by Will Durant
85. Batiffol, 236; Sichel, The Later Years, 194.
86. Pastor, XIX, 507; Froude, Elizabeth, in, 417.
87. Pastor, XIX, 500–12.
88. Froude, Elizabeth, III, 419.
89. Roeder, 506.
90. Sichel, Later Years, 205.
91. Guizot, III, 415.
CHAPTER XIV
1. Lacroix, History of Prostitution, I, 1170–1, 1276–91.
2. Sedgwick, Henry of Navarre, 83.
3. In Brantôme, Book of the Ladies, 212.
4. Brutus, Junius, Vindiciae contra tyrannos, 97, 109, 169; Carlyle, R. W., History of Medieval Political Theory, VI, 335; Coker, Readings in Political Philosophy, 351f; Allen, Political Thought, 331.
5. Ibid., 377.
6. Voltaire, Age of Louis XIV, 397.
7. Ranke, Civil Wars, I, 163.
8. Allen, Political Thought, 347–50; Figgis, From Gerson to Grotius, 180.
9. Notes to Sully, Memoirs, I, 207.
10. Michelet, IV, 41.
11. Ibid., 42.
12. Sedgwick, Henry, 223.
13. Michelet, IV, 60.
14. Maulde La Clavière, Women of the Renaissance, 469.
15. Sully, I, 299, 311–14; Michelet, III, 463; Guizot, III, 521.
16. Ibid., 522.
17. Michelet, IV, 60.
18. Satyre Ménippée, 59–73.
19. Guizot, III, 556; Campbell, The Jesuits, 217; Ranke, Popes, II, 55; Sully, I, 447; Fülop-Miller, Jesuits, 317.
20. Sully, I, 2.
21. Kirby, Engineering in History, 141.
22. Guérard, Life and Death of an Ideal, 119.
23. Schaff, Swiss Reformation, II, 699.
24. Laski, H., in Brutus, Vindiciae contra tyrannos, 9, 35.
25. Lowie, R. H., Are We Civilized?, 241.
26. Tallement des Réaux, Miniature Fortraits, 9.
27. Ibid., 5.
28. Sedgwick, 274.
29. Batiffol, 287.
30. Sully, IV, 128n.
31. Sully, III, 365; Michelet, IV, 86.
32. Sedgwick, 130–5.
33. Lacroix, Prostitution, II, 1306.
34. Ibid., 1300.
35. Sully, III, 31–2.
36. Sedgwick, 255.
37. Ackerman, Phyllis, Tapestry, 262.
38. Davis, Golden Age, 237.
39. Sully, II, 404–10.
40. Camb. Mod. History, III, 682, 684.
41. Janssen, History of the German People, X, 439n.
42. Sedgwick, 288–9.
43. Fülop-Miller, Jesuits, 127; Gooch, English Democratic Ideas, 23.
44. Sedgwick, 306.
CHAPTER XV
1. Barine, La Grande Mademoiselle, 279.
2. Ibid., 278.
3. Sanders, Bossuet, 54.
4. Michelet, IV, 197; Batiffol, 404.
5. Michelet, IV, 370.
6. Catholic Encyclopedia, XIV, 437.
7. Jackson, C. C., Old Paris, 45.
8. Belloc, Paris, 311.
9. Boulenger, Seventeenth Century, 49.
10. Michelet, IV, 200.
11. Acton, Lectures, 171.
12. Buckle, lb, 399–406.
13. Ibid., 399.
14. 405.
15. 403.
16. Boulenger, 37; Barine, 15.
17. Jackson, 56.
18. Richelieu, Oeuvres, 18.
19. Michelet, IV, 156.
20. In Guizot, IV, 131.
21. Ibid., 46.
22. 63.
23. Richelieu, 173.
24. Guizot, IV, 79.
25. Michelet, IV, 295.
26. Schoenhof, History of Money and Prices, 186.
27. Nussbaum, History of Economic Institutions, 108.
28. In Acton, 179.
29. Michelet, IV, 327.
30. Guizot, IV, 173.
31. Richelieu, 152, 201.
32. Guérard, Life and Death of an Ideal, 123.
33. Tallement des Réaux, 63.
34. Belloc, Richelieu, 90.
35. Michelet, IV, 286; Boulenger, 35.
36. Retz, Secret Memoirs, 97.
37. Hefele, K. J., Life and Times of Cardinal Ximenes, 565.
38. Chesterfield, Letters, 28 (Oct. 16, 1747).
39. Lodge, Richelieu, 229.
40. Richelieu, Memoirs, 168.
41. Ibid., 125.
42. 181, 40.
43. 182.
44. 168.
45. 32.
46. 19.
47. 30.
48. 35.
49. Motteville, Mme. de, Memoirs, I, 67.
50. Tallement des Réaux, 27.
CHAPTER XVI
1. Charron, De la Sagesse, I, 24, in Haydn, Counter-Renaissance, 569.
2. Sichel, Catherine de’ Medici, 6; Lacroix, History of Prostitution, II, 1159.
3. Sedgwick, Henry of Navarre, 55.
4. Brantôme, Lives of Gallant Ladies, 131–2.
5. Now in the museum of the Château d’Azay-le-Rideau.
6. Michelet, IV, 222.
7. Tallement, 132.
8. Sanger, Wm., History of Prostitution, 119.
9. Ibid.; Lacroix, Prostitution, II, 1350.
10. Montaigne, Diary, 6.
11. Sully, Memoirs, I, 482, 507.
12. Brantôme, Book of the Ladies, 79.
13. Wright, Womankind in Western Europe, 305.
14. Lacroix, Arts of the Middle Ages, 164.
15. Wright, Womankind, 302.
16. Montaigne, Essays, II, 12.
17. Lowie, Are We Civilized?, 34.
18. Burney, Charles, General History of Music, II, 217.
19. Ibid., 466.
20. Montaigne, Essays, III, 365.
21. Ibid., I, xxv, 185.
22. I, xxv.
23. Ill, xii, 300.
24. Ill, xii, 292.
25. I, xxxviii, 252.
26. I, xxv, 165.
27. Ibid., 163.
28. Ibid., 166, 172.
29. Ill, xiii, 324.
30. II, vi, 48.
31. Dowden, Michel de Montaigne, 45.
32. I, xxvii, 201.
33. Ibid.
34. Gide, A., The Living Thoughts of Montaigne, 14.
35. I, xxvii, 207.
36. III, x, 265.
37. III, v, 119.
38. Ibid., 105.
39. 73.
40. Cf. his paean to Paris in III, ix, 216.
41. III, v, 76.
42. II, viii, 71.
43. Gide, 12.
44. III, ix, 213.
45. III, iii, 49.
46. I, xxxviii, 253–6.
47. I, xxv, 149.
48. II, xxxii, 448.
49. Sellery, G. C, The Renaissance, 47.
50. Pater, Plato and Platonism, 174.
51. In Dowden, Montaigne, 240.
52. II, iii, 35.
53. II, xvii, 385.
54. III, v, 107.
55. III, ii, 24.
56. II, xxxvi, 523.
57. Ibid., 495.
58. III, xiii, 354.
59. Diary, 259.
60. II, xii, 256; Cicero, De vertiate, 11.
61. III, xii, 291.
62. III, xiii, 379.
63. Sainte-Beuve, Port-Royal, II, 440.
64. II, xii, 306.
65. Ibid., 317.
66. In Spencer, Theodore, Shakespeare and the Nature of Man, 36.
67. II, xii, 237.
68. Ibid., 285–7.
69. 312.
70. 202.
71. 250.
72. 324.
73. 325.
74. Sichel, E., Montaigne, 54.
75. II, xvii, 371.
76. II, xii, 180.
77. I, xl, 269; Camb. Mod. History, II, 711.
78. II, v.
79. II, viii, 72.
80. I, xxx, 219.
81. II, xii, 198, 250.
82. I, xxx, 229.
83. In Dowden, Montaigne, 63.
84. III, vi, 144.
85. III, ix, 201; v, 105.
86. II, xii.
87. II, xii, 204.
88. Ibid., 251.
89. 225, 266.
90. I, xix, 90.
91. III, v, 78.
92. III, xi, 285.
93. II, xii, 130.
94. Ibid., 217.
95. 133.
96. Sainte-Beuve, Port-Royal, II, 428.
97. I, liv, 354; Tilley, A., Studies in the French Renaissance, 280.
98. II, xii, 225.
99. III, xi.
100. Ill, ix, 198.
101. Ill, viii, 173.
102. Ill, ix, 191.
103. Ill, xii, 301; ii, 26.
104. II, xi, 121.
105. Ill, x, 263.
106. Diary, 14.
107. Ibid., 17.
108. 49.
109. 107. no. 150.
110. 150
111. Cf. Diary, 166–9.
112. Ibid., 123.
113. Essays, III, iv, 59.
114. III, xiii, 368.
115. II, i, 8.
116. Jonson, Volpone, III, ii.
117. Mme. du Deffand, Lettres à Voltaire, 41; Jan. 28, 1759.
118. Malebranche, De la Recherche de la vérité, III, v; p. 264.
119. In Gide, 3.
120. Sainte-Beuve, Port-Royal, II, 379–453.
121. In Frame, Montaigne, 139.
122. Guizot, IV, 194.
123. Van Laun, History of French Literature, II, 181.
124. Disraeli, I., Curiosities of Literature, I, 451.
125. Malherbe, in Sainte-Beuve, Portraits of the Seventeenth Century, II, 47.
126. Boileau in Malherbe, Racan, Maynard, Poésies choisies, 9n.
127. Ibid., 24–7.
128. Winegarten, French Lyric Poetry in the Age of Malherbe, 8, 18.
129. Boulenger, Seventeenth Century, 122.
130. Faguet, Literary History of France, 341.
131. Régnier, De Viau, etc., Poésies choisies, 50.
132. Guizot, Corneille and His Times, 148.
133. Corneille, Le Cid, V, i.
134. Guizot, Corneille, 168.
135. Livy, T. L., History of Rome, i, 25.
136. Corneille, Horace, I, i.
137. Ibid., II, viii.
138. Sainte-Beuve, Port-Royal, I, 124.
139. Evelyn, Diary, I, 48.
140. Blomfield, History of French Architecture, II, 134.
141. Bupal, Bernard Palissy, 43.
142. In Sichel, Catherine de’ Medici, 318; Michelet, Histoire de France, IV, 51.
143. Guizot, Histoire, IV, 571.
144. Sutro, E., Nicolas Poussin, 77.
145. Desjardins, Poussin, 71.
146. Mousnier, Histoire générale des civilisations, IV, 218.
147. Ruskin, Modem Painters, II, ii, 1.8.
148. Craven, Treasury of Art Masterpieces, 172; Stranahan, History of French Painting, 45.
149. Ruskin, Modern Painters, II, i, 7.5; IX, v.
CHAPTER XVII
1. Geyl, Revolt of the Netherlands, 16.
2. Sombart, The Jews and Modern Capitalism, 65; Sée, Modern Capitalism, 31.
3. Motley, Rise of the Dutch Republic, I, 217; Janssen, History of the German People, VIII, 13.
4. Motley, I, 217.
5. Janssen, VIII, 14f.
6. Voltaire, Essai sur les moeurs, ch. cxxxvi, in Works, XIVb.
7. Motley, I, 207.
8. Ibid., 206.
9. Blok, History of the People of the Netherlands, III, II; Motley, I, 375f
10. Ibid., 283.
11. Geyl, 78.
12. Ibid., 86.
13. Janssen, VIII, 19.
14. Cambridge Modern History, III, 200.
15. Acton, Lectures, 144.
16. Motley, I, 453–4.
17. Ibid., 465–8.
18. Camb. Mod. History, III, 207–8.
19. Motley, I, 478f.
20. Janssen, VIII, 23.
21. Motley, I, 526.
22. Janssen, VIII, 25.
23. Prescott, Philip II, II, 161.
24. Blok, III, 42.
25. Pastor, History of the Popes, XVIII, 97.
26. Blok, III, 51.
27. Pastor, XVIII, 101.
28. Motley, I, 628; Janssen, VIII, 123.
29. Camb. Mod. History, III, 232.
30. Motley, II, 72–4.
31. Geyl, 128; Lacroix, Military and Religious Life in the Middle Ages, 440.
32. Motley, II, 40.
33. Ibid., 101.
34. Voltaire, Essai, ch. cxxxvi; Works, p. 294; Hume, M., The Spanish People, 372.
35. Pastor, Popes, XX, 3.
36. Motley, II, 151.
37. Ibid., 169.
38. 515.
39. Geyl, 165.
40. Ibid., 130.
41. 128.
42. Camb. Mod. History, III, 250.
43. Blok, III, 121–3.
44. Geyl, 162; Pastor, XX, 9.
45. Motley, II, 646.
46. Robinson, J. H., Readings in European History, 325; Motley, II, 637.
47. Figgis, From Gerson to Grotius, 228.
48. Camb. Mod. History, III, 258.
49. Blok, III, 179.
50. Ibid., 239.
51. Geyl, 206, 215, 231; Ranke, History of the Popes, II, 221.
52. Blok, III, 415.
53. Camb. Mod. History, III, 646.
54. Blok, III, 413.
CHAPTER XVIII
1. Robinson, Readings, 556.
2. Prescott, H. F., Mary Tudor, 331.
3. Vienna.
4. Prado.
5. Brussels, Vienna, Louvre.
6. Brussels.
7. Rooses, Rubens, I, 9.
8. Pitti Gallery, Florence.
9. Uffizi Gallery, Florence.
10. Grenoble Museum.
11. Rooses, I, 638.
12. Burckhardt, Recollections of Rubens, 21.
13. Janssen, XI, 161.
14. Dresden.
15. Knackfuss, H., Van Dyck, 4.
16. Munich.
17. Lichtenstein Collection, Vienna.
18. Vienna.
19. Geneva.
20. Munich.
21. London.
22. Pitti Gallery.
23. Dresden.
24. Louvre.
25. Vienna.
26. Madrid.
27. Vienna, Madrid.
28. London.
29. Craven, Treasury of Art Masterpieces, 105.
30. Antwerp.
31. Fülop-Miller, Power and Secret of the Jesuits, 422.
32. Munich.
33. Hartford, Conn.
34. Antwerp.
35. Antwerp cathedral and Brussels Museum.
36. Vienna.
37. Vienna.
38. Sarasota, Fla.
39. Rooses, Rubens, I, 395.
40. Ibid., 417.
41. Pitti Gallery.
42. Boston.
43. Rooses, I, 414.
44. Munich.
45. Munich.
46. Hamburg.
47. Vienna.
48. Munich.
49. Munich.
50. Louvre.
51. Brussels.
52. The Hague.
53. Frick Collection, New York.
54. Windsor Castle.
55. Burckhardt, Recollections, 15.
56. Rooses, I, 600.
57. Louvre.
58. Vienna.
59. Knackfuss, 8.
60. Munich.
61. Frick Collection
62. Brussels.
63. Detroit.
64. Munich.
65. Vienna.
66. Antwerp.
67. Knackfuss, 9.
68. Pitti Gallery.
69. Wallace Collection, London.
70. Louvre.
71. Vienna.
72. Vienna.
73. Lichtenstein Gallery, Vienna.
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74. Knackfuss, 76.
75. New York.
76. Ibid.
77. Frick Collection, New York.
78. Fitzwilliam Collection.
79. Dresden.
80. Munich.
81. Uffizi Gallery.
82. Blok, III, 333; Mousnier, 160.
83. Maverick, L. A., China a Model for Europe, 5.
84. Adams, Brooks, Law of Civilization and Decay, 107.
85. Nussbaum, History of Economic Institutions, 123.
86. Gooch, Democratic Ideas, 45.
87. Geyl, 211.
88. Ogg, Europe in the Seventeenth Century, 412.
89. Geyl, 238; Blok, III, 354.
90. Fischer, K., Descartes and His School, 212.
91. Taine, H., Lectures on Art, 322.
92. En. Br., X, 498d.
93. In Taine, Lectures, 183.
94. Day, Clive, History of Commerce, 200.
95. See, Modem Capitalism, 32.
96. Wilenski, R. H., Dutch Painting, 132.
97. Baedeker, K., Belgique et Hollande, 383.
98. Chute, Ben Jonson, 301.
99. Geyl, 206.
100. Honey, W. B., European Ceramic Art,
101. Wilenski, Dutch Painting, 10.
102. Taine, Lectures, 333.
103. Hauser, Social History of Art, I, 467.
104. Davies, G. S., Frans Hals, 19.
105. Amsterdam.
106. Haarlem.
107. Lord Northbrooke Collection.
108. Wallace Collection.
109. Devonshire House.
110. Haarlem.
111. Haarlem.
112. Haarlem.
113. Haarlem.
114. Amsterdam.
115. Antwerp.
116. Haarlem.
117. Berlin.
118. Louvre.
119. Cassel.
120. Mather, F. J., Western European Painting of the Renaissance, 461.
121. Chicago.
122. Berlin.
123. New York.
124. The Hague.
125. Michel, E., Rembrandt, I, 63.
126. Amsterdam.
127. The Hague.
128. The Hague.
129. The Hague.
130. Duke of Devonshire Collection.
131. Rothschild Collection.
132. Leningrad.
133. Louvre.
134. New York.
135. Brussels.
136. Amsterdam.
137. Michel, Rembrandt, II, 214.
138. Edinburgh.
139. Louvre.
140. Louvre.
141. London.
142. Berlin.
143. Cassel.
144. Berlin.
145. New York.
146. Washington.
147. Leningrad.
148. London.
149. Glasgow.
150. Cassel,
151. Still with the Six family in Amsterdam.
152. Berlin.
153. Frick Collection.
154. Wallace Collection.
155. Beard, Miriam, History of the Business Man, 316.
156. Marcus Kappel Collection, Berlin.
157. New York.
158. Louvre.