by Will Durant
painting: baroque, 266–71, 434, 473
Chinese, 534
classic, 267, 432–34, 472
Dutch, 266, 267, 483–94, 591
Eclectic (Bolognese) school, 225, 232–35, 268, 431
English, 61
Flemish, 430, 464
French, 430–35
genre, 464–65, 472, 483–84
Gothic, 466
icon (Russia), 512
Impressionist, 328
Italian, 225–27, 230–38, 266–71, 316–17, 323, 325–26, 330, 428, 431–32, 434, 467, 474, 483, 534
landscape, 315, 431–33, 484, 483, 484*, 492, 534, 550
manneristic, 232, 268, 317, 434
miniatures, 61, 521, 534–35
Persian, 534–35
Polish, 509
realism (naturalism), 233, 267, 269, 320–21, 328, 483–84
Spanish, 288, 295, 313, 315–31
tenebroso, 268–69, 316
Turkish, 521
Palace of Pleasure (Painter), 67
Palatinate, 37, 538, 542*, 551
in 30 Years’ War, 157, 160, 558, 560, 567
Westphalia Peace terms, 570
Palestrina, Giovanni Pierluigi da (1526?–94), 59
Palissv, Bernard (1510–89), 429–30, 589
Palladio, Andrea (1518–80), 61, 62, 227, 231
Palladian style, 62, 314
Palladis Tamia: Wits Treasury (Meres), 104
Pallavicino, Pietro Sforza (1607–67), 230
Palma Giovane (Jacopo Palma the Younger: 1544–1628), 231
Palma Vecchio (Jacopo Palma: 1480?–1528), 231
Pantoja de la Cruz, Juan (1551–1608), 316
Papacy, 225, 238–44
in Holy League against Turks, 284, 522–24
and 30 Years’ War, 557, 558, 562
and Westphalia Peace, 568–69, 571; see also Counter Reformation
papal supremacy
Papal States, 225, 235, 238, 240
papal supremacy, 188, 238, 246, 511, 626–28
rejection of, 17–18, 64, 65, 138–39, 142, 375, 381
Pappenheim, Gottfried Heinrich zu, Count (1594–1632), 563, 564
Paracelsus (1493?–1541), 588, 593, 616
Paradise Lost (Milton), 74
Paradisgärtlein (Arndt), 553
Paraguay, 249–51, 326
Paré, Ambroise (1517?–90), 349, 351, 593
Pareja, Juan de (fl. 1650), 325
Parens, David (fl. 1618), 555
Paris: Bastille, conditions in, 395
Bibliothèque Nationale, 579
Bibliothèque Royale, 581
blockade of, by Fronde, 377
Commune (1871), 427
Henry IV’s entry into, 364
hospitals, 366, 377
Hôtel de Ville, 427
Huguenot march on, 344
improvements of Henry IV, 366–67
Jardin des Plantes, 591
Les Jésuites, 427
Louvre, 273, 358, 427, 428, 476
Luxembourg, 383, 428, 432, 470
mobilized by Richelieu, 387
Notre Dame, 427
Opéra, 266
Palais Cardinal (Royal), 389, 428
Pont Neuf, 227, 358, 427
religious riots (1561), 340–41
St. Bartholomew Massacre, 348–53
St.-Étiennedu-Mont, 426
St.-Eustache, 431
St.-Gervaise, 426
St.-Sulpice, 375–76
sieges of (1590–94), 363–64
Sixteen, 360–61, 363–64
Sorbonne Church, 426
theaters, 420–21
Tuileries, 366, 427
University of, 340, 581, 583, 593; see also Parlement of Paris
Parker, Matthew, Archbishop (1504–75), 19, 25, 81
Parlement of Paris: in Catholic-Huguenot struggle, 337, 342, 352, 361, 362
under Henry IV, 364, 367
under Louis XIII, 385, 387
Parlements, 354–55, 366, 383, 384–85; see also Parlement of Paris
Parliament, English: UNDER CHARLES I (early reign, 1625–29): 50, 201–4
anti-Catholic laws, 201, 204
Buckingham impeachment, 201, 204
Petition of Right, 202–3, 205
tonnage and poundage, 201–4; see also Parliament, LONG
UNDER ELIZABETH: 6, 7, 9, 10
Acts of Supremacy and Uniformity, 17–18
anti-Catholic laws, 20, 22
Bond of Association, 128
rebellions, parliamentary, 26, 38, 43, 48
Usury Bill, 50
UNDER JAMES I (1604–24): anti-Catholic laws, 140
Bacon impeachment, 171
Great Protestation, 159
Gunpowder Plot, 141
privileges vs. prerogatives, 137–39
war policy, 159–60
LONG (1640–53): 159, 163, 188, 190–91, 193, 198, 207–21
army domination of, 217–20
Five Members indictment, 211–12
Grand Remonstrance, 211
Laud, Strafford impeachments, 208
Self-denying Ordinance, 215
tonnage and poundage, 209
RUMP (1648–53): 219–21
Pride’s Purge, 219
trial of Charles I, 219–20
SHORT (1640): 206–7
parliamentary-freedom issue, 7, 26, 43, 137, 139
Parma, duchy of, 225, 227, 274
architecture, 227, 233
and battle of Lepanto, 523
dukes of, see Farnese
painting, 232, 236, 316, 467
University of, 227
Parr, Thomas (1483?–1635), 167, 475
Parry, William (d. 1584), 127–28
Parsons, Robert (1546–1610), 16, 20–21
Parthenia, or The Maydenhead (Bull, Byrd, Gibbons), 60
Pascal, Blaise (1623–62), 246, 407, 410, 413, 414, 415, 503, 613, 641–42, 645
Passau, Peace of (1552), 436, 561
“Passionate Shepherd to His Love, The” (Marlowe), 85–86
Pastor, Ludwig von (1854–1928), 354*, 456
Pastor fido, Il (Guarini), 67, 257
patents, see monopolies
Paul, Saint (d. 67), 246, 613
Paul III, Pope (1534–49), 272, 326
Paul V, Pope (1605–21), 142, 238, 269, 287, 315, 380, 576, 605
and Huguenots, 377, 379
dispute with Venice, 228–30
Paulet, Sir Amias (1536?–88), 129
Pazmany, Peter (1570–1637), 541
peasantry, Bohemia, 542
Denmark, 495–96
England, 184–85, 212
France, 334, 339, 366, 383, 385–86, 393
Germany, 543–44, 567–568
Italy, 225, 260
Netherlands, 437
Poland, 508–10
Russia, 512, 516
Sweden, 497
Peasants’ War (Germany, 1524–25), 335
Peele, George (1558?–97), 69, 86
Pellos, Francesco (fl. 1492), 586
Pembroke, Henry Herbert, 2d Earl of (1534?–1601), 72
Pembroke, Mary Herbert, nee Sidney, Countess of (1561–1621), 52, 65, 71–72, 74
Pembroke, Philip Herbert, 4th Earl of (1584–1650), 63, 65, 90–91
Pembroke, Sir William Herbert, 1st Earl of (1501?–70), 31
Pembroke, William Herbert, 3d Earl of (1580–1630), 14, 65, 90–91, 93, 149
Penry, John (1559–93), 26
“People, The” (Campanella), 625
Percy, Thomas (1560–1605), 141
Pérez, Antonio (1539–1611), 281, 283
Peri, Jacopo (1561–1633), 254–55, 546
Pericles (Shakespeare), 79, 101–2
Perpetual Edict (1577), 451
Perpignan, capture of (1642), 387, 388
Perrault, Claude (1613–88), 273
Perro y la calentura, El (Quevedo), 306
Persia (Iran), 518, 527–37
arts
and crafts, 528–31, 534–37
Jenkinson mission to, 49
literature, 532–33
trade with West, 49, 528–531, 535
war with Turks, 525–28
Pérsiles y Sigismunda (Cervantes), 304
Perth, Scotland, 112, 134
Peru, 34, 249, 590
Perugia, Italy, 238*
Perugino, II (Pietro Vanucci: 1446–1523), 266
Peruzzi, Baldassare (1481–1536), 62
Pesaro, Italy, 235, 238*
Peter, Saint (d. 67?), 246
Peter the Great, Czar (1672–1725), 526, 570
Petition of Right (1628), 194, 202–3, 205, 211
Petrarch (Francesco Petrarca: 1304–74), 55, 67, 70, 72, 75, 90, 98, 257, 263–64
Petroni, Lucrezia (d. 1599), 252–53
Philaret (Feodor Nikitich Romanov: 1553?–1633), 514
Philaster, or Love Lies a-Bleeding (Beaumont and Fletcher), 144
Philip II, King of Spain (1556–98), King of Portugal as Philip I (1581–98), 31, 70, 277–286, 311, 337, 539, 583
accession of, 274, 276
appearance and character, 279–81, 286
and arts and letters, 295–97, 314, 316, 317
autocracy of, 278, 280, 283–84, 543
bankruptcy, 450, 458, 543
death, 37, 285–86
and Elizabeth of England, 7, 8, 10, 30–37, 54, 280, 285, 446–47, 457
England invasion projects, 34–37, 125, 126, 242, 285, 291, 457
erects Escorial, 279, 317
and French Religious Wars, 242–43, 285, 344, 345, 347, 353, 362–64, 629
in Holy League against Turks, 284, 522–24
and Ireland, 28
and Lepanto spoils, 524
marriages, 278, 280, 281, 286
and Mary Stuart, 117, 125
Morisco persecution, 284, 287
and Netherlands revolt, 282, 284–85, 359, 436–58
Pantoja portrait, 316
and Portugal, 284, 285, 290–91, 293, 477
and Scotland, 131
and William I’s assassination, 284–85, 629
Philip III, King of Spain (1598–1621), 228, 249, 283, 285, 286–88, 300, 311, 314, 458
and France, 370–71, 374
and Juan de Mariana, 627, 629
Morisco expulsion, 287
Philip IV, King of Spain (1621–65), 238, 288–90, 463, 569, and Charles Stuart, 157, 159–60, 322
marriages, 288–89, 374
patron of arts, 237, 288, 305–6, 310, 314, 316, 321, 322–26, 329–30, 471–73, 475
Philiphaugh, battle of, 216
Philippe of Orléans, see Orléans
Philippine Is., 32, 274, 326
Philip Prosper, Don, 290
Philip William, Count of Buren (d. 1618), 445
Phillips, Sir Edward (1630–96?), 62
Philoponus, Joannes (fl. 533), 601
philosophes, 182–83
Philosophical Dictionary (Voltaire), 108
philosophy, 182–83, 304, 571–72
Aristotelian, see Aristotle
Bacon’s thinking, 174–83 (see also under Bacon, Francis)
in Elizabethan England, 16, 63–64, 100–104 (see also under Shakespeare)
Epicurean, see Epicurus
Jesuit, 244–47
Italian, 273
“mathematical method” of, 638–41, 643, 646
Montaigne’s thinking, 400, 406–10, 413; (see also under Montaigne)
“natural,” 586
political, 27, 101–2, 135, 178–79, 246–47, 354–355, 359, 367, 507, 626–27, 630, see also Machiavelli
and religion, 102–4, 177, 181, 407–10, 519, 613–15
Scholastic, see Scholasticism
and science, 172–76, 180–83, 407, 408, 601, 605, 613–47
Stoic, see Stoicism
Philostratus (170?–245), 151
physics, 167, 173, 585, 587–88, 601–3, 641–42, 645
physiology, 641–42, 646
picaresque novels, 67, 69, 298
Piccolomini, Alfonso, 240
Piccolomini, Ascanio, Archbishop (1550?–97), 611
Pietists, 553, 578
Pilgrims, 158
Pilon, Germain (1535–90), 428
Pinturicchio (Bernardino Betti: 1454–1513), 521
piracy, 14, 31–32, 54, 157, 166, 205, 252, 282, 299, 381
pirating of literary works, 81, 107, 308, 401
Pisa, Francisco de (fl. 1612), 318
Pisa, Italy, 225, 587, 591, 602
University of, 601–4
Pius IV, Pope (1559–65), 28, 269, 340, 346
Pius V, Saint, Pope (1566–72), 238–39, 252, 277, 345
death of, 239, 524
and England, 19, 31, 126–27
and Holy League, 239, 522–524
and Netherlands revolt, 443, 447
placards (proclamations against heresy), 436, 453
plagues, 89–90, 201, 292, 401, 548, 568, 592, 593
Plaine and Easie Introduction to Practicall Musicke (Thomas Morley), 59
planetary motions, 604
Kepler’s laws of, 164, 166, 181, 598–600, 612, 647
Plato (427?–347 B.C.), 76, 163, 175, 177, 246, 503, 598, 616, 626
Republic, 179
Plautus, Titus Maccius (c. 255–184 B.C.), 67, 77, 148, 149, 580
Pléiade, 67, 157, 197
Pliny the Younger (62–113), 581
Plombières, France, 411–12, 593
Plutarch (46?–120?), 44, 66, 93, 95, 96, 356, 400, 402, 403
Plymouth, England, 32, 34, 35, 158
Poetices libriseptum (J. C. Scaliger), 420
Poetics (Aristotle), 77
poetry: ballads, 59, 77, 133, 304
Caroline (Cavalier), 196–200
Dutch, 481–82
Elizabethan, 11, 13–15, 39, 59, 64, 68, 70–106
epic, 72–73, 258, 259, 260–65, 263–65, 291–93, 304–305, 432, 479, 547
French, 347, 397–98, 418–426, 646
German, 548
Italian, 67, 257–65, 273, 300, 432, 479, 619, 625, see also Petrarch
Jacobean, 142–52, 154–56
lyric, 59, 86, 151, 304, 305, 308–9, 347, 419, 521 (see also Shakespeare, songs)
macaronic, 300, 619
narrative, 89–90
metaphysical, 154–56
Persian, 532–33
Polish, 510
Portuguese, 291–93
romantic, French, 419
sonnets, 11, 67, 70, 72–73, 75–77, 89–91, 154, 257, 418, 625
Spanish, 275, 288, 295, 299, 303, 304–13
Swedish, 503
Turkish, 520–21
Poissy, Colloquy of, 341, 540
Poitou, province, Huguenots in, 335
Poland, 506–11, 571
arts and letters, 509–10
Austrian alliance, 501, 508
Baltic ascendancy, 543
Cossack revolt (1648), 508
economy, 509–10
feudalism in, 497, 508–9
population (1569), 507
religious disputes, 509–11
Russian wars, 507–8, 514, 516–17
Swedish war (1621–29), 500–501
and 30 Years’ War, 562
Pole, Reginald, Cardinal (1500–58), 6
Poley, Robert (fl. 1593), 85
Polish Courtier, The (Gornicki), 510
political philosophy, see under philosophy
Politics (Aristotle), 66
Politiques, 358, 362, 364, 411, 629
Poliziano, Angelo (Politian: 1454–94), 254, 273
polo playing, 529
Poltrot de Méré, Jean (1537–63), 343
Polybius (205?–125? B.C.), 66
polygamy, 520, 532
Pombal, Sebastião José de Carvalho e Mello (1699–1782), 250
Pomerania, 501, 544, 562–63, 570
Pompanazzi, Pietro (1462–1525), 4, 273, 622
Ponce de L
eón, Luis (1527–91), 305
Ponte, Antonio da (1512–97), 230–31
Ponzio, Flaminio, 269
Poor Laws (England), 48, 204
Pope, Alexander (1688–1744), 108, 143, 180
“Popess Joanna,” myth of, 554
popular sovereignty, 7, 246–47, 354–55, 367, 626–27, 630; see also social contract
Porta, Giacomo della (1541–1604), 226, 269–70
Porta, Giambattista della (1538?–1615), 229, 584, 589
Portugal, 290–94
Catholic supremacy in, 647
colonies of, 291, 293, 531
commercial ascendancy of, 273, 477, 519, 543
literature, 291–93
loses independence and trade, 32, 274, 275, 284, 290–91, 293, 632
rebellions against Spain, 37, 289, 293–94
and slave trade, 31
Possevino, Antonio (1534–1611), 497–98
Port-Royal, 377, 645
postal service, 49, 385, 501
pottery, 61, 366, 429–30, 483, 535, 550
Pourbus, Frans, the Elder (1545–81), 484*
Pourbus, Frans, the Younger (1569–1622), 368, 484*
Pourbus, Pieter (1510–84), 484*
Poussin, Nicolas (1594–1665), 233, 234, 267, 431–35, 476
Pozharski, Dmitri Mikhailovich, Prince (1578–1642), 517
Poznań, Poland, 509, 511
Pozzo, Andrea del (1642–1709), 270
Praetorius, Michael (1571–1621), 546
Prague, 541–42, 550
Defenestration of (1618), 556
in 30 Years’ War, 557–58, 564, 569
Treaty of (1635), 566
précieuses, 398, 417–19
ridicules, 258
Precisians, 459
predestination, 18, 24, 186, 190, 214, 246, 334–335, 339, 410, 459, 481, 553, 613, 644
prerogative, royal, see privilege vs. prerogative
Presbyterians, English, 186–90, 198, 209, 215, see also Solemn League and Covenant
Scottish, 205–7, see also Kirk of Scotland
presbyteries, 23–26, 190, 205
Preston, battle of, 219
Prévost, Abbé (Antoine Prévost d’Exiles: 1697–1703), 416
Pride, Thomas (d. 1658), 219
Priests of the Mission, see Lazarists
Prieur, Barthélemy (c. 1540–1611), 429
Primaticcio, Francesco (1504–70), 428
Prince, The (Il Principe: Machiavelli), 63, 67, 338
Principal Navigations… of the English Nation, The (Hakluyt), 166
Principia philosophiae (Descartes), 638*, 644
privateers, English, 31–33, 35, 285, 345
privilege (parliamentary) vs. prerogative (royal), 139, 159, 210, 212
Privy Council, English: under Charles I, 206, 210, 211
under Elizabeth I, 6, 7, 19, 22, 40, 41, 42, 54, 79, 114 (1582), 124–25, 128 (1584), 129, 136 (1598)
under James I, 137, 140, 147, 149, 152
Procaccini family, 226
Prodromos philosophiae instaurendae (Campanella), 625
Propertius, Sextus (50?–15? B.C.), 581