A Concise History of the World
Page 43
Index
‘Abbas I,219
‘Abbasid dynasty,142, 146, 151, 179, 202
abolitionist movement,309, 312
Aboriginal Australians,310, 321
abortion,320, 355, 360
Abraham,116, 138
Adi Granth,260
adoption,39, 88, 96, 242
adultery,93, 115, 117
advertising,308
Afonso I, king of Kongo,266
Africaagriculture in,167
decolonization in,343, 351
drought in,215
human evolution in,16, 20, 26
imperialism in,328
marriage in,101
slave trade in,251
slavery in,202, 221
age-grade groups,167
agriculturecommercial,300, 326, 330
in Africa,344
in Americas,164
in Asia,171
in China,110, 235, 346
in Europe,170
in India,342
in Roman Empire,112
in Soviet Union,337
plow,53–54, 59, 61
spread of,48, 52, 58, 160, 171, 177
subsistence,301
Ahuramazda,119
AIDS,365, 370
Akbar,262
Aksum,126
alcohol,56, 140, 240, 308, 326in early modern era,248–249
in Islam,357
Alexander the Great,98
Alfonso VI, king of Spain,196
Algeria,343
Algonquin people,241
alphabet.Seewriting
al-Tabari, Abu Ja’far,1
Altan Khan,260
Amar Das,260
Amaterasu,154
Amazonia,164, 167
American War of Independence.SeeRevolution,American
Amitabha,121
Amsterdam,264
Anasazi,164
ancestor veneration,171
Andes region,166inheritance patterns in,103
religion in,265
revolts in,280
Anghor Thom,179
Angkor Wat,151
animism,40, 265
Anyang,75
apartheid,351
Argentina,11, 239, 344, 350–351
aristocrats.Seenobles
Aristotle,111
Arjan Dev,260
Armenia and Armenians,195, 225, 289
armies.See alsowarfareand schooling,296
in imperial Africa,330
in World War I,331
artAthenian,99
Chinese,153
courtly,151
early human,22
in medieval cities,179
Japanese,236
Maya,83
modern,334, 339
Neanderthal,23
Neolithic,64
Renaissance,225
rock,11, 40, 42–43, 79
Aryans,105
Ashante kingdom,329
Ashoka,118
assembly line,297
Athens,78, 85families in,97
slavery in,110–111
Augustus,114
Australia,238, 283, 310, 321aboriginal peoples,172
British settlement of,222
immigration restrictions in,316
Australopithecus,16
Austro-Hungarian Empire,332
Axial Age,115
ayllus,166
Ayuthia Kingdom,264
Aztec Empire,152, 213
Aztec religion,267
Baden-Powell, Robert,336
Baghdad,142, 151, 179
Bai Juyi,189
Ban Gu,69, 91
Ban Zhao,69
Bangladesh,341
baskets,55
Basque people,243
beads,29, 34–35, 38, 46, 205, 240
Bedouins,173
beer.Seealcohol
begging,183
behavioral modernity,26–27
Beijing,197, 262
Belloc, Hilaire,329
Benedict XVI, Pope,350
Benin,151, 219
better baby contests,317
Bible,116, 124, 126, 256marriage in,100
widows in,100
bicycles,334
Big Man societies,37, 56–57
birth rate,320, 339, 355, 364, 369
Black Death.Seebubonic plague
Bligh, William,238
blood, ideas about,39, 62, 94, 171, 268, 270, 274, 314
boatsPaleolithic,30
Polynesian,169
bodhisattvas,121, 146, 194
body modification,43
Bolivar, Simon,280
Borneo,326
Boy Scouts,336
brain size,18, 23
Brazil,322, 344, 350, 368immigration restrictions in,316
slavery in,252
sugar in,251
breast-feeding,23, 33, 37, 50
brideservice,102
bridewealth,101
Brooks, Allison,27
brothels.Seeprostitutes and prostitution
Brunei,204
Brunhilda, Frankish queen,150
bubonic plague,49, 131, 202
Buddhism,8, 118–123, 132, 152, 161Chan (Zen),193
fundamentalism in,360
in China,189
in Siam,264
in Tibet,260
Mahayana,121, 194
monasteries in,100
Pure Land,193
spread of,192–194, 205
Tantra,192
Theravada,122
written texts in,85
Buenos Aires,322
Buganda,219
burialsMississippian,166
Moche,104
Neanderthal,23
Neolithic,57, 64
Paleolithic,22, 27, 34–35, 38–39
Burma,221, 360
Burundi,367, 369, 372
Byzantine Empire,128, 131, 144, 151, 154–155, 197–198
cabinets of curiosity,238
Cahokia,166, 179
Cairo,179, 199–200
Calcutta,292
calendars,64Maya,82
calico,222
Calvin, John,257
Cambridge,196
Canada,297, 310, 316
canning,304
capitalismearly modern,224, 228
global,363
captivity narratives,242
Caral,87
carbon-14 dating,14
Cárdenas, Lázaro,344
Caribbean,211cash crops in,300
coffee in,245
colonies in,221
cotton in,291
migration to,324
race in,270
religions in,361
slavery in,251
Cartwright, Edmund,283
castas,269, 271
caste system,8, 104–108, 132, 272, 333
Castile,196
Catalonia,277
cattle,50, 53, 59, 101in the Americas,239
Cauvin, Jacques,64
cave paintings.Seeart: rock
celibacy, clerical,197, 256
Ceylon,326
Cham people,108
Chang-an,195
Chaplin, Charlie,334
Chapman, Jonathan,233
Charles I, king of England,258
Charles II, king of England,245
Chavin,87
Cheyenne people,239
child labor,290, 296, 304–305, 364
child mortality,36, 50, 318–319, 343, 368
childbirth, death in,36
childrencare of,18, 28, 38, 218, 304, 307
in ancient South Asia,95
Paleolithic,37
chimpanzees and bonobos,15, 59
Chinaagriculture in,171
Buddhism in,122, 192
capitalism in,354
Christianity in,266
communism in,303
courtly behavior in,156
crops in,46
development of writing in,81
dynasties in,87
early Homo i
n,20
fur trade in,240
Han dynasty,69, 89, 91, 130
in twentieth century,344
Ming dynasty,203, 277
one-child policy,354, 369
Opium Wars in,325
population growth in,319
potatoes in,235
Qing dynasty,216, 221, 262
Shang dynasty,75, 89
silk and cotton in,288
slavery in,110
social revolts in,277
Song dynasty,155, 189, 201
sweet potatoes in,235
Tang dynasty,152, 155, 189
tea in,246
tobacco in,250
Yuan dynasty,203
Zhou dynasty,89
Chinggis Khan,135, 172, 174, 176
chocolate,245
Christianity,8, 123–128, 145, 161, 164fundamentalism in,360
growth in Africa,360
in China,262
in late antiquity,132
Nestorian,175, 189, 195
spread of,194–198, 205, 264
written texts in,85
citiesin ancient world,69–79
in contemporary world,365
in era 500-1500,177–190
in India,364
industrial,293, 309
citizenshipin ancient Athens,97, 111
in ancient cities,78
in ancient Rome,114
women’s,78
civil rights movement,347
Civil War, American,292, 312
class, divisions by,302–304
climate change,30, 32, 38, 44, 131, 163, 190, 214, 318
cloth.Seecotton production, silk production, weaving
clothing, Paleolithic,34
Coatlicue,267
coca,248
codes of behavior,156–160
coffee,245–246
coffee- and teahouses,245, 247, 289
cognitive revolution,27
Cold War,339
colonization, early modern,218–222
Columbian Exchange,8, 211, 233, 243, 248, 278, 281
Columbus, Christopher,5, 205, 210, 251, 255, 262
Comanche people,239
comfort women,338
commercial revolution,199
communism,303, 332, 337, 339after World War II,348
in China,346
in eastern Europe,356
confessionalization,257
Confucianism,8, 59, 90, 132, 152, 156, 160, 201social hierarchies in,110, 122
Confucius,69
Congo,343
Constantine,127, 184
Constantinople,179, 184–185, 194, 198–200, 219
consumer revolution,222
contraception,38, 50, 320, 339, 364, 369–370
Cook, James,237
Cook Islands,237
cooking,19–20, 22–23, 33, 55
copper,45–46
Coptic Church,197
Córdoba,142, 179
cosmetics,156
cottage industry,288
cotton production,283, 288–292, 298, 362
court chronicles,152
courtly love,158
courts and courtly culture,148–160, 205
crime,183
Cromwell, Oliver,258
crops,46, 48, 52, 54, 164–172early modern spread of,233
Crosby, Alfred,211
Crusades,147, 198
Ctesiphon,179
Cuba,300, 316, 330, 344, 348, 368
Cueva de las Manos (Cave of the Hands),11, 39
Cuzco,152
Czech Republic,34
Czechoslovakia,349
d’Errico, Francesco,23, 27
Dalai Lama,261
Daoism,122
Darwin, Charles,314
de Mena, Luis,271
de Vries, Jan,288
debt peonage,300
decolonization,340–344
Delhi,179
Delhi sultanate,148
Denisovans,25
department stores,308
dharma,106
Diamond, Jared,54, 164
digital divide,371
digital media,86
disease,49, 52, 130, 163, 318, 365carried by armies,216, 229, 232
early modern spread of,212
in ancient cities,72
in ancient world,131
in India,342
in industrial cities,293, 309
sexually transmitted,307
divorce,256among kin-based groups,103
in ancient Babylon,96
in ancient world,98
in Christianity,197, 266
in contemporary society,370
in French Revolution,279
in Islam,141
DNA,14, 23, 25, 55, 216
Dobres, Marcia-Anne,29
dogs,48, 50, 167
domestication,7, 64, 66of animals,48–50, 53–54
of plants,44–46
Dominican Republic,251
dowries,94, 100
Drake, Francis,221
drug foods,243–250
Dubois, W.E.B.,315
Dürer, Albrecht,231
Dutch colonization.SeeNetherlands, colonization by
Dutch East Indies,272
early modern, as a term,211
East India Company,221, 249, 325
eating habits,55courtly,151, 156
in industrial societies,303
Roman,112
working class,308
Ecuador,43
Edward I, king of England,198
Egyptancient,71
dynasties in,87, 93
gender norms in,98
in twentieth century,342
Mamluk,147
marriage in,96
slavery in,110
Ehret, Christopher,27
eight-hour day,310
Eisenhower, Dwight,340
Eisenstadt, Shmuel,115
enclosure of land,227, 275
endogamy,38, 63, 66, 107, 117, 370
Englandcivil war in,258
colonization by,221–222, 242
industrialization in,288–295
Reformation in,256
sugar in,251
tea in,247
Enlightenment,246, 275, 277
Equiano, Olaudah,312
Ethiopia,26, 195, 337
Ethiopian Christian Church,126
ethnic cleansing,356
ethnicity,39, 170, 268
eugenics movement,316
eunuchs,91
Europeafter World War II,347
agriculture in,170
population growth in,319
European Union,363
evolution, Darwin on,314
evolution, human,16–30, 56
examination system in China,155, 189
exogamy,38, 176
Ezana of Aksum,126
families.See alsokin groupsamong nobles,150
among slaves,113
and labor force participation,354
in ancient cities and states,94–100
in ancient kin-based societies,100–104
in China,91, 159, 171
in Confucianism,90
in contemporary cities,366
in contemporary society,370
in imperialism,325
in industrial societies,304, 370
in Islam,140
in Latin America,300
in medieval Europe,170
Neanderthal,23
Neolithic,59
of slaves,292
Paleolithic,38
Sikh,259
famine,215, 217, 231early modern,275, 282
feasts,43, 45, 55, 152
Ferdinand of Aragon,261
fermentation,55
Fertile Crescent,45
fertility figures,41, 65
Fiji,324
filial piety,90
fire.See alsocookingas a danger in cities,183
First Peoples,310
fishing and fish trade, early modern,243
Fl
ores, early hominids on,25
Flour War,276
food riots,184, 275, 279women’s role in,276
footbinding,159
foragers, lifeways among,32–36, 52, 61, 172
forced labor,330
Foucault, Michel,316
Four Noble Truths,118
Francecolonization by,222
food riots in,276
industrialization in,295
Reformation in,257
revolution in,278
slavery in,312
Freemasons,246
Freud, Sigmund,335
Freyre, Gilberto,322
Frisians,200
Fugger, Jacob,275
Fugger family,225
furs and fur trade,240–243, 281
Gamble, Clive,16, 27
gambling,181
Gandhara,119
Gandhi, Indira,341
Gandhi, Mohandas,333
Garrido, Juan,233
gathering,32–33, 37
gauchos,239
gay and lesbian rights movement,350
geisha,247
gender hierarchiesafter World War II,350
among Native Americans,239, 241
early modern,282
in ancient world,70, 101
in China,171
in Confucianism,91
in hereditary dynasties,92
in Sumer,74
Native American,166
Neolithic,57–62
Paleolithic,37
gender inversion,41
gender norms,159–160, 163among merchants,199
among the Mexica,186
and education,296
in 1950s,339
in American Revolution,278
in communism,348
in French Revolution,279
in imperialism,325
in India,342
in industrial societies,304, 306
in industrializing Europe,290
in Islam,140, 146, 358
in Japan,346
in Latin America,270
in modern workplace,363
in nineteenth century,311
in office work,308
in orthodox Judaism,360
in postcolonial Africa,351
in Protestant Reformation,256
in religious fundamentalism,357
in Singapore,355
in social protests,276
Mongol,174
Neolithic,60