5. J. S. McNeily, “Barksdale’s Mississippi Brigade at Gettysburg,” Publications of the Mississippi Historical Society (University: Mississippi Historical Society, 1914), 14:236; James W. McKee, “William Barksdale and the Congressional Election of 1853,” Journal of Mississippi History 34 (May 1972), 129–58; “Galusha A. Grow,” Harper’s Weekly (March 3, 1894); Williamjames Hoffer, The Caning of Charles Sumner: Honor, Idealism, and the Origins of the Civil War (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2010), 13; James Dinkins, “Griffith-Barksdale-Humphrey Mississippi Brigade and Its Campaigns,” SHSP 32 (January–December 1904), 259; W. G. Johnson, “Barksdale-Humphreys Mississippi Brigade,” Confederate Veteran 1 (July 1893), 207; Youngblood, “Personal Observations at Gettysburg,” Confederate Veteran 19 (June 1911), 286.
6. Ross, A Visit to the Cities and Camps of the Confederate States, 54–56; McLaws, “Gettysburg,” SHSP 7 (February 1879), 71–72, 74; George Clark, “Wilcox’s Alabama Brigade at Gettysburg,” Confederate Veteran 17 (May 1909), 229–30; Terrence J. Winschel, “Their Supreme Moment: Barksdale’s Brigade at Gettysburg,” Gettysburg Magazine 1 (July 1989), 74; Longstreet, Manassas to Appomattox, 370.
7. Alfred Craighead, “68th Regiment Infantry” (July 2, 1889) and David Craft, “141st Regiment Infantry” (September 12, 1889), in Pennsylvania at Gettysburg, 1:397–98 and 2:691; McNeily, “Barksdale’s Mississippi Brigade at Gettysburg,” 237, 238; J. R. Bucklyn to J. B. Bachelder (December 31, 1863), in Bachelder Papers, 1:72–73; Frank Moran, “A Fire Zouave—Memoirs of the Excelsior Brigade,” National Tribune (November 6, 1890); Hagerty, Collis’ Zouaves, 241–43; “Report of Calvin A. Craig, One Hundred and Fifth Pennsylvania Infantry” (July 11, 1863), in O.R., series one, 27 (pt. 1):501; Robert Fuhrman, “The 57th Pennsylvania Volunteer Infantry at Gettysburg,” Gettysburg Magazine 17 (July 1997), 66–67; Alanson Nelson, The Battles of Chancellorsville and Gettysburg, 149–51.
8. Busey and Martin, Regimental Strengths and Losses, 49, 50, 55, 180; Du Picq, Battle Studies: Ancient and Modern Battle, eds. J. N. Greeley and R. C. Cotton, 110; Penrose G. Mark, Red, White, and Blue Badge, Pennsylvania Veteran Volunteers: A History of the 93rd Regiment (Harrisburg, PA: Auginbauch Press, 1911), 219; Sebastian Junger, War (New York: Twelve, 2010), 234.
9. Martin A. Haynes, A History of the Second Regiment, New Hampshire Volunteer Infantry, in the War of the Rebellion (Lakeport, NH: Republican Press Association, 1896), 171, 173, 179; “Third Maine Regiment,” in Maine at Gettysburg, 131–32; “Report of Col. Moses B. Lakeman, Third Maine Infantry” (July 27, 1863), in O.R., series one, 27 (pt. 1):508; David Craft, History of the One Hundred Forty-first Regiment, Pennsylvania Volunteers, 1862–1865 (Towanda, PA: Reporter-Journal Printing, 1885), 126–27, 137; William E. Loring, “Gettysburg—The 141st Pa. at the Battle,” National Tribune (July 9, 1885); O’Reilly, “Stonewall” Jackson at Fredericksburg, 153; Bates, Pennsylvania Volunteers, 4:440; Edward L. Bailey to J. B. Bachelder (March 29, 1882), in Bachelder Papers, 2:846–47; Ross, A Visit to the Cities and Camps of the Confederate States, 56; Lewis, History of Battery E, First Regiment Rhode Island Light Artillery, 209; Gary G. Lash, “ ‘A Pathetic Story’: The 141st Pennsylvania (Graham’s Brigade) at Gettysburg,” Gettysburg Magazine 14 (January 1996), 95–96.
10. Loring, “On the Second Day—The 141st Pa. in the Gettysburg Battle,” National Tribune (July 5, 1894); McNeily, “Barksdale’s Mississippi Brigade at Gettysburg,” 242; McLaws to Emily McLaws (July 7, 1863), in A Soldier’s General, 196.
11. Frank Moran to Daniel Sickles (January 24, 1882), in Bachelder Papers, 2:773; McNeily, “Barksdale’s Mississippi Brigade at Gettysburg,” 243; F. M. Colston, “Gettysburg as I Saw It,” Confederate Veteran 5 (November 1897), 551–52; Youngblood, “Unwritten History of the Gettysburg Campaign,” SHSP 38 (January–December 1910), 316; Alexander, “The Great Charge and Artillery Fighting at Gettysburg,” in Battles & Leaders, 3:359–60; Jay Jorgensen, “Confederate Artillery at Gettysburg,” Gettysburg Magazine 24 (January 2001), 30.
12. William A. Love, “Mississippi at Gettysburg,” in Publications of the Mississippi Historical Society (Oxford, MS: Mississippi Historical Society, 1906), 9:32; Alexander, Fighting for the Confederacy, 240.
13. “Testimony of Major General Andrew A. Humphreys” (March 21, 1864), in Report of the Joint Committee on the Conduct of the War, 4:392; J. W. De Peyster, Andrew Atkinson Humphreys, of Pennsylvania: Brigadier General and Brevet Major General, U.S.A. (Lancaster, PA: Intelligencer Print, 1886), 15, and “Andrew Atkinson Humphreys,” Magazine of American History 16 (July–December 1886), 347–48; “Andrew Atkinson Humphreys,” in Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences (Boston: John Wilson & Son, 1884), 19:529.
14. Van Santvoord, The One Hundred and Twentieth Regiment New York State Volunteers, 24, 75; George C. Burling to J. B. Bachelder (February 8, 1884), in Bachelder Papers, 2:1008; Henry Lefevre Brown, History of the Third Regiment, Excelsior Brigade, 72d New York Volunteer Infantry, 1861–1865 (Jamestown, NY: Journal Printing, 1902), 104; William L. Stork, “Gettysburg—Why Was Not the Twelfth Corps in the First Day’s Fight?,” National Tribune (September 10, 1891); George H. Sharpe, “Dedication of Monument—120th Regiment of Infantry” (June 25, 1889), in New York at Gettysburg, 2:820; Cornelius D. Westbrook, “On the Firing Line—The 120th New York’s Firm Stand on the Second Day at Gettysburg,” National Tribune (September 20, 1900).
15. “Testimony of Major General Andrew A. Humphreys” (March 21, 1864), in Report of the Joint Committee on the Conduct of the War, 4:392; C. B. Baldwin to J. B. Bachelder (May 20, 1865) in Bachelder Papers, 1:193.
16. Bigelow, The Peach Orchard at Gettysburg, 54–55; Hanifen, History of Battery B, First New Jersey Artillery, 76, 77; “Report of Lieut. Col. Freeman McGilvery” and “Report of Capt. Patrick Hart, Fifteenth New York Battery” (August 2, 1863), in O.R., series one, 27 (pt. 1):882, 887.
17. Toombs, New Jersey Troops in the Gettysburg Campaign, 222–23; David L. Callihan, “A Cool, Clear Headed Old Sailor: Freeman McGilvery at Gettysburg,” Gettysburg Magazine 31 (July 2004), 47; Bradley M. Gottfried, The Artillery of Gettysburg, 127.
18. Phillips and Bigelow to J. B. Bachelder, in Bachelder Papers, 1:167–68, 173; Murray, E. P. Alexander and the Artillery Action in the Peach Orchard, 101–2; “Scott on the Fight of July 2d,” in Cowles, History of the Fifth Massachusetts Battery, 631; Bigelow, The Peach Orchard at Gettysburg, 17–18; Campbell, “ ‘The Key to the Entire Situation’: The Peach Orchard, July 2, 1863,” in The Second Day at Gettysburg, 191; Levi W. Baker, History of the Ninth Mass. Battery (South Framingham, MA: Lakeview Press, 1888), 60–61; Van Naiswald, Grape and Canister, 316–17.
19. “Letter of Capt. John Bigelow,” in Bachelder Papers, 1:173–75; Baker, History of the Ninth Mass. Battery, 61; Bigelow, The Peach Orchard at Gettysburg, 57; Bigelow to the Adjutant-General (June 19, 1895), in “A Grand and Terrible Dramma”: From Gettysburg to Petersburg—The Civil War Letters of Charles Wellington Reed, ed. Eric A. Campbell (New York: Fordham University Press, 2000), 344–45; Hesse to Almira Hesse (July 4, 1863), in “We Have Here a Great Fight,” ed. Eric Campbell, Civil War Times 48 (August 2009), 41.
20. “Reports of Augustus P. Martin, Third Massachusetts Battery” (July 31, 1863), in O.R., series one, 27 (pt. 1):660; Van Naiswald, Grape and Canister, 312–13; Schultz and Wieck, The Battle Between the Farm Lanes, 146–47; Benjamin Humphreys to J. B. Bachelder (May 1, 1876), in Bachelder Papers, 1:481.
21. Rafferty, “Gettysburg,” in Personal Recollections of the War of the Rebellion, 22–23; Craft, History of the One Hundred Forty-first Regiment, Pennsylvania Volunteers, 127; Randolph to J. B. Bachelder (March 1866), George Winslow to J. B. Bachelder (May 17, 1878), and George W. Bonnell to J. B. Bachelder (March 24, 1882), in Bachelder Papers, 1:239–40, 590–91, 2:843–44; Jim Hessler, “Blowing Smoke,” America’s Civil War 22 (July 2009), 49, 50; Tremain, Two Days of War, 88; “Reports of Maj. Gen. David B. Birney” (August 7, 1863), in O.R., seri
es one, 27 (pt. 1):483. It is uncertain precisely at what time Sickles’ wound occurred. Thomas Rafferty, the lieutenant colonel of the 71st New York, placed the incident at “about” the same time Samuel Zook was mortally wounded in Rose’s wheat field, which would put Sickles’ wound shortly after six o’clock; George Winslow, who was in the process of hauling his New York battery out of the wheat field as Zook was crossing into it with the rest of Caldwell’s division, also put the wounding “some two or three minutes” after Winslow had left the wheat field and reported to Sickles. But Rafferty was probably not an eyewitness, and it may have taken Winslow far longer to get his battery “through the woods” on the north side of the wheat field than he remembered when he recounted his view of what happened fifteen years later. What is more likely is that Sickles was hit closer to seven o’clock, since Col. Henry Madill and his pathetic little band of survivors from the peach orchard had just met Sickles near the Trostle farm when “a moment after … the gallant Sickles” was struck “by a musket ball, his leg fractured.” George Randolph, the chief of the 3rd Corps’ artillery, was with Sickles when the wounding occurred, and placed it roughly “towards 5 or 6 o’clock.” But since one of the gunners in Clark’s New Jersey battery remembered Sickles being struck by a “shell … in the rear of our battery” (which implies that Clark’s battery was still blazing away at the wheat field lane), and since Randolph also remembered that he had just urged Sickles to move to the rear of the Trostle barn because “the place became too hot for a corps headquarters,” the hour was surely closer to seven, and perhaps even a little after. Henry Tremain, Sickles devoted aide, pegged the time at 6:30 in his 1902 memoir of Gettysburg, and in 1909 Sickles also decided that it had happened “about 6.30.”
22. John Bigelow to J. B. Bachelder and Randolph to J. B. Bachelder (March 1866), in Bachelder Papers, 1:171–72, 239–40; “Sickles Recalls Fighting Battle of Gettysburg,” New York Evening Mail (December 2, 1909); “Affairs at Gettysburgh,” New York Times (July 18, 1863); Tremain, Two Days of War, 90; “Gettysburg,” in Campfire and Battlefield: An Illustrated History of the Campaigns and Conflicts of the Great Civil War, ed. Rossiter Johnson (New York: Bryan, Taylor & Co., 1894), 266; Hessler, Sickles at Gettysburg, 204–5.
23. “A Great Victory—Three Day’s Battles—Mr. T. M. Cook’s Despatch,” New York Herald (July 6, 1863); W. H. Bullard to Sickles (September 13, 1897), in Daniel E. Sickles Papers, New-York Historical Society; Hessler, Sickles at Gettysburg, 223; Brown, History of the Third Regiment, Excelsior Brigade, 105; Hays, Under the Red Patch: Story of the Sixty-third Regiment, Pennsylvania Volunteers, 1861–1864, 199; “Affairs at Gettysburgh,” New York Times (July 18, 1863); Alexander Webb interview with Alexander Kelly (October 7, 1904), in Generals in Bronze, 152–53.
24. Cornelius Irvine Walker, The Life of Lieutenant General Richard Heron Anderson of the Confederate States Army (Charleston, SC: Art Publishing Co., 1917), 19, 25; Alexander, Fighting for the Confederacy, 365; Steven H. Newton, The Battle of Seven Pines, May 31–June 1, 1862 (Lynchburg, VA: H. E. Howard, 1993), 29, 99; Don Walters, “In Defense of Maj. Gen. Richard H. Anderson and His Division at Gettysburg, July 2, 1863,” Blue & Gray Magazine (Holiday 2003),16, 18.
25. “Report of Maj. Gen. Richard H. Anderson, C.S. Army” (August 7, 1863), in O.R., series one, 27 (pt. 2):614; Longstreet, Manassas to Appomattox, 365; Busey and Martin, Regimental Strengths and Losses, 234, 308.
26. “Report of Maj. Gen. Richard H. Anderson, C.S. Army” (August 7, 1863) and “Report of Brig. Gen. Cadmus M. Wilcox, C.S. Army” (July 17, 1863), in O.R., series one, 27 (pt. 2):614, 618; John C. Carter, Welcome the Hour of Conflict: William Cowan McClellan and the 9th Alabama (Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 2007), 250; Waters and Edmonds, A Small but Spartan Band, 67.
27. Clark B. Baldwin to J. B. Bachelder (May 20, 1865) and Hilary A. Herbert to J. B. Bachelder (July 9, 1884), in Bachelder Papers, 1:193, 2:1057; Clark, “Wilcox’s Alabama Brigade at Gettysburg,” Confederate Veteran 17 (May 1909), 229–30; Warren H. Cudworth, History of the First Regiment, Massachusetts Infantry (Boston: Walker, Fuller & Co., 1866), 397; Kevin O’Brien, “ ‘To Unflinchingly Face Danger and Death’: Carr’s Brigade Defends Emmitsburg Road,” Gettysburg Magazine 12 (January 1995), 15; “Colonel Hilary A. Herbert’s ‘History of the Eighth Alabama Volunteer Regiment, C.S.A.,’ ” ed. M. S. Fortin, Alabama Historical Quarterly 39 (1977), 117; Bowden and Ward, Last Chance for Victory, 327.
28. Asa W. Barlett, History of the Twelfth Regiment, New Hampshire Volunteers in the War of the Rebellion (Concord: Ira C. Evans, 1897), 121, 123–24; Blake, Three Years in the Army of the Potomac, 207–8; Toombs, New Jersey Troops in the Gettysburg Campaign, 238; Carr interview with Alexander Kelly, in Generals in Bronze, 95; Brown, History of the Third Regiment, Excelsior Brigade, 104; Rafferty, “Gettysburg” (November 7, 1883), in Personal Recollections of the War of the Rebellion, 26–27; Humphreys to Rebecca Humphreys (July 4, 1863), in Andrew Atkinson Humphreys Papers, Historical Society of Pennsylvania; Seeley to J. B. Bachelder, in Bachelder Papers, 1:607–8; Humphreys to Lafayette McLaws (January 6, 1878), Southern Historical Collection.
29. William Colvill to J. B. Bachelder (June 9, 1866), and Charles Richardson to J. B. Bachelder (May 8, 1868), in Bachelder Papers, 1:256–57, 339; Bigelow, The Peach Orchard at Gettysburg, 12; Moran, “A Fire Zouave—Memoirs of a Member of the Excelsior Brigade,” National Tribune (November 6, 1890); “College Hospital in Gettysburg,” The Land We Love: A Monthly Magazine Devoted to Literature, Military History and Agriculture 2 (February 1867), 293.
30. “Nineteenth Maine Regiment,” in Maine at Gettysburg, 292; Heath to J. B. Bachelder (October 12, 1889), in Bachelder Papers, 3:1651–52; Schultz and Wieck, Battle Between the Farm Lanes, 75, 158–59; R. Lee Hadden, “The Granite Glory: The 19th Maine at Gettysburg,” in Gettysburg Magazine 13 (July 1995), 52, 54. Forty-six years later, the regimental historian of the 19th Maine tried to squelch the story that Humphreys had ordered Heath to turn his weapons on his own men, but even then, he conceded that “doubtless some officer did urge Colonel Heath to do what he claimed” (see Smith, History of the Nineteenth Regiment of Maine Volunteer Infantry, 76). One of the 19th’s line officers, Silas Adams, specifically rebutted Smith’s denial in “The Nineteenth Maine at Gettysburg,” in War Papers Read Before the Commandery of the State of Maine, 4:253.
31. “Colonel Hilary A. Herbert’s ‘History of the Eighth Alabama Volunteer Regiment, C.S.A.,’ ” 117.
CHAPTER EIGHTEEN Remember Harper’s Ferry!
1. “Reports of Maj. Gen. Winfield S. Hancock,” in O.R., series one, 27 (pt. 1):370.
2. Gibbon, Personal Recollections, 137; Schultz and Wieck, Battle Between the Farm Lanes, 54; Bowden and Ward, Last Chance for Victory, 321; Hancock to J. B. Bachelder (November 7, 1885), in Bachelder Papers, 2:1135; Life of David Bell Birney, 189.
3. Francis Heath to J. B. Bachelder (October 12, 1889), in Bachelder Papers, 3:1651; Gambone, Hancock at Gettysburg, 101; Schultz and Wieck, Battle Between the Farm Lanes, 62–64, 69–71, 80–82; Waitt, History of the Nineteenth Regiment, Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry, 230–31.
4. Wayne Mahood, Alexander “Fighting Elleck” Hays: The Life of a Civil War General, from West Point to the Wilderness (Jefferson, NC: McFarland Publishing, 2005), 98; Campbell, “ ‘Remember Harper’s Ferry,’ ” 64; Ezra D, Simons, “ ‘What Mean These Stones?” in New York at Gettysburg, 2:888, and A Regimental History: The One Hundred and Twenty-fifth New York State Volunteers (New York: Ezra D. Simons, 1888), 105.
5. A. B. Williams, “War Correspondence,” in Lewis H. Clark, Military History of Wayne County N.Y. in the Civil War, 1861–1865 (Sodus, NY: Clark, Hulett & Gaylord, 1863), Appendix B, 6; Gambone, Hancock at Gettysburg, 92; “Oration of Gen. Clinton D. MacDougall” (June 26, 1891), in New York at Gettysburg, 2:800; “Report of Col. Clinton MacDougall, One Hundred and Eleventh New York Infantry” (August 26, 1863), in O.R., series one, 27 (pt. 1):474; Walter Walcott, “Colors
of the 126th Regiment,” in The Military History of Yates County, N.Y., Comprising a Record of the Services Rendered by the Citizens of This County (Penn Yan, NY: Express Book and Job Printing House, 1895), 75–76; Willson, Disaster, Struggle, Triumph, 169; Schultz and Wieck, Battle Between the Farm Lanes, 77, 79–80, 89, 90, 104, 105; Simons, A Regimental History, 111, 113–14; Martin W. Husk, The 111th New York Volunteer Infantry: A Civil War History (Jefferson, NC: McFarland Publishing, 2010), 61; Charles Richardson to J. B. Bachelder (May 8, 1868), in Bachelder Papers, 1:339–40.
6. Henry Dietrich, “Unveiling of Monument” (July 2, 1895), and Charles A. Richardson, “Historical Sketch,” in New York at Gettysburg, 1:281 and 2:905; Bacarella, Lincoln’s Foreign Legion, 137–38; Bigelow, The Peach Orchard at Gettysburg, 24; Campbell, “Remember Harper’s Ferry,” 70; “Report of Capt. Augustus P. Martin, Third Massachusetts Battery” (July 31, 1863), in O.R., series one, 27 (pt. 1):660.
7. Daniel W. Barefoot, Let Us Die Like Brave Men: Behind the Dying Words of Confederate Warriors (Winston-Salem, NC: John F. Blair, 2011), 119; Winey, Confederate Army Uniforms at Gettysburg, 30; Wheelock Veazey to J. B. Bachelder, Charles A. Richardson to J. B. Bachelder (August 18, 1867) and Benjamin G. Humphreys to J. B. Bachelder (May 1, 1876), in Bachelder Papers, 1:59, 315–16, 340, 481; George G. Benedict, Vermont at Gettysburgh: A Sketch of the Part Taken by the Vermont Troops, in the Battle of Gettysburgh (Burlington, VT: Free Press, 1870), 8–9; Evan Rothera, “Forgotten Fire-Eater: William Barksdale in History and Memory,” Journal of Mississippi History 72 (Winter 2010), 401–25; “Reports of Maj. Gen. Abner Doubleday” (December 14, 1863), in O.R., series one, 27 (pt. 1):260; Blake, Three Years in the Army of the Potomac, 214–15; Gambone, Hancock at Gettysburg, 95, 97; Muffly, History of the 148th Pennsylvania, 173; J. N. Searles, “The First Minnesota Volunteer Infantry,” in Glimpses of the Nation’s Struggle: A Series of Papers Read Before the Minnesota Commandery, 2:105.
Gettysburg: The Last Invasion Page 83