by Will Durant
29. Spenser, Poetical Works, 559.
30. Prefatory Letter to Raleigh, in Poetical Works, 407.
31. Faerie Queene, II, xii, 78.
32. Thornton, Table Talk, I.
33. Van Doren, Anthology of World Poetry, 1026.
34. Aristotle, Poetics, 1449–50.
35. Defense of Poetry, 38.
36. Mantzius, History of Theatrical Art, III, II.
37. Shakespeare’s England, II, 241.
38. Chambers, E. K., The Elizabethan Stage, I, 255•
39. Holzknecht, 110.
40. Chambers, Elizabethan Stage, I, 258.
41. Shakespeare, Twelfth Night, II, iii.
42. Pericles, IV, ii.
43. Chambers, Elizabethan Stage, IV, 273–5.
44. Henry V, I, i, 13.
45. Hamlet, III, ii, 10.
46. Holzknecht, 153.
47. Shakespeare’s England, II, 277.
48. Hamlet, II, ii, 354.
49. Mantzius, III, 228.
50. Marlowe, Works, Appendix, 428–30.
51. Bakeless, John, Tragicall History of Christopher Marlowe, 112.
52. Symonds, Shakespeare’s Predecessors, 437.
53. Bakeless, 113.
54. Marlowe, Tamburlane, Part I, Act II, vii.
55. France, A., The Gods Are Athirst, 57.
56. Ecclesinstes, i, 18.
57. Marlowe, F austus, I, i.
58. The Jew of Malta, II, iii.
59. Ibid., I, i.
60. Ibid., II, i.
61. Tamburlane, Part I, Act I, i.
62. Bakeless, 156; Esquire Magazine, December 1954.
CHAPTER IV
1. Chambers, William Shakespeare, II, 264.
2. Ibid., 257.
3. Lee, Sidney, Life of William Shakespeare, 22.
4. Chambers, Shakespeare, II, 188.
5. Ibid., 189.
6. Ibid., 259, 265.
7. Shakespeare, Sonnet xxix.
8. Sonnet CX.
9. Chute, Shakespeare, 269.
10. Sonnet CLII.
11. Lee, 68.
12. Raleigh, W., Shakespeare, 150.
13. Chambers, Shakespeare, I, 434.
14. As You Like It, II, vii.
15. King Lear, IV, vi, 120.
16. Timon of Athens, IV, i, 35.
17. Ibid., IV, iii, 54.
18. Ibid., IV, iii, 151f.
19. Troilus and Cressida, II, ii, 166.
20. Coriolanus, I, iv, 57.
21. Thornton, Table Talk, 5.
22. Encycl. Brit., Ill, 781b.
23. Two Gentlemen of Verona, I, i, 71.
24. The Tempest, I, ii, 129.
25. Midsummer Night’s Dream, II, iii, 61.
26. Hamlet, II, ii, 310.
27. Romeo and Juliet, I, ii, 139
28. Julius Caesar, I, ii, 139.
29. Tempest, II, i, 47.
30. Hauser, A., Social History of Art, I, 422.
31. Love’s Labour’s Lost, I, i, 166.
32. Richard II, I, i, I.
33. Ibid., I, i, 24.
34. 2 Henry IV, IV, iv.
35. I Henry IV, III, i.
36. Much Ado about Nothing, II, iii.
37. 2 Henry IV, III, i.
38. King John, IV, ii.
39. Troilus and Cressida, III, iii.
40. Midsummer Night’s Dream, I, iii.
41. Merchant of Venice, I, iii.
42. Twelfth Night, III, iv.
43. Mid. Night’s Dream, I, i.
44. Othello, I, i.
45. King Lear, IV, vi.
46. Hamlet, I, iv.
47. Ibid., II, ii.
48. Mid. Night’s Dream, II, i.
49. Two Gentlemen of Verona, IV, ii.
50. Cymbeline, II, iii.
51. Measure for Measure, IV, ii.
52. Mid. Night’s Dream, V, i, 7.
53. Examples in Chambers, Shakespeare, 228–30.
54. Comedy of Errors, III, i, 76.
55. Tempest, IV, i, 199.
56. As You Like It, III, ii.
57. Shaw, Bernard, Man and Superman, Preface, xxviii.
58. Hamlet, I, v.
59. Much Ado about Nothing, V, i.
60. Hamlet, III, iv, 88.
61. Ibid., II, ii.
62. Coriolanus, IV, vii.
63. Hamlet, I, iv, 25.
64. Richard III, V, iii.
65. Richard 11, III, iii.
66. I Henry IV, III, i; cf. Haydn, Counter-Renaissance, 602f.
67. Troilus and Cressida, I, iii.
68. King Lear, V, ii, 9.
69. Twelfth Night, II, iii.
70. King Lear, IV, vi, 112f.
71. Pericles, II, i.
72. Tempest, II, i, 147–64.
73. Hamlet, IV, iv, 35.
74. Raleigh, Shakespeare, 61.
75. King John, III, i.
76. Henry VIII, II, ii; Romeo and Juliet, IV, ii.
77. King Lear, IV, i, 36.
78. Ibid., V, iii, 169.
79. V, ii, 10.
80. King John, III, iv, 108.
81. Hamlet, I, iii, 126–28.
82. Macbeth, V, v, 23.
83. Merchant of Venice, V, i.
84. Measure for Measure, III, i, 118.
85. Hamlet, I, iv, 67.
86. Chambers, Shakespeare, II, 194.
87. In Lee, Shakespeare, 179.
88. Jonson, Timber, in Chute, Ben Jonson, 340.
89. Lee, 177.
90. Ibid., 178.
91. Aubrey, 275.
92. Jonson, Timber, in Lee, 277.
93. Chambers, Shakespeare, I, 84.
94. Lee, 203.
95. Aubrey, 275.
96. Ibid., 85.
97. Tempest, I, ii, 5.
98. Ibid., IV, i, 148.
99. V, i, 48.
100. V, i, 181.
101. Chambers, Shakespeare, I, 89.
102. Holzknecht, 380–1.
103. Voltaire, Letter of July 19, 1776, in Denoiresterres, G., Voltaire et la société française au xviiime siècle, VIII, 108.
104. In Croce, B., Ariosto, Shakespeare, and Corneille, 284.
105. Voltaire, article on Dramatic, Art, in Holzknecht, 387.
106. Goethe, Wilhelm Meister, Book II, chs. xiii-xvi.
CHAPTER V
1. Brantôme, Book of the Ladies, 92.
2. Ibid., 124.
3. Sainte-Beuve, English Portraits, 6.
4. Pastor, XVI, 283.
5. Lingard, VI, 12.
6. Book of Discipline, Heads I and III, in Knox, History of the Reformation in Scotland, II, 281–3.
7. Knox, History, II, 321–2.
8. In National Portrait Gallery, London, and in Uffizi Gallery, Florence.
9. Lang, Andrew, Mystery of Mary Stuart, 13, 61.
10. Knox, History, II, 10; Froude, Elizabeth, I, 255.
11. Knox, II, 8.
12. Ibid., 12.
13. Ibid., 13f.
14. Lang, History of Scotland, II, 107.
15. Ibid.
16. Muir, Edwin, John Knox, 240.
17. Knox, History, II, 29.
18. Lang, History, II, 110.
19. Fosdick, Great Voices of the Reformation, xxix.
20. Knox, History, II, 44–6.
21. Lang, History, II, 126.
22. Knox, II, 71–7; Lang, II, 127; Muir, Knox, 253.
23. Knox, II, 81.
24. Ibid., 83.
25. Ibid., 93.
26. Zweig, Mary Queen of Scots, 108.
27. Neale, Queen Elizabeth, 141.
28. Lang, History, II, 160.
29. Ibid.; Froude, Elizabeth, II, 50.
30. Lang, II, 162.
31. Camb. Mod. History, III, 272.
32. Lang, Mystery, 75.
33. Ibid., 108–11.
34. Camb. Mod. History, III, 273.
35. Lang, History, II, 171; Lingard, VI, 67.
36. Lang, II, 170–2.
37. Ibid.; Knox, History, lxxiii.
38. Zweig, 158.
39. Lang, Mystery, 236.
40. Acton, Lectures, 150–2; Lang, Mystery, 295, 353, 362.
41. Ibid., 133.
42. Lang, History, II, 188.
43. Neale, 161.
44. Lang, Mystery, 194.
45. Froude, Elizabeth, II, 307, 310.
46. Brockway and Winer, Second Treasury of the World’s Great Letters, 112.
47. Hallam, I, 167.
48. Froude, Elizabeth, II, 407.
49. Ibid., 404; Lang, II, 200.
50. Lang, II, 203.
51. Lang, Mystery, 286.
52. Lingard, VI, 97.
53. Froude, III, 110.
54. Muir, Knox, 282.
55. Knox, History, I, vii.
56. Lingard, VI, 126.
57. Ibid., 128; Hughes, III, 278.
58. Roeder, Catherine de’ Medici, 491.
59. Neale, 263.
60. Pastor, XIX, 450–2.
61. Lingard, VI, 187.
62. Ibid., 205–6; Pastor, XXI, 7–19.
63. Ibid., 25; Froude, V, 259–61.
64. Williams, Chas., James I, 76, 80–3; Froude, V, 294.
65. Zweig, 291.
CHAPTER VI
1. Fontenoy in Froude, V, 74.
2. Lang, History, 276, 294–6, 305, 395; Lingard, VI, 183.
3. Lea, Studies in Church History, 502–8.
4. Ibid., 500.
5. Lang, History, II, 243.
6. James I, Basilikon Doron, in Gooch, English Democratic Ideas in the Seventeenth Century, 41.
7. Lang, History, II, 278.
8. History Today, March 1956, 159.
9. Buckle, History of Civilization, II a, 199.
10. Williams, James I, 132.
11. Encẏcl. Brit., IV, 310.
12. Allen, J. W., History of Political Thought, 339–40; cf. Carlyle, R. W., History Of Medieval Political Theory, 332f; Figgis, J. N., From Gerson to Grotius, 167–72.
13. Allen, op. cit., 342.
14. Quoted by Oliver Dick in Introduction to Aubrey’s Brief Lives, xxx.
15. In Chute, Ben Jonson, 249.
16. Ibid., 268.
17. Ibid., 217.
18. Bowen, C. D., The Lion and the Throne, 315.
19. Aubrey, 67.
20. In Robinson, J. H., Readings in European History, 349; Allen, 254; Dunning, W. A., History of Political Theories, II, 217.
21. Allen, J. W., English Political Thought, 26.
22. Ibid., 124.
23. Lingard, VII, 17.
24. Allen, English Political Thought, 223.
25. Williams, James 1, 192–3.
26. Lingard, VII, 19–22.
27. Ibid., 29.
28. Ibid., 40–3.
29. Ibid., 46–8.
30. Ibid., 50, 96.
31. McCabe, Candid History of the Jesuits, 198.
32. Lang, History, II, 508.
33. Aubrey, 21.
34. Hallam, H., Literature of Europe, III, 324.
35. Webster, The White Devil, in Webster and Ford, Plays, p. 91.
36. Webster, Duchess of Malfy, in Webster and Ford, p. 145.
37. Ibid., IV, ii.
38. Thornton, Table Talk, 15.
39. Thomas Fuller in Chute, Ben Jonson, 37.
40. Jonson, Every Man out of His Humour, Induction.
41. Thornton, 7.
42. Jonson, Every Man out of His Humour, Induction.
43. Thornton, 8.
44. Chute, Ben Jonson, 161.
45. Jonson, The Alchemist, II, i.
46. Baskerville, Read, etc., Elizabethan and Stuart Plays, 1077.
47. Herrick, Poems, 241.
48. Chute, Ben Jonson, 310.
49. Williams, James I, 189.
50. Introduction to Burton, Anatomy of Melancholy, p. x.
51. Ibid.
52. Burton, Anatomy of Melancholy, 8.
53. Ibid., 3.
54. Ibid., 79–80.
55. Donne, Poems, 83.
56. Ibid., 26.
57. Elegy XIII; Elegy II.
58. Poems, 182.
59. Ibid., 180.
60. Thornton, 4.
61. Poems, 253.
62. In Peterson, Treasury of the World’s Great Speeches, 91.
63. Ibid., 92.
64. Walton, Life of Dr. Donne, in Peterson, 95.
65. Hallam, Constitutional History, I, 347; Encycl. Brit., XVIII, 961b; Lingard, VII, 7.
66. Text in Schuster, M. L., Treasury of the World’s Great Letters, 82–4.
67. Raleigh, Sir Walter, Selections, 61.
68. Ibid., 117.
69. Lingard, VII, 101.
70. Spedding, Life of Fr. Bacon, II, 288–9; Wallace, Sir Walter Raleigh, 261f.
71. Lingard, VII, 102.
72. Encycl. Brit., XVIII, 961b.
73. Wallace, Raleigh, 315.
74. Raleigh, Selections, Introduction, 28.
75. Lingard, VII, 117.
76. Williams, James I, 258.
77. Hallam, Constitutional History, 109.
78. Ibid., 122.
79. MacLaurin, G, Mere Mortals, 137.
CHAPTER VII
1. Browne, Sir Thomas, Pseudodoxia Epidemica, in Works, Vols. II and III.
2. Thorndike, Lynn, History of Magic and Experimental Science, VI, 548–9.
3. Lecky, Rationalism in Europe, I, 38n; Williams, James I, 106–10.
4. Lang, History, II, 434.
5. Hughes, Reformation, II, 286n.
6. Ibid., 285.
7. Thorndike, VI, 550; Chute, Ben Jonson, 229.
8. Trevelyan, English Social History, 232.
9. Smith, Preserved, History of Modern Culture, I, 97.
10. Ibid., 95.
11. Robertson, History of Freethought, II,
12. Huntington Library Bulletin, April 1934, P. 99.
13. Wolf, History of Science, I, 292.
14. Ibid., 426.
15. John, Evan, King Charles I, 153; Kellogg, The New Dietetics, 847.
16. Garrison, History of Medicine, 248.
17. Sigerist, The Great Doctors, 141.
18. Harvey, Exercitatio anatomica de motu cordis et sanguinis, in Hammerton, Great Books, 273.
19. Walsh, J. J., The Popes and Science, 396.
20. Aubrey, 131.
21. Prinzmetal, Heart Attack, 121–2.
22. Aubrey, 128.
23. Ibid., 130.
24. Ibid., 11.
25. Gardiner, S. R., in Garnett and Gosse, English Literature, II, 12.
26. Spedding, Life of Bacon, I, 542.
27. Aubrey, 9.
28. Macaulay, Critical and Historical Essays, II, 326–8.
29. Bowen, The Lion and the Throne, 428; Camb. Mod. History, III, 571.
30. Spedding, Life, II, 463.
31. Ibid., 633.
32. Ibid., I, 563.
33. Ibid., 569.
34. Bacon, Philosophical Works, 241.
35. Ibid.
36. Ibid., 244.
37. Ibid., 247.
38. Aubrey, 130.
39. Bacon, Phil. Works, 167.
40. Ibid., 76, 78; De Augmentis scientiarum, Preface.
41. Philosophical Works, 76.
42. Advancement of Learning, ch. 8.
43. Bacon, Works, ed. Spedding and Ellis, VII, 241.
44. Novum organum, i, 97.
45. Ibid., i, 82; and “Plan of the Work” in Philosophical Works, 250.
46. Novum organum, ii, 13, 17.
47. Philosophical Works, 144.
48. Ibid., 77.
49. Ibid., 50.
50. Spedding, Life, I, III.
51. Novum organum, ii, 2.
52. Ibid., ii, 8.
53. Ibid.
54. De Augmentis, iv, 3.
55. Novum organum, i, 66.
56. De Augmentis, end.
57. Essay “Of Atheism.”
58. Ibid.; Adv
ancement of Learning, in Philosophical Works, 45; De Augmentis, iii, 2.
59. Essay “Of Atheism.”
60. Valerius Terminus, ch. i, in Philosophical Works, 186.
61. Rawley’s Life, in Phil. Works, 9.
62. De Augmentis, ix, 1.
63. Essay “Of Goodness.”
64. Ibid.
65. “Of Marriage and Single Life.”
66. Essays “Of Empire” and “Of the True Greatness of Kingdoms.”
67. De Augmentis, viii, 3, in Phil. Works, 610–11.
68. “Of Vicissitude of Things.”
69. “Of Seditions and Troubles.”
70. Phil. Works, 727.
71. History of Henry VII, in Works, VI, 238–45.
72. In Nichol, J., Fr. Bacon, II, 4.
73. Pope’s Essay on Man, line 282.
74. Thema coeli, in Phil. Works, 705; Descriptio globi intellectualis, ibid., 685.
75. In Friedell, Cultural History of the Modern Age, I, 335.
76. The Advancement of Learning, in Phil. Works, 167.
77. Wolf, Science in the Sixteenth Century, 640; Bernal, Science in History, 305.
78. Hallam, Literature of Europe, III, 72.
79. Nichol, J., II, 235.
80. Novum organum, i, 49.
81. Ibid., i. 26, 05.
CHAPTER VIII
1. Rogers, Six Centuries of Work and Wages, 103.
2. Ibid., table at p. 73.
3. John, Charles I, 167.
4. French, Allen, Charles I and the Puritan Upheaval, 100–2.
5. Robertson, J. M., Freethought, II, 24.
6. Ibid., 77.
7. Ibid., 76.
8. Ibid.
9. Aubrey, 135.
10. Belloc, H., Richelieu, 49.
11. McCabe, Candid History, 202.
12. Toynbee, A., Study of History, IX, 178.
13. Allen, English Political Thought, 237.
14. Ibid., 242.
15. Ibid.
16. Taine, English Literature, 259–62.
17. Hume, D., History of England, IV, 183.
18. Gardiner, S. R., History of England 1603–42, VII, 302.
19. French, Charles I, 281.
20. Lingard, VII, 181; Taine, English Literature, 265.
21. Camb. Mod. History, IV, 279.
22. Allen, English Thought, 194.
23. Carlyle, T., Oliver Cromwell, I, 93.
24. French, 306.
25. Schaff, History of the Christian Church: The German Reformation, I, 79.
26. Allen, English Thought, 283.
27. French, 281.
28. Markun, L., Mrs. Grundy, 114.
29. Weber, Max, The Protestant Ethic, 177.
30. Beard, Miriam, History of the Business Man, 387.
31. Allen, English Thought, 279f; Lingard, VIII, 190.
32. Ibid., 191n.
33. Thornton, Table Talk, 72, 106.
34. Browne, Religio Medici, 77.
35. Browne, Works, II, 226.
36. Religio Medici, 70, 34.