The Story of Civilization: Volume VII: The Age of Reason Begins
Page 96
37. Singer, Studies in the History of Science, 222.
38. Religio Medici, 82.
39. Ibid., ι.
40. Ibid., 18.
41. Ibid., 25.
42. Ibid., 10.
43. Ibid., 179.
44. Ibid., 60.
45. Ibid., 92.
46. Herrick, Poems, 181.
47. Ibid., 178.
48. Ibid., 398.
49. Aubrey, 287.
50. Ibid., 289.
51. Ibid., 192.
52. Lovelace, Poems, 78.
53. Ibid., 18.
54. MacLaurin, Mere Mortals, 143–4; John, Charles I, 4; French, 16.
55. Bishop, Renaissance Architecture, 25.
56. John, Charles I, 65.
57. Ibid., 66.
58. Ibid., 133; Lingard, VII, 164.
59. Gardiner, S. R., History of England 1603–42, VII, I.
60. Ibid., 41–3.
61. Tawney, Religion and the Rise of Capitalism, 173.
62. Ibid., 174; Allen, English Thought, 360.
63. Rickard, Man and Metals, II, 799.
64. Clarendon, History of the Rebellion, I, 323.
65. Ibid., 188f.
66. Carlyle, Oliver Cromwell, I, 94.
67. Lang, History of Scotland, III, 71.
68. John, Charles I, 207.
69. Morley, Oliver Cromwell, 72.
70. Clarendon, passim; Hume, D., History of England, IV, 174, 401.
71. Carlyle, Oliver Cromwell; Firth, Oliver Cromwell; Buchan, Oliver Cromwell.
72. Morley, Cromwell, 9.
73. Carlyle, Cromwell, I, 98.
74. Ibid., 108.
75. Clarendon, I, 300; Gardiner, History of England, IX, 230.
76. Thornton, Table Talk, 108.
77. Gardiner, IX, 251–2.
78. Allen, English Thought, 346f.
79. Morley, Cromwell, 91; Hallam, Constitutional History, II, 119; Allen, 354.
80. Clarendon, I, 452.
81. Ibid., 466.
82. Firth, Cromwell, 61.
83. Clarendon, II, 49 f.
84. Allen, English Thought, 313, 403–4.
85. Robinson, J. H., Readings, 356.
86. Schaff, History of the Christian Church: The Swiss Reformation, II, 565.
87. Firth, 149; Bury, J. B., History of Freedom of Thought, 86; Robertson, J. M., Freethought, II, 76.
88. Camb. Mod. History, IV, 312.
89. Firth, 147.
90. Ibid.
91. Macaulay, History of England, I, 100.
92. Gooch, English Democratic Ideas, 119, 179.
93. Ibid., 124.
94. Ibid., 128.
95. Camb. Mod. History, IV, 345.
96. Firth, 175.
97. Morley, Cromwell, 240.
98. Lingard, VIII, 110.
99. Morley, 267.
100. John, Charles I, 294.
101. Hume, History, IV, 485.
102. Churchill, W. S., History of the English-Speaking Peoples, II, 223.
103. Robinson, Readings, 359.
CHAPTER IX
1. Evelyn, Diary, I, 225.
2. Ibid., 87.
3. Camb. Mod. History, IV, 631.
4. Molmenti, Venice, lb, 218.
5. Ranke, History of the Popes, II, 119.
6. Funk, Manual of Church History, II, 147.
7. Hazlitt, W. C, The Venetian Republic, II, 221; Encycl. Brit., XIX, 1002.
8. Symonds, J. A., The Catholic Reaction, II, 105.
9. On the inaccuracies of both historians cf. Ranke, Popes, III, 106–38.
10. Montaigne, Diary, 93; Shakespeare’s England, I, 216.
11. Byron, Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage, Canto IV, line 2.
12. Molmenti, lb, 181.
13. Winckelmann, History of Ancient Art, II, 316.
14. Taine, Italy: Rome and Naples, 232.
15. Symonds, Catholic Reaction, II, 231.
16. Ruskin, Modern Painters, II, i, 7, 13.
17. Evelyn, I, 160.
18. Ogg, Europe in the Seventeenth Century, 387.
19. Sitwell, Southern Baroque Art, 43.
20. Stirling-Maxwell, Annals of the Artists of Spain, III, 893.
21. Justi, Velazquez, 343.
22. Byron, Don Juan, xiv, 71.
23. Pastor, XVIII, 121, 125.
24. Ranke, Popes, I, 286.
25. Ibid., 273.
26. Pastor, XVII, 172.
27. Lea, H. C, Inquisition in Spain, II, 77.
28. Ranke, Popes, I, 322.
29. Montaigne, Diary, 125.
30. Bacon, Fr., Apophthegm 60, in Phil. Works, 869.
31. Sully, Memoirs, I, 218n.
32. Ranke, Popes, I, 341.
33. Pastor, XXI, 83.
34. Ranke, I, 342.
35. Lecky, History of European Morals, II, 97.
36. Sully, Memoirs, III, 29.
37. Camb. Mod. History, IV, 687.
38. Graves, F. P., History of Education, 219.
39. Monroe, Paul, Text-Book in the History of Education, 422.
40. Bacon, De Augmentis, vi, 4, in Phil. Works, 559.
41. Ranke, Popes, II, 90.
42. McCabe, Candid History, 97.
43. Symonds, Catholic Reaction, II, 121.
44. Campbell, Thos., The Jesuits, 394.
45. Filmer, Patriar cha, in Locke, Two Treatises on Government, 253.
46. Campbell, 271.
47. Symonds, Catholic Reaction, I, 218; McCabe, Candid History, 184.
48. McCabe, 191.
49. Fülop-Miller, Power and Secret of the Jesuits, 285.
50. Ibid., 290.
51. Ibid., 300–1.
52. McCabe, 299.
53. In Campbell, 445.
54. Montaigne, Diary, 141.
55. Ibid., 159.
56. Molmenti, Venice, lib, 27.
57. Montaigne, Diary, 151.
58. Symonds, Catholic Reaction, I, 268–74. The Cenci, by F. D. Guerrazzi (Milan, 1872), is a novel.
59. Evelyn, I, 172.
60. Ibid., 161.
61. Ibid., Nov. 8, 1644.
62. Burney, History of Music, II, 510; Grove’s Dictionary of Music, III, 591; Brockway and Weinstock, The Opera, 1–3.
63. McKinney and Anderson, Music in History, 321.
64. Ibid., 334.
65. Garnett, Richard, Italian Literature, 269.
66. Ranke, Popes, I, 369.
67. Encycl. Brit., Ill, 132b.
68. Johnson, S., Lives of the Poets, I, 176.
69. Guarini, The Faithful Shepherd, p. 64.
70. Ibid., 177.
71. Hallam, Literature, II, 181.
72. Symonds, Italian Literature, II, 243.
73. Tr. by Leigh Hunt, in Van Doren, Anthology, 590.
74. Symonds, Catholic Reaction, I, 367.
75. Boulting, Tasso, 172–3.
76. Ibid., 183, 174.
77. Symonds, Catholic Reaction, II, 35; Encycl. Brit., XXI, 831a.
78. Symonds, I, 369.
79. Boulting, 212.
80. Smith, History of Culture, I, 552.
81. Boulting, 259.
82. Tasso, Gerusalemme liberata, xx, 1087.
83. Galileo, Opere, ed. nazionale, IX, 69, in Smith, P., History of Culture, I, 552.
84. Disraeli, Isaac, Curiosities of Literature, II, 444.
85. Burckhardt, J., Recollections of Rubens, 8.
86. Pastor, XXII, 309.
87. Justi, Velazquez, 350.
88. Wittkower, Gian Lorenzo Bernini, 197.
89. Ibid., 2.
CHAPTER X
1. El Greco, Phaidon ed., 7.
2. Weisbach, Spanish Baroque Art, 35.
3. Robertson, Freethought, II, 38; Hume, M., Spanish People, 416.
4. Lea, Inquisition in Spain, III, 441.
5. Prescott, Philip II, II, 498.
6. Lea, Inquisition, IV, 253.
7. Cf. Cervantes, Don Quixote, Part I, ch. 28; Vol. I,
223.
8. Stirling-Maxwell, I, 45.
9. Lang, P. H., Music in Western Civilization, 267.
10. Calvert, A. F., The Escorial, 7.
11. Ibid., 65; Calvert, Royal Palaces of Spain, 4–6; El Greco, Phaidon ed., II.
12. Stirling-Maxwell, I, 209.
13. Davies, Golden Age of Spain, 120.
14. Froude, Elizabeth, I, 375.
15. Motley, Rise of the Dutch Republic, I, 125.
16. Encycl. Brit., XVII, 722c.
17. Motley, I, 125.
18. Hume, M., The Spanish People, 382; Motley, II, 12.
19. Trend, The Civilization of Spain, 128.
20. Motley, I, 125.
21. Voltaire, Works, XlVb, 278.
22. Mariana, General History of Spain, Supplement, p. 30.
23. Blok, History of the People of the Netherlands, II, 289, 119; cf. En. Br., XVII, 722.
24. Cf. Robinson, Readings, 321; Armstrong, Emperor Charles V, II, 376; Hume, M., Spain: Its Greatness and Decay, 150.
25. Prescott, Philip II, II, 431.
26. Davies, Golden Age of Spain, 150.
27. Prescott, Philip II, II, 451.
28. Altamira, History of Spain, 384.
29. Madariaga, Spain, 36; Davies, Golden Age, 194.
30. Ibid., 198; History Today, June 1954, p. 427.
31. Ibid.; Lea, Inquisition in Spain, IV, 254–272.
32. Trevor-Roper, Historical Essays, 269; Altamira, History of Spanish Civilization, 133.
33. Davies, Golden Age, 121.
34. En. Br., XXI, 132.
35. Prescott, Philip II, I, 68, 210; II, 26.
36. Ogg, 170.
37. Davies, 230.
38. Ibid., 233.
39. Hume, M., Court of Philip IV, 24; Spain, 211; Camb. Mod. History, III, 542.
40. Don Quixote, Part II, ch. 54.
41. Ximencs, Juan, Life and Virtues of … Juan de Ribera, in Buckle, History of Civilization, II, 46.
42. Lea, Inquisition, III, 397, 407–8; Ogg, 364; Hume, M., Spain, 212.
43. Lea, III, 410.
44. Camb. Mod. History, IV, 634.
45. Justi, Velázquez, 105.
46. Portrait in Hispanic Society of America, New York.
47. Rooses, Rubens, 486.
48. Stephens, H. M., Story of Portugal, 249.
49. Camõcs, Lusiads, Introd., xvii.
50. Penrose, Travel and Discovery, 72.
51. Camões, Lusiads, ix, 83.
52. Ibid., 89.
53. Bell, Aubrey, Portuguese Literature, 183.
54. Camões, Introd. xxix.
CHAPTER XI
1. Preface to Galatea.
2. Hallam, Literature, I, 53.
3. Schevill, R., Cervantes, 7.
4. Altamira, History of Spanish Civilization, 143.
5. Fitzmaurice-Kelly, History of Spanish Literature, 338.
6. Gracian, Art of Worldly Wisdom, 20.
7. Ibid., 29.
8. 32.
9. 36.
10. 49.
11. 71.
12. 144.
13. 150.
14. In Davies, Golden Age, 282.
15. Ticknor, History of Spanish Literature, III, 150; cf. Fitzmaurice-Kelly, History, 274.
16. In Smith, P., History of Modern Culture, I, 552.
17. Bell, Aubrey, Cervantes, 54; Ticknor, II, 58.
18. Ellis, H., Soul of Spain, 233.
19. Schevill, Cervantes, 134.
20. Lockhart, J. G., Introd. to Everyman’s Library ed. of Don Quixote, p. xx.
21. Don Quixote, Part I, ch. xii.
22. I, xi.
23. I, xiii.
24. II, xxxii.
25. I, iv.
26. II, xxxii.
27. II, xix; I, xx; II, iv.
28. I, xxxix.
29. I, xxxvi.
30. Cervantes, Exemplary Novels, 5.
31. Ibid., 3.
32. Don Quixote, II, xlv.
33. Schevill, Cervantes, 353.
34. Powys, J. C, Enjoyment of Literature, 174.
35. Ticknor, II, 42.
36. Don Quixote, I, xxi; Bell, Cervantes, 27.
37. Tr. by E. Churton in Fitzmaurice-Kelly, History of Spanish Literature, 281.
38. Quevedo, The Dog and the Fever, 52.
39. Tr. by John Masefield in Van Doren, Anthology, 645.
40. Fitzmaurice-Kelly, History, 254.
41. Id., Some Masters of Spanish Verse, 98.
42. Id., History, 249–50.
43. Ford, J. D., Main Currents of Spanish Literature, 129.
44. Fitzmaurice-Kelly, Some Masters, 43.
45. Lope de Vega, The Star of Seville, in Matthews, B., Chief European Dramatists, 171.
46. Lewes, G. N., Lope de Vega, in Clark, Great Short Biographies, 596; Fitzmaurice-Kelly, Some Masters, 25.
47. Shelley, Poetical Works, 645.
48. Calderón, Life Is a Dream, II, ii, tr. D. F. McCarthy, in Matthews, 219.
CHAPTER XII
1. Stirling-Maxwell, Annals of the Artists of Spain, I, 349.
2. Dieulafoy, Art in Spain and Portugal, 243.
3. Mâle, Emile, Religious Art from the Twelfth to the Eighteenth Century, 170.
4. In the Escorial.
5. In Calvert, Seville, 108.
6. Lassaigne, J., Spanish Painting from the Catalan Frescoes to El Greco, 131.
7. En. Br., XXII, 69.
8. Naples.
9. Lassaigne, 106; Guinard, El Greco, 54.
10. Goldscheider, El Greco, 10.
11. Caffin, C. H., Story of Spanish Painting,
12. Guinard, 121.
13. Meier-Graefc, The Spanish Journey, 145.
14. Pacheco, in Guinard, 22.
15. Johnson in Prologue to Addison’s Cato.
16. Soria, M. S., The Paintings of Zurbarán, 30.
17. In Justi, Vel á zquez, 83.
18. Duke of Wellington Collection, London.
19. Boston Museum of Fine Arts.
20. National Gallery, London.
21. Justi, 445.
22. Rouen.
23. New York; Frankfurt.
24. Dresden Gallery.
25. Modena.
26. Earl of Radnor Collection.
27. Stirling-Maxwell, III, 847.
28. Justi, 360.
29. Cheney, World History of Art, 619.
30. Vienna.
31. Washington.
32. Wallace Collection, London.
33. Vienna.
34. Calvert and Hartley, Velazquez, 176.
35. Ellis, H., Soul of Spain, 153.
36. Meier-Graefe, 151, 200–5.
37. Stirling-Maxwell, III, 946.
38. Guinard and Baticle, Histoire de la peinture espagnole, 170.
39. Louvre.
40. Dresden.
41. Pliny, Natural History, xxxv, 36.
42. Stirling-Maxwell, III, 1003.
43. Prado, Seville, Cádiz, Louvre, Leningrad.
44. Dulwich.
45. Rome, Galleria Nazionale.
46. Prado.
47. London.
48. Leningrad.
49. Altamira, History of Spanish Civilization, 1 37f.
CHAPTER XIII
1. Roeder, Catherine de’Medici and the Lost Revolution, 170.
2. Sée, Modern Capitalism, 49.
3. Roeder, 250.
4. Guizot, History of France, III, 319.
5. Acton, Lectures, 156.
6. Michelet, Histoire de France, III, 483.
7. Thieme, Women of Modern France, 38.
8. Roeder, 309.
9. La Tour, Origines de la Réforme, IV, 255f.
10. Hearnshaw, Social and Political Ideas of … the Renaissance and the Reformation, 29.
11. Walker, W., John Calvin, 381.
12. Guizot, France, III, 303.
13. Sichel, Catherine de’ Medici and the French Reformation, in.
14. Ibid., 24.
15. Bra
ntôme, Book of the Ladies, 51.
16. Michelet, Histoire, III, 490.
17. Sichel, 10.
18. Brantôme, 59.
19. Sichel, The Later Years of Catherine de’Medici, 116.
20. Sainte-Beuve in Brantôme, 88.
21. Roeder, 361.
22. Ibid., 386.
23. Allen, Political Thought, 295.
24. Roeder, 254–6.
25. Ranke, Civil Wars … in France, I, 278–80.
26. Sichel, Catherine de’ Medici, 119.
27. Pastor, History of the Popes, XVI, 179.
28. Batiffol, The Century of the Renaissance, 201.
29. Ibid., 198; Pastor, XVI, 167; Camb. Mod. History, II, 300.
30. Pastor, XVI, 179.
31. Ibid.
32. Ibid., 180–1.
33. Allen, Political Thought, 305.
34. Sichel, 191, 196–7.
35. Lea, Studies in Church History, 496.
36. Pastor, XVI, 172.
37. Michelet, IV, 418; Batiffol, 203.
38. Guizot, History, III, 334.
39. Ibid., 335.
40. Batiffol, 211; Sichel, 224.
41. Froude, Elizabeth, I, 346.
42. Ranke, Civil Wars, I, 336; Batiffol, 215; Roeder, 366–9; Sichel, The Later Years, 19; Pastor, XVI, 203.
43. Guizot, III, 328.
44. Ibid., 330; Pastor, XVIII, 116.
45. Guizot, III, 331.
46. Pastor, XVIII, 154.
47. Froude, Elizabeth, II, 446.
48. Sedgwick, H. D., Henry of Navarre, 34;
49. Ibid., 90.
50. Batiffol, 241; Belloc, Richelieu, 139n.
51. Pastor, XVI, 195–6.
52. Roeder, 428.
53. Guizot, III, 380.
54. Janssen, J., History of the German People, VIII, 114.
55. Ibid.
56. Guizot, III, 384.
57. Ibid.
58. Camb. Mod. History, III, 18.
59. Ibid., 19; Pastor, XIX, 485.
60. Michelet, III, 458.
61. Batiffol, 227.
62. Sichel, The Later Years, 160.
63. Michelet, III, 462.
64. Sichel, The Later Years, 162.
65. Ibid., 164.
66. Ibid., 161.
67. Ibid.; Roeder, 453.
68. Batiffol, 229; Sichel, The Later Years, 164.
69. Ibid., 167; Batiffol, 230.
70. Ibid.
71. De Thou in Robinson, Readings, 331; Sichel, Later Years, 180.
72. Michelet, III, 468; Roeder, 473.
73. Michelet, III, 476.
74. Ibid.
75. Acton, 160; Roeder, 463.
76. Ibid., 477.
77. Ibid., 479.
78. Ibid., 489.
79. Pastor, XIX, 488.
80. Michelet, III, 478.
81. Acton, 162; Pastor, XIX, 489.
82. Michelet, III, 483.
83. Pastor, XIX, 509.
84. Roeder, 464.