fire Low, 154–55; Duane E. Shaffer, Men of Granite: New Hampshire’s Soldiers in the Civil War (Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 2008), 157; Forster, “148th Regiment Infantry” (September 11, 1889), in Pennsylvania at Gettysburg, 2:735; Fuller, Personal Recollections of the War of 1861, 63.
29. Aiken, “The Gettysburg Reunion,” in Gettysburg Sources, 2:175; John Buttrick Noyes to “Dear Father” (July 5, 1863), in John Buttrick Noyes Civil War Letters (MS Am 2332), Houghton Library, Harvard University; “Statement of Lt. William P. Wilson,” in Bachelder Papers, 1:1196–97; Mulholland, The Story of the 116th Regiment, Pennsylvania Infantry, 136; Jorgensen, Gettysburg’s Bloody Wheatfield, 96–98.
30. Hartwig, “ ‘No Troops on the Field Had Done Better’: Caldwell’s Division in the Wheat Field,” 223; Bowden and Ward, Last Chance for Victory, 298–99, Hartwig, “ ‘I Have Never Been in a Hotter Place,’ ” 69, 70–71; Jorgensen, Gettysburg’s Bloody Wheatfield, 99, and The Wheatfield at Gettysburg: A Walking Tour (Gettysburg: Thomas Publications, 2002), 15; Oscar W. West, “On Little Round Top—The Fifth Corps Fight at Gettysburg,” National Tribune (November 22, 1906).
31. Wyckoff, A History of the Third South Carolina Infantry, 173, 175; Robert L. Stewart, History of the One Hundred and Fortieth Regiment Pennsylvania Volunteers (Philadelphia: Franklin Bindery, 1912), 104; Smith, History of the 118th Pennsylvania Volunteers, 252–53; William P. Wilson to J. B. Bachelder (March 23, 1884) and “General Zook’s Brigade at Gettysburg,” in Bachelder Papers, 1:417 and 2:1032; Wilkinson and Woodworth, A Scythe of Fire, 249; Fighting with the Eighteenth Massachusetts: The Civil War Memoir of Thomas H. Mann, 180.
32. John B. Linn, “Journal of My Trip to the Battlefield of Gettysburg, July, 1863,” Civil War Times Illustrated 29 (September–October 1990), 64; “Brigadier General Samuel K. Zook—Sketch of His Life—Civic and Military Preparations for His Funeral,” New York Herald (July 12, 1863); Theodore W. Bean, History of Montgomery County, Pennsylvania (Philadelphia: Everts & Peck, 1884), 288; John S. Ha
mmell to J. B. Bachelder, Kershaw to J. B. Bachelder (March 20, 1876), Brooke to Francis A. Walker (March 18, 1886), and “Report of Lt. Col. Charles H. Morgan, in Bachelder Papers, 1:418, 423, 456, 2:1233–34, and 3:1355–56; “Report of Maj. Peter Nelson, Sixty-Sixth New York Infantry,” in O.R., series one, 27 (pt. 1):398; W. A. Croffutt and John M. Morris, The Military and Civil History of Connecticut During the War of 1861–65 (New York: Ledyard Bill, 1869), 392; Winthrop Dudley Sheldon, The “Twenty-Seventh”: A Regimental History (New Haven: Morris & Benham, 1866), 77; Charles P. Hamblen, Connecticut Yankees at Gettysburg, ed. Walter Powell (Kent, OH: Kent State University Press, 1993), 49.
33. Powell, The Fifth Army Corps, 534; Kershaw to J. B. Bachelder (April 3, 1876) and Brooke to Francis A. Walker (March 18, 1886), in Bachelder Papers, 1:472 and 2:1234; Carter, “The Campaign and Battle of Gettysburg,” 167; “Report of Brig. Gen. J. B. Kershaw, C.S. Army” (October 1, 1863), “Reports of Col. John R. Brooke, Fifty-third Pennsylvania Infantry” (August 15, 1863), and “Reports of Lieut. Col. John Fraser, One Hundred and Fortieth Pennsylvania Infantry” (August 7–8, 1863), in O.R., series one, 27 (pt. 1):395, 401, and (pt. 2):369; Kershaw, “Kershaw’s Brigade at Gettysburg,” in Battles & Leaders, 3:336; Alonzo Myers, “Kershaw’s Brigade at Peach Orchard,” National Tribune (January 21, 1926).
34. “William Tatum Wofford—The Memorial Read at the Reunion of His Regiment, the Eighteenth Georgia,” Cartersville (GA) Courant American (September 8, 1887); Tagg, The Generals of Gettysburg, 221–22; Robert K. Krick, Parker’s Virginia Battery, C.S.A. (Wilmington, NC: Broadfoot Publishing, 1989), 174; Gerald J. Smith, “One of the Most Daring of Men”: The Life of Confederate General William Tatum Wofford (Murfreesboro, TN: Southern Heritage Press, 1997), 19–20, 23, 37, 137; Robert M. Powell, “With Hood at Gettysburg,” in Battles and Leaders of the Civil War, ed. Cozzens, 6:243; David Wyatt Aiken, in Frassanito, Early Photography at Gettysburg, 325.
35. Gilbert Frederick, “57th Regiment Infantry” (October 6, 1889), in New York at Gettysburg, 1:420; Bowden and Ward, Last Chance for Victory, 298–99; McLaws, “Gettysburg,” SHSP 7 (February 1879), 73–75; Smith, “One of the Most Daring of Men,” 85; Longstreet, From Manassas to Appomattox, 372; Fremantle, Three Months in the Southern States, 261.
36. Frederick, “57th Regiment Infantry” (October 6, 1889), in New York at Gettysburg, 1:420; Wyckoff, History of the 3rd South Carolina Infantry, 175, 194; Kershaw to J. B. Bachelder (April 3, 1876) and “Notes of a Conversation with Col. Mulholland 116 Pa.V.,” in Bachelder Papers, 1:422, 471–72; Powell, History of the Fifth Army Corps, 534–35.
37. Bowden and Ward, Last Chance for Victory, 301–2; Jorgensen, The Wheatfield at Gettysburg, 17; “Statement of Lt. Wiliam P. Wilson,” in Bachelder Papers, 2:1197; Wilkinson and Woodworth, A Scythe of Fire, 250–51; Noyes to “Dear Father” (July 5, 1863), in John Buttrick Noyes Civil War Letters, Houghton Library, Harvard University.
38. “Report of Lt. Col. Charles H. Morgan,” in Bachelder Papers, 2:1197 and 3:1355; Mulholland, Story of the 116th Pennsylvania, 375; Shallenberger, “140th Regiment Infantry,” in Pennsylvania at Gettysburg, 2:689; Gilbert Frederick, “57th Regiment Infantry” (October 6, 1889), in New York at Gettysburg, 1:420; “Report of Lieut. Col. Alford B. Chapman, Fifty-seventh New York Infantry” (August 5, 1863) and “Report of Col. William S. Tilton, Twenty-second Massachusetts Infantry” (July 9, 1863), in O.R., series one, 27 (pt. 1):397, 608; Noyes to “Dear Father” (July 5, 1863), in John Buttrick Noyes Civil War Letters, Houghton Library, Harvard University.
39. Martin D. Hardin, “41st Regiment of Infantry,” in Pennsylvania at Gettysburg, 1:297; Henry S. Seage to J. B. Bachelder (September 23, 1884), in Bachelder Papers, 2:1071; Richard Bak, A Distant Thunder: Michigan in the Civil War (Ann Arbor, MI: Huron River Press, 2004), 129; Robert Campbell, “Pioneer Memories of the War Days, 1861–65,” in Historical Collections: Collections and Research Made by the Michigan Pioneer and Historical Society 30 (Lansing, MI: Wynkoop, Hallenbeck, Crawford, 1906), 570; Martin N. Bertera and Kim Crawford, The 4th Michigan Infantry in the Civil War (Lansing: Michigan State University Press, 2010), 167; “Address of Capt. L. H. Salsbury,” in Michigan at Gettysburg, 86; diary entry for July 2, 1863, in Inside the Army of the Potomac: The Civil War Experience of Captain Francis Donaldson, 306; Orvey S. Barrett, Reminiscences, Incidents, Battles, Marches and Camp Life of the Old 4th Michigan Infantry in the War of Rebellion, 1861 to 1864 (Detroit: W. S. Ostler, 1888), 22.
40. McLaws to Emily McLaws (July 7, 1863), in A Soldier’s General, 196; Carter, “Campaign and Battle of Gettysburg,” 197; Dudley H. Chase, “Gettysburg,” in War Papers Read Before the Indiana Commandery, 301; “Reports of Brig. Gen. Romeyn Ayres, U.S. Army” (July 28, 1863) and “Report of Col. Sidney Burbank, Second U.S. Infantry” (July 21, 1863), in O.R., series one, 27 (pt. 1):634; James A. Leyden, “The Fourth Regiment of Infantry,” in The Army of the United States: Historical Sketches of Staff and Line, eds. T. F. Rodenbough and W. L. Haskin (New York: Maynard, Merrill, 1896), 404; Jorgensen, Gettysburg’s Bloody Wheatfield, 121–22; Joseph Gibbs, Three Years in the Bloody Eleventh: The Campaigns of a Pennsylvania Reserves Regiment (University Park, PA: Penn State University Press, 2002), 221; B. F. W. Urban, “The Story of Gettysburg,” Gettysburg Magazine 37 (July 2007), 93.
41. “Testimony of Brigadier-General S.W. Crawford” (April 27, 1864), in Report of the Joint Committee on the Conduct of the War, 4:469.
42. Martin Hardin, History of the Twelfth Regiment, Pennsylvania Reserve Volunteer Corps, 152–53; Thomson and Rauch, History of the “Bucktails”: Kane Rifle Regiment of the Pennsylvania Reserve Corps (Philadelphia: Electric Printing Co., 1906), 265–66; Norton, Attack and Defense of Little Round Top, 239; Oliver Ayer Roberts, History of the Military Company of the Massachusetts, Now Called the Ancient and Honorable Artillery Company of Massachusetts, 1637–1888 (Boston: Alfred Mudge & Son, 1901), 12–13; Frank L. Beeby, “Colonel Fred. Taylor and His Bucktails,” in Fourteenth Annual Reunion of the Regimental Association of the Bucktails, or First Rifle Regiment of the FRVC (Philadelphia: Furlong, Gannon, Coulter, 1901), n.p.; George W. Newton, Silent Sentinels: A Reference Guide to the Artillery at Gettysburg (New York: Savas Beatie, 2005), 177, 179; H. N. Minnigh, “Who Occupied It?—A Discussion of the Movements About the Round Tops,” National Tribune (November 19, 1891); “Report of Capt. Frank C. Gibbs, Battery L, First Ohio Light Artillery” (July 4, 1863), in O.R., series one, 27 (pt. 1):662; Matt Spruill, Summer Thunder: A Battlefield Guide to the Artillery at Gettysburg (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 2010), 135.
43. Robert A. McCoy, “The First Brigade at Gettysburg” (September 2, 1809) and “The Reserves at Gettysburg,” E. M. Woodward, “31st Regiment Infantry,” and George W. McCracken, “39th Regiment Infantry” (September 2, 1890), in Pennsylvania at Gettysburg, 1:74, 112–13, 228, 271; Woodward, Our Campaigns; or, The Marches, Bivouacs, Battles, Incidents of Camp Life and History of Our Regiment, 268; LaFantasie, Twilight at Little Round Top, 197; Gibbs, Three Years in the Bloody Eleventh, 222, 224; B. F. W. Urban, “The Story of Gettysburg,” 95.
44. J. R. Sypher, History of the Pennsylvania Reserve Corps: A Complete Record of the Organization; and the Different Companies, Regiments, and Brigades (Lancaster, PA: Elias Barr, 1865), 461, 464–65; R. G. Carter to J. B. Bachelder (November 6, 1889), in Bachelder Papers, 3:1673; Bowden and Ward, Last Chance for Victory, 305–6; “Testimony of Brigadier-General S. W. Crawford” (April 27, 1864), in Report of the Joint Committee on the Conduct of the War, 4:469; McLaws, “The Second Day at Gettysburg,” in Gettysburg Sources, 3:133–34; “Report of Capt. George Hillyer, Ninth Georgia Infantry” (July 8, 1863), in O.R., series one, 27 (pt. 1):400; Youngblood, “Unwritten History of the Gettysburg Campaign,” SHSP 38 (January–December 1910), 316; Col. Goode Bryan in “Report of the Committee,” in Pennsylvania at Gettysburg, 1:103.
45. “Report of Lieut. Gen. James Longstreet, C.S. Army,” in O.R., series one, 27 (pt. 2):359; Longst
reet, “Lee in Pennsylvania,” in Annals of the War, 425; Longstreet, From Manassas to Appomattox, 373.
46. Carter, “Campaign and Battle of Gettysburg,” 171.
CHAPTER SEVENTEEN The supreme moment of the war had come
1. Smith, Farms at Gettysburg, 20; “Reports of General Robert E. Lee, C.S. Army” (July 31, 1863), in O.R., series one, 27 (pt. 2):308; Harman, Lee’s Real Plan at Gettysburg, 53.
2. Blake, Three Years in the Army of the Potomac, 200; Eric A. Campbell, “Hell in a Peach Orchard,” America’s Civil War 16 (July 2003), 41, and “ ‘The Key to the Entire Situation’: The Peach Orchard, July 2, 1863,” in The Second Day at Gettysburg, 155; Edward L. Bailey to J. B. Bachelder (March 29, 1882), in Bachelder Papers, 2:844, 846.
3. “Testimony of General Henry J. Hunt” (April 4, 1864), in Report of the Joint Committee on the Conduct of the War, 4:450; “Reports of Brig. Gen. Robert O. Tyler,” in O.R., series one, 27 (pt. 1):872; R. L. Murray, “The Artillery Duel in the Peach Orchard,” Gettysburg Magazine 36 (January 2007), 72–73, 78–79, and E. P. Alexander and the Artillery Action in the Peach Orchard, 48–49, 50; George Lewis, The History of Battery E, First Regiment Rhode Island Light Artillery, in the War of 1861 and 1865, to Preserve the Union (Providence, RI: Snow & Farnham, 1892), 192–94.
4. John Bigelow, The Peach Orchard at Gettysburg, July 2, 1863 (Minneapolis: Kimball-Storer, 1910), 52–53; Hanifen, History of Battery B, First New Jersey Artillery, 68–69, 73; Luther E. Cowles, History of the Fifth Massachusetts Battery (Boston: Luther E. Cowles, 1902), 624; Murray, E. P. Alexander and the Artillery Action in the Peach Orchard, 96; “Reports of Brig. Gen. Henry J. Hunt” (September 27, 1863), in O.R., series one, 27 (pt. 1):235.
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