by Will Durant
159. Amsterdam.
160. Leningrad.
161. Amsterdam.
162. Froment in Wilenski, Dutch Painting, 93.
163. Self-portrait in the Louvre.
164. New York.
165. I. de Brüyn Collection.
166. Rathenau Collection.
167. In Michel, Rembrandt, I, 259.
168. Wilenski, Dutch Painting, 93.
169. Ibid.
170. Meier-Graefe, Spanish Journey, 313.
CHAPTER XIX
1. Gade, Tycho Brake, 150.
2. Werner, Copenhagen, 3.
3. Ranke, Popes, II, 150.
4. Fletcher, C. R., Gustavus Adolphus, 15.
5. Bain, F. W., Christina, Queen of Sweden, 8.
6. Fletcher, 43.
7. Camb. Mod. History, IV, 187.
8. Wedgwood, C. V., Thirty Years’ War, 273.
9. Fletcher, 27.
10. Bain, 28.
11. Ibid., 10.
12. 42.
13. 162.
14. 96.
15. 97.
16. 95.
17. 166.
18. Pascal, Provincial Letters, introduction, 25.
19. Ranke, Popes, II, 355.
20. Ortega y Gasset, Toward a Philosophy of History, 18.
21. Horn, F. W., Literature of the Scandinavian North, 332.
22. Cf. Ranke, Popes, II, 353.
23. Bain, 358–61.
24. Ranke, II, 359; Bain, 180.
25. Voltaire, Age of Louis XIV, 60.
26. Gustafson in Bain, xvi.
27. Bain, 360.
28. Ogg, 446.
29. Bain, 224.
30. Ibid., 229.
31. Lewinski-Corwin, Political History of Poland, 216–18; Cambridge History of Poland, I, 566.
32. Lednicki, W., Life and Culture of Poland, 125–6.
33. Ibid, 94.
34. Camb. History of Poland, I, 413; Robertson, J. M., History of Freethought, 1,426.
35. Lednicki, 102n.
36. Robertson, Freethought, II, 37.
37. Camb. History of Poland, I, 403–5, 410–11.
38. Ranke, II, 161.
39. Pokrovsky, M., History of Russia, 154.
40. Florinsky, M., Russia: a History and an Interpretation, I, 213.
41. Kluchevsky, V., History of Russia, II, ch. xiii; III, 21; Florinsky, I, 217.
42. Vernadsky, G., History of Russia, 65.
43. Réau, L, L’ Art russe, I, 285.
44. Ranke, II, 155.
45. Florinsky, I, 226.
46. E.g., Pokrovsky, 169–70.
47. Ibid., 177; Kluchevsky, III, 20; Florinsky, I, 223.
48. Rambaud, A., History of Russia, I, 320.
49. Camb. Mod. History, V, 496.
50. Florinsky, I, 227; Pokrovsky, 182.
51. Kluchevsky, III, 31.
52. Rambaud, I, 341.
CHAPTER XX
1. Tavernier, Six Voyages, ii, 7.
2. Brockelmann, C., History of the Islamic Peoples, 316.
3. Pepys, Diary, Nov. 9, 1663.
4. Arnold, T., The Preaching of Islam, in Toynbee, A., Study of History, VIII, 165.
5. Finlay, G., History of Greece, V, 29, in Toynbee, ibid., 164.
6. Tavernier, i, I.
7. Michelet, Histoire de France, IV, 444.
8. Brantôme, Lives of Gallant Ladies, 135; Landau, R., Invitation to Morocco, 64.
9. Gibb, E. J., Ottoman Literature, 3.
10. Ibid., 236.
11. Dimand, M. S, Guide to Exhibition of Islamic Miniature Painting, 4.
12. Pope, A. U., Catalogue of a Loan Exhibition of Early Oriental Carpets, 93–5.
13. Pastor, Popes, XVIII, 419.
14. Voltaire, Essai sur les moeurs, ch. cxxxi, in Works, XIBb, 270.
15. Preface to Part II of Don Quixote.
16. Motley, Rise of the Dutch Republic, II, 338.
17. Pastor, XVIII, 422.
18. Ibid, 427.
19. 436.
20. Lane-Poole, S, Story of Turkey, 218.
21. En. Br., XV, 969a.
22. Teixeira, P., Travels, 62–6.
23. Pope, A. U, Survey of Persian Art, II, 1406.
24. Tavernier, Six Voyages, iv, 5.
25. Ibid.
26. Michelet, Histoire de France, V, 130.
27. En. Br., XII, 705. The account follows the eloquent description in Arthur Upham Pope, Survey of Persian Art, II, 1185, and the notes of my visit to Isfahan in 1948.
28. Tavernier, v, 2.
29. Browne, E. G, Literary History of Persia, IV, III.
30. Chardin, John, Travels in Persia, 134–6.
31. Ibid., 183, 167.
32. Teixeira, 114, 117.
33. Chardin, 143.
34. Ibid.
35. 146.
36. 279.
37. Tavernier, v, 14.
38. Arnold, Thomas, Painting in Islam, 89.
39. Chardin, 120.
40. Teixeira, 62.
41. Chardin, 187; Tavernier, v, 14.
42. Chardin, 191, 189.
43. Browne, E. G, Literary History, IV, 247.
44. Ibid, 287.
45. En. Br., XII, 705b.
46. Sir Bernard Eckstein Collection.
47. Boston.
48. Pope, Survey, I, 7n.
49. Gulbenkian Collection. Pope, Survey, V, 978.
50. Boston.
51. Pope, Survey, V, 549.
52. Pope, A. U., Introduction to Persian Art, 162.
53. Chardin, Travels, 273.
54. New York.
55. In Pope, Catalogue, 17.
56. Pope, Introduction, 220.
CHAPTER XXI
1. Coxe, W., History of the House of Austria, II, 29.
2. Ibid, 67–72.
3. 130.
4. 94.
5. Camb. Mod. History, III, 719.
6. Tawney, R. H., Religion and the Rise of Capitalism, 122–4.
7. Janssen, History of the German People, VIII, 297–9.
8. Robertson, J. M., Freethought, I, 420.
9. Campbell, The Jesuits, 69.
10. Lützow, Count von, Bohemia, 217.
11. Acton, Lectures, 182.
12. Clark, G. N., Seventeenth Century, 136.
13. Janssen, XV, 32, 44.
14. Ibid., 29–31.
15. Thompson, J. W., Economic and Social History of the Later Middle Ages, 429; Rickard, Man and Metals, II, 565.
16. Janssen, XV, 148.
17. Ibid., 110.
18. 125.
19. Marx, Karl, Capital, I, 467.
20. Janssen, XIII, 147.
21. Ibid, 307.
22. 301.
23. 300.
24. Id, XII, 183.
25. X, 279.
26. XII, 96.
27. XI, 363.
28. Pastor in Janssen, XVI, 130.
29. Janssen, X, 277–8.
30. Wedgwood, Thirty Years’ War, 46.
31. Janssen, XV, 421.
32. Putnam, G. H, The Censorship of the Church of Rome, I, 51.
33. Janssen, X, II.
34. Ibid., 23, 45.
35. Id, XIII, 363f.
36. XIV, 12–14.
37. Wilenski, Dutch Painting, 61.
38. Vienna.
39. Camb. Mod. History, III, 153.
40. Schaff, The German Reformation, I, 64.
41. Janssen, X, 287f”.
42. Ibid, 303–7.
43. 262.
44. 258.
45. 257.
46. 256.
47. Inge, W. R., Christian Mysticism, 277.
48. Ibid, 278.
49. Fülop-Miller, Jesuits, 346.
50. Janssen, X, 214.
51. Ibid, 103, 110.
52. 165.
53. 32.
54. 30.
55. 24.
56. 334–41.
57. 345.
58. 386–90.
59. 215.
>
60. 219.
61. 589.
62. 594.
63. Wedgwood, 81.
64. Nosek, V., Spirit of Bohemia, 99f.
65. Michelet, IV, 289n.
66. Wedgwood, 171.
67. Ibid, 255.
68. Fletcher, Gustavus Adolphus, 300.
69. Robinson, Readings, 345.
70. Fletcher, 283.
71. Guizot, History, IV, 160.
72. Wedgwood, 353.
73. Ibid, 360.
74. 450.
75. 207, 256–7, 410.
76. 475.
77. 516; Camb. Mod. History, IV, 418.
78. Lützow, 311; Camb. Mod. History, IV, 418.
79. Ibid, 417.
80. Renard and Weulersee, Life and Work in Modern Europe, 294.
81. Jordan, G. J, The Reunion of Churches, 15.
82. Wedgwood, 412; Ogg, Europe in the Seventeenth Century, 168.
83. Wedgwood, 413.
84. Ibid, 229.
85. Camb. Mod. History, IV, 688.
CHAPTER XXII
1. Thorndike, L, History of Magic and Experimental Science, VI, 160–5, 221, 239–40, 295; IV, 247; Garrison, F., History of Medicine, 37.
2. Voltaire, Age of Louis XIV, 18.
3. Smith, P., History of Modern Culture, I, 428.
4. Berry, A., Short History of Astronomy, 195.
5. Jackson, C, Old Paris, 25.
6. Smith, P., Modern Culture, I, 427.
7. Janssen, XII, 346.
8. Ibid, 329.
9. Los Angeles Times, July 2, 1958.
10. Janssen, XVI, 372–6, 495; XII, 325, 351.
11. Lea, Inquisition in Spain, IV, 243–4.
12. Vacandard, E., The Inquisition, 199.
13. Singer, Chas, Studies in the History of Science, I, 213.
14. Lea, IV, 235.
15. Michelet, IV, 183–6.
16. Janssen, XI, 388.
17. Id, XVI, 398, 478.
18. Lea, History of the Inquisition of the Middle Ages, III, 549.
19. Janssen, XVI, 416.
20. Camb. Mod. History, V, 758 (not 9,000, as in IV, 423).
21. Janssen, XVI, 512, 424.
22. Lea, Inquisition in Spain, IV, 246; cf. Janssen, XVI, 506.
23. Montaigne, Essays, III, xi, 285.
24. Ibid, 286.
25. Smith, Culture, I, 453.
26. Ibid, 454; Dampier, History of Science, 157.
27. Janssen, XVI, 390.
28. Janssen, XI, 379.
29. Evelyn, Diary, I, 139.
30. Putnam, Censorship of the Church of Rome, II, 237–69.
31. In Haydn, Counter-Renaissance, 531.
32. Hallam, Literature, II, 44.
33. Sandys, Sir John, Companion to Latin Studies, 855.
34. Putnam; G. H, Books and Their Makers, II, 96.
35. Masson, David, Life of John Milton, IV, 164.
36. Nosek, Spirit of Bohemia, 110.
37. Paulsen, F, German Education, 136.
38. Janssen, XIII, 277.
39. Galileo, Discoveries and Opinions, ed. Stillman Drake, 77.
40. Singer, Studies, 407.
41. Wolf, A, History of Science, Technology, and Philosophy in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries, 47; Singer, Studies, 412f
42. Bell, E. T., Men of Mathematics, 55.
43. Butterfield, Origins of Modern Science,
44. Galileo, Il saggiatore, in Discoveries and Opinions, 237.
45. Cooper, Lane, Aristotle, Galileo, and the Tower of Pisa, 14; Dampier, 143.
46. Janssen, XV, 281.
47. Wolf, 327.
48. Mumford, L, Technics and Civilization, 440.
49. Wolf, 544–5; Usher, A. P., History of Mechanical Inventions, 303.
50. Descartes, Principia philosophiae, Part IV, in Wolf, 351.
51. En. Br., I, 689d.
52. Galileo, Dialogue concerning the Two Chief World Systems, Dedication, p. 3.
53. Michel, Rembrandt, I, 123.
54. Mumford, L, The Condition of Man, 213.
55. Janssen, XIV, 68.
56. Ibid, 83.
57. 80.
58. Castiglioni, History of Medicine, 561.
59. Garrison, 307.
60. Janssen, XIV, 81.
61. Montaigne, Essays, tr. E. J. Trechmann, II, 222, quoted in Craig, Hardin, The Enchanted Glass, 44.
62. Garrison, 291–2.
63. Ibid, 226.
64. Descartes, Discours de la méthode, Part VI, p. 62, in Vartanian, Diderot and Descartes, 18.
65. Montaigne, Essays, III, ξ, 262.
66. Putnam, Censorship, I, 128–9; Belloc, H., How the Reformation Happened, 281; Fülop-Miller, Jesuits, 399; Smith, P., Culture, I, 43.
67. Campanella, Letter to Galileo, Jan. 12, 1611, in Smith, Culture, I, 45.
68. Buckle, I, 101; Thorndike, VI, 42.
69. Gade, Tycho Brahe, 35.
70. Ibid, 187.
71. Kesten, H., Copernicus and His World, 346.
72. Whewell, History of the Inductive Sciences, I, 290–3.
73. Hogben, Science for the Citizen, 207; Kesten, 353.
74. Dampier, 139.
75. Berry, 194.
76. In Inge, Christian Mysticism, 298.
77. Galileo, Dialogue concerning the Two Chief ‘World Systems, 105 (end of First Day).
78. Aristotle, De coelo, 4.2. 309, in Cooper, L., Aristotle, Galileo, and the Tower of Pisa, 64.
79. Lucretius, De rerum natura, II, 230–1.
80. Leonardo da Vinci, Codex Atlanticus, fol. 123ra, in Cooper, 69.
81. In Cooper, 47.
82. Viviani in Cooper, 26.
83. Ibid, 29–31.
84. Galileo, Two Chief World Systems, 147.
85. Galileo, Dialogues concerning Two New Sciences, 103.
86. Galileo, Il saggiatore, in Discoveries and Opinions, 274.
87. Ibid, 276–7.
88. Kesten, 348.
89. In Singer, Studies, 228.
90. Letter of Jan. 30, 1610, in Singer, 232.
91. Walsh, J. J, The Popes and Science, 393; Wolf, 29.
92. In Singer, 251.
93. Kesten, 396.
94. In Smith, Culture, I, 53.
95. Singer, 240.
96. Fülop-Miller, Jesuits, 397.
97. Singer, 240.
98. Fülop-Miller, 398.
99. Ibid.
100. Ibid.
101. Kesten, 371.
102. Galileo, Discoveries and Opinions, 177.
103. Ibid, 180.
104. 183.
105. Drake in Galileo, Discoveries and Opinions, 217.
106. Singer, 252.
107. Kesten, 375.
108. Wolf, 36.
109. Kesten, 379; Singer, 258.
110. Galileo, Two Chief World Systems, 5.
111. Ibid, 460.
112. Kesten, 388.
113. Singer, 269.
114. En. Br., IX, 980b.
115. Ibid.; Wolf, 37.
116. Viviani in Singer, 279.
117. Kesten, 93.
118. Ibid, 395.
CHAPTER XXIII
1. Janssen, XVI, 132–4.
2. Robertson, Freethought, 483.
3. Ibid, 484.
4. Mousnier, Histoire générale, IV, 203.
5. Ibid, 201.
6. Owen, John, Skeptics of the French Renaissance, 676.
7. Ibid, 578–9.
8. Ibid.
9. 584.
10. 580.
11. Charron, Pierre, Of Wisdom, I, 61, 74, 79–80.
12. Owen, 598.
13. Cf. Charron, in Pascal, Pensées, ed. Havet, introd. xii.
14. Bury, Freedom of Thought, 75.
15. Owen, 570.
16. Singer, D. W., Giordano Bruno, 22.
17. Ibid, 24.
18. Owen, 274.
19. Bruno, La cena de le ceneri, Dialogue IV, in Singer, D. W., 33.
20. In Owen, 274
.
21. Singer, Bruno, 137.
22. Ibid, 35.
23. Symonds, Catholic Reaction, II, 53–4.
24. Owen, 125.
25. Singer, Bruno, 146.
26. In Owen, 294.
27. Cassirer, Philosophy of the Enlightenment, 41.
28. Bruno, Dedication to De la causa, preincipio et uno, in Singer, Bruno, 103.
29. Thorndike, Magic and Experimental Science, IV, 425–7.
30. Owen, 290–3.
31. Singer, Bruno, 161.
32. Symonds, Catholic Reaction, II, 62.
33. Kesten, 323.
34. Singer, Bruno, 166.
35. Ibid, 172.
36. 179.
37. Owen, 390.
38. Ibid, 399.
39. 400.
40. Symonds, 128; Kesten, 328.
41. Tr. J. A. Symonds in Van Doren, Anthology, 599.
42. Campanella, City of the Sun, in Ideal Commonwealths, 147.
43. Ibid, 157.
44. 164.
45. 168.
46. Murray, R. H., Erasmus and Luther, 443.
47. Ranke, Popes, II, 13.
48. Carlyle, R. W., Medieval Political Theory, VI, 341.
49. Campbell, The Jesuits, 379.
50. Mariana, The King and The Education of the King, i, 2.
51. Ibid., i, 10.
52. Ibid., Preface, p. 108.
53. Ibid., iii, 15.
54. In Laski, Political Thought in England, Locke to Bentham, 85.
55. Mariana, The King, i, I.
56. Ibid, iii, 2.
57. i, 6, pp. 144–9.
58. Ibid.
59. Bodin, Method for the Easy Comprehension of History, II.
60. Allen, Political Thought, 395.
61. Bodin, De republica, i, 4, in Allen, 408–9.
62. Ibid, 410.
63. Bodin, De republica, i, 6.
64. Ibid, i, 9.
65. Ibid, vi, 4, in Dunning, Political Theories from Luther to Montesquieu, 107.
66. Ibid, in Allen, Political Thought, 436.
67. In Allen, 406.
68. Bodin, Method for the Easy Comprehension of History, in Allen, 399.
69. Allen, 400–1.
70. Blok, III, 463.
71. Grotius, Prolegomena, in Dunning, 161.
72. Grotius, Rights of War and Peace, I, i, 10, p. 21.
73. Ibid, I, ii, I.
74. II, xxii.
75. I, xvii.
76. II, xxvi.
77. Lange, F. E., History of Materialism, I, 266.
78. France, A, Elm Tree on the Mall, 13.
79. Russell, B., History of Western Philosophy, 558.
80. Fischer, K., Descartes, 194f.
81. Discours, Part III, in Descartes, Selections, 27.
82. Ibid, p. 28.
83. Faguet, Dix-septième siècle, 6–7.
84. Descartes, Principia philosophiae, I, 71, in Meditations and Principles of Philosophy, 168.
85. Discours, Part II, in Selections, 12.
86. Descartes, Meditations, II, in Selections, 96.