1. “Wives of Missing Men in SEA Open Office Here, Set Objectives,” Commander’s Digest 8, no. 15 (July 11, 1970): 1, 5–7, Jeremiah Denton CACO file, collection of Mike Denton.
2. Franklin, M.I.A., 53.
3. Dr. Henry Kissinger, in conversation with the author, October 15, 2015.
4. “National League of Families Summary: Articles of Incorporation and By-Laws,” 1–2, REDASC.
5. McDaniel, After the Hero’s Welcome, 73.
6. Sybil Stockdale diary, n.d., 153–54, box 11, folder 22, SBSP.
7. List of regions served by National League of Families, n.d., box 4, SBSP; National League of Families materials, July 6, 1972, collection of Sallie Stratton.
8. Sybil Stockdale diary, n.d., 155, box 11, folder 22, SBSP.
9. Ibid.
10. Sybil Stockdale, oral history interview with Steven L. Smith, June 17, 2000, 4, in Smith, “Reluctant Sorority.”
11. James R. McGovern, Black Eagle (Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 1985), by 125–36.
12. Ralph Novak, “General ‘Chappie’ James Is the Boss of America’s ‘Defense Business’ and Its Four-Star Salesman,” People, July 18, 1977.
13. McGovern, Black Eagle, 125.
14. Sybil Stockdale, oral history interview with Steven L. Smith, June 8, 2000, 2, in Smith, “Reluctant Sorority.”
15. Sallie Stratton, in conversation with the author, September 7, 2017.
16. McGovern, Black Eagle, 137; interview with MIA wife who wishes to remain anonymous.
17. Franklin, M.I.A., 54.
18. “Write Hanoi Group Gets 100,000 Letters May Extend Drive,” “Bring Paul Home” scrapbook, PEGP; McDaniel, After the Hero’s Welcome, 72.
19. “Holland, Jerome Heartwell (1916–1985),” BlackPast.org, accessed February 10, 2017, http://www.blackpast.org/aah/holland-jerome-heartwell-1916-1985; Joan Cook, “Jerome Holland, Former U.S. Envoy,” obituary, New York Times, January 14, 1985.
20. Senator Robert Dole to Olof Palme, telegram, June 5, 1970, folder 11, Section 1, PEGP.
21. Sybil Stockdale diary, n.d., 156, box 11, folder 22, SBSP.
22. Phyllis Galanti to Senator Robert Dole, June 18, 1970, REDASC.
23. Richmond News Leader article, n.d. (June 1970?), collection of Judi Clifford.
24. Judi Clifford, in conversation with the author, September 19–20, 2016.
25. McDaniel, After the Hero’s Welcome, 71.
26. Jane Maury Denton diary, September 17, 1970, JJDPC.
27. Ibid., October 26, 1970.
28. Vice Admiral Charles K. Duncan, Chief of Naval Personnel, to POW wives, April 6, 1970, Jeremiah Denton CACO file, collection of Mike Denton.
29. Jeremiah, directed by Mark Fastoso (Birmingham: Alabama Public Television, 2015).
30. Admiral E. R. Zumwalt Jr., Chief of Naval Operations, to Jane Denton, October 12, 1970, Jeremiah Denton CACO file, collection of Mike Denton.
31. Jane Maury Denton diary, October 7 and 13, 1970, JJDPC.
32. Ibid., October 22, 1970.
33. Sybil Stockdale diary, n.d., 157, box 11, folder 22, SBSP.
34. Patsy Crayton, in conversation with the author, July 22, 2016.
35. Sybil Stockdale diary, n.d., 157, box 11, folder 22, SBSP.
36. Patsy Crayton, in conversation with the author, July 22, 2016.
37. Sybil Stockdale diary, n.d., 172–73, box 11, folder 22, SBSP; Stockdale and Stockdale, In Love and War, 386.
38. Patsy Crayton, in conversation with the author, July 22, 2016; unidentified Colorado Springs Advertiser and News article, A-19, collection of Helene Knapp.
39. Sybil Stockdale diary, n.d., 161, box 11, folder 22, SBSP.
40. Ibid., 162; Stockdale and Stockdale, In Love and War, 377–8.
41. Emails with Karen Butler, March 28–29, 2018.
42. Sybil Stockdale diary, n.d., 162, box 11, folder 22, SBSP.
43. Jane Maury Denton Diary, November 14, 1970.
44. Sybil Stockdale, oral history interview with Steven L. Smith, June 17, 2000, 6, in Smith, “Reluctant Sorority.”
45. Sybil Stockdale diary, n.d., 163, box 11, folder 22, SBSP.
46. Townley, Defiant, 303–4, 321.
47. Sybil Stockdale diary, n.d., 167, box 11, folder 22, SBSP.
48. Stockdale and Stockdale, In Love and War, 382; Sybil Stockdale diary, n.d., 175, box 11, folder 22, SBSP.
49. “A Tradition of Service,” exhibit panel in The League of Wives: Vietnam’s POW/MIA Allies & Advocates exhibit, Colorado Springs Pioneers Museum, March 23–December 9, 2018.
50. John Herzog, comments at panel discussion, Colorado Springs Pioneers Museum, opening event for The League of Wives exhibition, March 24, 2018.
51. Sybil Stockdale diary, n.d., 173, box 11, folder 22, SBSP; Stockdale and Stockdale, In Love and War, 386.
52. Dr. Henry Kissinger, in conversation with the author, October 15, 2015.
53. Sybil Stockdale diary, n.d., 172–73, box 11, folder 22, SBSP; Stockdale and Stockdale, In Love and War, 384–86.
Chapter Fifteen: Write Hanoi and Silent Nights
1. “Apollo 14: Shepard Back in Space…” NASA website, July 8, 2009, accessed May 1, 2018, www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/apollo/missions/apollo14.html.
2. Judi Clifford, in conversation with the author, September 19–20, 2016.
3. Ibid.
4. “This Week Richmond,” local events guide, February 6–13, 1971, collection of Judi Clifford.
5. “1971 Mrs. Paul Galanti, Wife of Prisoner of War, Pleads for Prisoner Release,” YouTube video, 1:33, from a news report broadcast by WSLS TV on February 9, 1971, uploaded by nutty.archives, September 27, 2016, accessed June 16, 2018, www.youtube.com/watch?v=id6h-ik-bQA.
6. Brian Kelly, “A Fantastic Response: Richmond Citizens Write for POWs,” Sunday Star (Washington, DC), February 14, 1971, collection of Judi Clifford.
7. “Woman Here Uses Peace Group’s Aid,” article from unidentified Richmond, VA, newspaper, February 12, 1971, collection of Max Friedman.
8. Phyllis Galanti, report on Sweden trip, n.d., 2, folder 32, section 2, PEGP.
9. Judi Clifford, in conversation with the author, September 19, 2016.
10. Ibid.
11. Nick Thimmesch, “Sweden and the POWs,” Colorado Springs Sun, June 24, 1971 (reprinted from Newsday, June 23, 1971), collection of Helene Knapp.
12. Judi Clifford, in conversation with the author, September 19, 2016.
13. Phyllis Galanti to Frank Sieverts, March 21, 1971, folder 31 or 34, PEGP.
14. Ibid.
15. Judi Clifford, in conversation with the author, January 5, 2016.
16. Phyllis Galanti, “Richmond Write Hanoi Delegation,” n.d., folder 32, section 2, PEGP.
17. Judi Clifford, in conversation with the author, January 5, 2016.
18. Judi Clifford, in conversation with the author, September 19, 2016.
19. Judi Clifford, in conversation with the author, January 5, 2016; Phyllis Galanti, report on Sweden trip, n.d., 2, folder 32, section 2, PEGP.
20. Judi Clifford, email message to author, January 29, 2018.
21. Richard Capen, email message to author, October 11, 2016.
22. Phyllis Galanti to Ross Perot, April 6, 1971, 2, folder 31, section 2, PEGP.
23. “May 27, 1971: Sweden Announces Support to Viet Cong,” This Day in History, History.com, accessed July 28, 2016, www.history.com/this-day-in-history/sweden-announces-support-to-viet-cong.
24. Nick Thimmesch, “Sweden and the POWs,” Colorado Springs Sun, June 24, 1971 (rep
rinted from Newsday, June 23, 1971), collection of Helene Knapp.
25. General James D. Hughes to Honorable Robert Dole, U.S. Senate, May 19, 1971, Robert J. Dole Senate Papers, Constituent Relations 1969–1996, box 293, folder 18, REDASC.
26. Bob Dole to General James Hughes, May 21, 1971, Robert J. Dole Senate Papers, Constituent Relations 1969–1996, box 293, folder 18, REDASC.
27. Philip Galanti to Bob Dole, June 15, 1971, REDASC.
28. Sybil Stockdale diary, n.d., 176, SBSP.
29. Colorado Springs Advertiser and News article, August, 18, 1971, A-19, collection of Helene Knapp.
30. “Colorado Wives of U.S. Military POW’s-MIA’s Leave for Geneva-Paris Conventions,” clipping from unidentified newspaper, May 1971, collection of Helene Knapp.
31. Colorado Springs Advertiser and News article, August, 18, 1971, A-19, collection of Helene Knapp.
32. Helene Knapp, in conversation with the author, March 16, 2015.
33. Colorado Springs Advertiser and News article, August, 18, 1971, A-19, collection of Helene Knapp; Helene Knapp to Philip Habib, July 16, 1971, collection of Helene Knapp.
34. Rocky Mountain News (Denver) article, June 5, 1971, collection of Helene Knapp.
35. Sybil Stockdale diary, n.d., 180, SBSP; Stockdale and Stockdale, In Love and War, 388–89.
36. Katharine Graham, Personal History (New York: Vintage, 1998), 456–58; McNamara, In Retrospect, 280–82; “Pentagon Papers,” History.com, accessed April 1, 2018, www.history.com/topics/vietnam-war/pentagon-papers.
37. Jordan Moran, “Nixon and the Pentagon Papers,” Miller Center, University of Virginia, accessed June 15, 2018, https://millercenter.org/the-presidency/educational-resources/first-domino-nixon-and-the-pentagon-papers.
38. Helene Knapp, in conversation with the author, 2015–2018.
39. “POW Group Head Sees Hope for End to War,” Colorado Springs Sun, January 27, 1972, collection of Helene Knapp.
40. Sybil Stockdale diary, n.d., 180, SBSP.
41. Ibid., 181.
42. Ibid.
43. Carole Hanson Hickerson, in conversation with the author, April 11, 2018.
44. Carole Hanson Hickerson, email message to author, April 11, 2018.
45. Helene Knapp, “Helene’s Memoire from the Years 1946–1978” (unpublished memoir, n.d.), 10.
46. “Christmas Seals Tell World Story of Silent Nights,” Colorado Springs Gazette-Telegraph, December 5, 1971, collection of Helene Knapp; “30,000 from Seals Presented,” Colorado Springs Gazette-Telegraph, January 1972, collection of Helene Knapp.
47. Stockdale and Stockdale, In Love and War, 390.
48. Jane Denton to Phyllis Galanti, November 23, 1971, folder 32, section 2, PEGP.
Chapter Sixteen: Is Peace at Hand?
1. Sybil Stockdale diary, n.d., 184, SBSP.
2. Ibid.
3. Sallie Stratton, “Losing Chuck, Finding Sallie: Odyssey of an MIA Wife” (unpublished memoir, 2016), chap. 4, 2.
4. Sallie Stratton, in conversation with the author, September 7, 2017.
5. Jack Anderson, “The Washington Merry Go-Round,” Washington Post, February 3, 1972, C23, collection of Sallie Stratton.
6. Franklin, M.I.A., 61; Allen, Until the Last Man, 53; Karen Thorsen, “A P.O.W. Wife Turns Political” Life, September 29, 1972, 32–42.
7. Thorsen, “P.O.W. Wife Turns Political,” 32–42.
8. Kathleen Johnson Frisbie, in conversation with the author, April 20, 2018.
9. Allen, Until the Last Man, 53; Louise Mulligan, email message to author, April 23, 2018; Franklin, M.I.A., 61; Don Hill, “Many POW Families, Changing Attitudes,” Virginian-Pilot (Norfolk, VA), July 1971, REDASC.
10. Louise Mulligan, in conversation with the author, August 14, 2015.
11. Louise Mulligan, email message to author, April 24, 2018.
12. Phyllis Galanti, “Report on Paris Trip,” February 10–19, 1972, folder 60, section 3, PEGP.
13. Ibid.
14. “Paris P.O. Swamped with POW Letters,” Richmond News Leader, April 28, 1971, section 5, PEGP.
15. Phyllis Galanti, “Report on Paris Trip,” February 10–19, 1972, 1–2, folder 60, section 3, PEGP.
16. Moreau, Waiting Wives, 276; Kathleen Johnson Frisbie, in conversation with the author, April 20, 2018.
17. Phyllis Galanti, “Report on Paris Trip,” February 10–19, 1972, 1–2, folder 60, section 3, PEGP.
18. Phyllis Galanti to the North Vietnamese Delegate General, February 1972, folder 60, section 3, PEGP (translation mine).
19. Phyllis Galanti diary, “Report on Paris Trip,” February 18, 1972, folder 60, section 3, PEGP. Photograph by Kathleen Johnson.
20. Phyllis Galanti, “Report on Paris Trip,” February 10–19, 1972, 1–2, folder 60, section 3, PEGP.
21. Judi Clifford, in conversation with the author, September 16, 2016.
22. Phyllis Galanti, “Report on Paris Trip,” February 10–19, 1972, 3, folder 60, section 3, PEGP.
23. Ibid., 4.
24. National Week of Concern for Americans Who Are Prisoners of War or Missing in Action, proclamation 4115, National Security Council, March 26–April 1, 1972.
25. Sybil Stockdale diary, n.d., 185, SBSP.
26. Ibid.
27. Stratton, “Losing Chuck,” chaps. 4, 5.
28. Sybil Stockdale diary, n.d., 186, SBSP.
29. “POW Wife Accuses Republicans of False Claims,” news release, Virginia Beach, VA, n.d., JJDPC; Ethel A. Steadman, “Fund-Raising Letter: POW’s Wife Cites False Nixon Claims,” Virginian-Pilot (Norfolk, VA), n.d.
30. Steadman, “Fund-Raising Letter.”
31. Sybil Stockdale diary, n.d., 185–86, SBSP.
32. Stratton, “Losing Chuck,” chaps. 4, 7.
33. Admiral Elmo Zumwalt, cassette tape, labeled tape 2, side A, parts 1–2, JJDPC.
34. Sybil Stockdale diary, n.d., 186–87, SBSP.
35. Wiest and McNab, Illustrated History, 208.
36. Louise Mulligan, email message to author, April 24, 2018.
37. Dr. Roger Shields, in conversation with the author, April 23, 2018.
38. Phyllis Galanti, index card speech, n.d., card 7, PPGPC; Phyllis Galanti to “Dear Delegate,” June 14, 1972, PPGPC.
39. Stratton, “Losing Chuck,” chaps. 4, 9.
40. Sybil Stockdale diary, n.d., 186, SBSP.
41. Press release, Office of the White House Press Secretary, May 15, 1972, 2.
42. Ibid., 4; Phyllis Galanti to Richard Nixon, May 19, 1972, folder 18, section 1, PEGP.
43. Melissa B. Robinson and Maureen Dunn, The Search for Canasta 404: Love, Loss and the POW/MIA Movement (Boston: Northeastern University Press, 2006), 127–28.
44. Press release, Office of the White House Press Secretary, May 15, 1972, 6; Sybil Stockdale diary, n.d., 190, box 11, folder 22, SBSP.
45. Sybil Stockdale diary, n.d., 189, SBSP.
46. Ibid.
47. Henry Mark Holzer and Erika Holzer, Aid and Comfort: Jane Fonda in North Vietnam (Jefferson, NC: McFarland, 1990), 59–76.
48. Sybil Stockdale diary, n.d., 210, SBSP.
49. Henry Kissinger, Ending the Vietnam War: A History of America’s Involvement in and Extrication from the Vietnam War (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2003), 375–77.
50. National League of Families convention minutes, October 1972, Cora Weiss Papers (DG 222), SCPC.
51. Kissinger, Ending the Vietnam War, 340–45.
52. National League of Families board election document, October 1972, Cora Weiss Papers (DG 222), SCPC.
53. National League o
f Families convention minutes, October 1972, folder 47, section 3, PEGP; National League of Families convention minutes, October 14–16, 1972, collection of Sallie Stratton.
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