by Will Durant
Scholemaster, The (Ascham), 15, 66
Schomberg, Friedrich Hermann, later Duke of Schomberg (1615?–90), 294, 382
Schoole of Abuse, The (Gosson), 52, 71, 78
schools, 579
free elementary, 51, 383, 479, 501
“public,” England, 51, 52, 80
secondary, 383; see also Jesuits, schools and colleges
universities
Schopenhauer, Arthur (1788–1860), 101, 296
Schütz, Heinrich (1585–1672), 546
Schuurman, Anna Maria (1607–78), 479
Scioppius, Caspar (Caspar Schoppe: 1576–1649), 556, 623
Scot, Reginald (1538?–99), 163, 578
Scotland, 110–36
Catholic-Protestant struggle (r. of Mary Stuart), 110–18
(regency), 131–132
Church-state struggle (James VI), 132–34
dispute over bishops (Charles I), 205–7
in English Civil Wars, 210, 213–14, 216, 218
feudalism in, 111–12
French alliance, 8, 111, 112, 118, 124
Parliament, 111 (1561), 112 (1560), 113, 117 (1563), 132, 133, 134 (1592), 135
in 30 Years’ War, 562
union with England, 114, 136
Scudéry, Madeleine de (1607–1701), 397, 417, 503
sculpture: baroque, 266, 271–73, 429
classic style, 265, 271, 428, 429, 550
Dutch, 483
Elizabethan, 61
Flemish, 463–64
French, 428–29
German, 550
Gothic, 428
Italian, 227, 231, 256, 265–66, 270–73
mannerist, 272
Polish, 509
Spanish, 288, 295, 313, 314, 315
seas: freedom of, 632
mastery of, 37, 39, 49, 285, 461, 559
Sebastian, King of Portugal (1557–78), 290, 292
Secchia rapita, La (Tassoni), 257
Seekers, 186
Seghers, Daniel (1590–1661), 464
Seghers, Hercules (1585–1645), 484*
Sejanus (Jonson), 89, 149
Selden, John (1584–1654), 149, 159, 194, 201, 204, 207, 208
Self-denying Ordinance, 215
Selim II, Ottoman Sultan (1566–74), 521, 524–525
Seneca, Lucius Annaeus (4? B.C.-A.D. 65), 67, 146, 420, 422, 580
Epistles, 403
Separatists, 25, 158, 186
serfdom: Bohemia, 558
Denmark, 495
England, 46
Poland, 508–9
Russia, 512, 514, 517
Serlio, Sebastiano (1475–1554), 61
Serres, Olivier de (1539–1619), 366
Servetus, Michael (1511–53), 168
Servites, 228–29
Sévigné, Marie de Rabutin-Chantal, Marquise of (1626–96), 396, 397
Sextus Empiricus (2d cent.), 408
Seville, Spain, 274, 307, 322
cathedral, art in, 315, 321, 330
churches, art in, 320–21, 329–330
Giralda, 314
Shahnama (Firdausi), 534
Shakespeare, Hamnet (1585–1596), 88, 105
Shakespeare, John (d. 1601), 87–88
Shakespeare, Judith (1585–1662), 88, 107
Shakespeare, Susanna (1583–1649), 88, 105–7
Shakespeare, William (1564–1616), 7, 13, 14, 37, 44, 45, 47, 51, 56, 57, 58, 66, 68, 77, 87–109, 142, 144, 145, 156, 164, 255, 308, 310, 470
as actor, 88–89, 97, 105, 147
appearance, character, 105
artistry, 96–100
Bacon compared with, 96, 101, 181
baroque influence on, 267
and Burbage, 81, 89, 104
classic rules disregarded by, 78, 104, 147
Corneille compared with, 422, 425, 426
death, 107, 304*
early years, 87–88
and Essex, 42, 93, 94
First Folio, 88, 91, 104, 107
Greene’s attack on, 69, 88–89
historical plays discussed, 89, 96, 99
and Jonson, 88, 89, 96*, 104–5, 107, 147, 151
and Marlowe, 84, 85–86
and Montaigne, 64, 404, 408, 409, 413
narrative poems, 90, 94
philosophy of, 100–104, 647
songs, 93, 98, 106
sonnets, 53, 72, 89–91, 97
sources used by, 66, 67, 90, 91, 93–95
and Southampton, 90–91
tragedies, 93–96
Shaw, George Bernard (1856–1950), 101
Shelley, Percy Bysshe (1792–1822), 75, 252, 311
Shepherd’s Calendar, The (Spenser), 74
Sherley, Sir Anthony (1565–1635?), 527, 528
Sherley, Robert (1581?–1628), 527
’s Hertogenbosch, siege of, 461
Shi‘a, 527
ship money, 205, 209
Shiraz, Persia, 534, 535
Shirley, James (1596–1666), 151
Short Parliament, 206–7
Shrewsbury, Elizabeth Talbot, nee Hardwick, Countess of (1518–1608), 62
Shrewsbury, George Talbot, 6th Earl of (1528?–90), 48
Shrewsbury School, 51, 70
Shute, John (fl. 1563), 61
Siam, Dutch trade with, 477, 589
Sicily, 225, 235, 274, 278, 331
Ottoman raid, 525
Sidereus nuncius (Galileo), 604
Siddons, Sarah (1755–1831), 108
Sidney, Algernon (1622–83), 219
Sidney, Lady Frances, nee Walsingham, later
Countess of Essex, 40, 72
Sidney, Lady Dorothy (1617–84), 199
Sidney, Sir Henry (1529–82), 29, 70
Sidney, Lady Mary, nee Dudley (fl. 1550), 70
Sidney, Sir Philip (1554–86), 29, 40, 51, 63, 70–75, 104, 618
classical views of, 71, 74, 77–78
literary patron, 65, 70–71
in Netherlands, 73, 457
and the Queen, 14, 55, 70, 73
and Spenser, 68, 70, 71, 73, 74
writings, 77–75, 77–78, 257, 417
Siegburg, Germany, stoneware, 550
siege, science of, 457, 500
Sigismund II, King of Poland (1548–72), 506, 509, 510
Sigismund III, King of Poland (1587–1632), 510
intervention in Russia, 508, 514, 516–17
as King of Sweden (Sigismund Vasa: 1592–1604), 498–99, 500, 507–8
“Siglo de oro, El” (Vega), 310
Silesia, 519, 538, 541
silk: culture of, France, 366
industry, Persia, 528, 531, 535
Sinan (1489?–1587), 521
Sisters of Charity, 377
Six Dramas of Calderón (tr. FitzGerald), 311–312
Sixtus IV, Pope (1471–84), 594
Sixtus V, Pope (1585–90), 238, 240–43, 252, 272, 273, 361, 507, 575
and art of Rome, 241–42, 269, 270
Elizabeth I, admiration for, 9, 242
and Henry IV, 240, 242–43, 360
and invasion of England, 34, 37, 242, 285
and Vatican Library, 241, 579
Skagerrak, strait of, 495, 499, 500
Skarga, Peter (Peter Pawenski: 1536–1612), 509, 510
skepticism, 4, 15, 64, 186, 194, 250, 571, 613–615, 617
Christina’s, 504
of French upper classes, 375, 393
Marlowe’s, 81–82
Montaigne’s, 97, 407–10, 413–14
pagan, 639*
in Shakespeare, 97, 102, 413
Slaak River, naval battle in (1631), 461
slave trade, 31–32, 54, 228, 250, 251
Slavonic rite, 511
Sleidanus, Johannes (15o6?–56), 547
slide rule, invention of, 164, 585
Sluys, Netherlands, 33, 457
“Smectymnuus,” 209
Smerwick massacre, 29, 38–39, 74
Smolensk, siege of, 508
Smollett, Tobias (1721–71), 3
04, 313
Smyrna (Izmir), 291, 518, 519
Smythson, Robert (1535–1614), 62
Snell, Willebrord (1591–1626), 587, 641
Snyders, Frans (1579–1657), 464–65, 467, 473
social-contract theory, 27, 135, 359, 627, 630
Society of Jesus, see Jesuits
Socinus, Faustus (1539–1604), 510
Socrates (5th cent, B.C.), 406, 408, 614
Solari, Santino (fl. 1622), 549
Solemn League and Covenant, 213–14, 216–19
Solinus,- Gaius Julius (3d cent.), 582
Solomon Is., 589
Somerset, Edward Seymour, Duke of, Lord Protector of England (1547–50), 6
Somerset, Robert Carr, Earl of (d. 1645), 137, 143
Songes or Ayres (Dowland), 60
sonneteers: English, 11, 67, 72–73, 75–77, 89–91, 154
French, 418
Italian, 625, see also Petrarch
Sophocles (496?–406 B.C.), 12, 99, 422
Sophonisbe (Mairet), 422
Sorbonne, 340, 341, 361, 364, 372, 618, 640
Sosigenes (fl. 46 B.C.), 594
Soubise, Benjamin de Rohan, Seigneur de (1583–1642), 381
Soult, Nicolas de Dieu, Marshal (1769–1851), 320
Southampton, Henry Wriothesley, 3d Earl of (1573–1624), 42, 65, 90–91, 93, 94, 159
South Seas, exploration of, 166, 589
Spain, 274–332;
Catalan revolt, 289, 386
Catholic supremacy in, 275–76, 647
colonies, see Americas
Cortes, 627
commercial and maritime decline, 31, 275, 285, 289, 293–94, 331–32
Dutch peace (1648), 569
economic conditions, 274–75, 288, 289, 331
England, wars with, 33–38, 157, 160, 201, 286, 293–94
England-invasion projects, 21–23, 34–38, 125, 126, 242, 285, 286, 291, 451, 457
English peace treaties, 286, 471
European supremacy lost, 289, 461, 469–70, 647
France, domination of, 347–48, 390
France, wars with, 275, 278, 289, 293; (see also 30 Years’ War)
French marital alliance, 374, 379, 386
French peace treaty (1659), 289, 327, 569
and French Religious Wars, 242, 285, 345, 360–64, 457
golden age of, 314–32
(art), 295–313 (literature)
in Holy League against Turks, 284, 522–24
Italy, domination of, 225f., 295, 331
Moriscos expelled, 286–87
navy, 34–37, 274, 523
and Netherlands revolt, 8, 28, 256, 289, 436–58, 460–61
population, 274, 289, 331
and Portugal, 290–91, 293, 295, 449
in 30 Years’ War, 243, 289, 331, 461, 557, 559, 562, 566–68
Spain, Its Greatness and Decay (Martin Hume), 282
Spanish Curate, The (Fletcher and Massinger), 143
Spanish Fury, 451, 462
Spanish Journey (Meier-Graefe), 320
Spanish Netherlands, see Netherlands: Spanish
Spanish Tragedy, The (Kyd), 81
speculation, financial, 333, 437, 480, 543
Spee, Friedrich von (1591–1635), 553, 578
Spencer, Gabriel (d. 1598), 148
Spencer, Herbert (1820–1903), 175, 183, 646
Spenser, Edmund (1552?–99), 7, 29, 66, 67, 73–77, 104, 156, 264, 618
and Sidney, 68, 70, 71, 73, 74
Spenserian stanza, 75
Spieghel, Hendrik (1549–1612), 480
Spinola, Ambrosio de (Ambrogio di Spinola: 1569–1630), Marqués de los Balbases, 325, 458, 461, 471, 558
Spinoza, Baruch (1632–77), 398, 460, 490, 584, 586, 613, 620, 621, 645
writings, 647
Spitsbergen Archipelago, 477
sports, Sunday, issue of, 191, 209
Spottiswoode, John, Archbishop (1565–1639), 205–6
Sprenger, Jakob (fl. 1474), 578
Staël, Germaine, Mme. de, see Necker (1766–1817), 108
Stangebro, battle, of, 499
Star Chamber, 7, 54, 55, 189, 204, 209
Stationers’ Company, 65–66
Statute of Apprentices (1563), 47–48
Steen, Jan (1626–79), 484
Stegeborg, battle of, 499
Stendhal (Marie Henri Beyle: 1783–1842), 412
Steps to the Temple (Crashaw), 200
Sterne, Laurence (1713–68), 304
Stevinus (Stevin), Simon (c. 1548–1620), 457, 586, 587, 589
Stirling, Scotland, 112, 116, 122
Stirling-Maxwell, Sir William (1818–78), 315
Stjernhjelm, Georg (1598–1672), 503
Stoffels, Hendrikje (d. 1662), 490–93
Stoicism, 101, 403, 406, 426
Stow, John (1525?–1605), 66
Strada, Famianus (fl. 1617), 588
Stradivari family, 254
Strafford, Sir Thomas Wentworth, 1st Earl of (1593–1641), 197, 201, 202
impeachment, execution, 208–10
“Thorough” policy, 206, 210
Strasbourg, 577
University of, 583*
Stratford on Avon, 55, 87–89, 104, 105, 107
strikes, 47, 544
Stoss, Veit (1440?–1533), 509
Strode, William (1599?–1645), 211–12
Strozzi, Bernardo (1581–1644), 231
Strype, John (1643–1737), 16
Stuart, Elizabeth, dau. of James I of England, see Elizabeth of the Palatinate
Stuart, Esmé, 1st Duke of Lennox (1542?–83), 131
Stuart, Margaret, m. John Knox, 118
Stuart, Mary, see Mary Stuart
Stubbs, John (1543?–91), 55
Stubbs, Philip (fl. 1583), 52
Sturtevant, Simon (fl. 1612), 589
Stuttgart, 542*
Styria, 538
Protestants banished from, 597
Suárez, Francisco (1548–1617), 627, 632*
Suckling, Sir John (1609–42), 107, 197, 475
Süderköping, Diet of (1595), 498
Suetonius (fl. c. 120), 67, 149
Suffolk, Thomas Howard, 1st Earl of, see Howard, Lord Thomas
Suleiman I the Magnificent, Ottoman Sultan (1520–66), 521, 522, 596
Sully, Maximilien de Béthune, Duke of (1560–1641), 161, 243, 363, 367–70, 372, 375, 581
as finance superintendent, 365–66, 374, 394
“Grand Design,” 370
memoirs, 368*, 417
Sulpicians, 375
sumptuary laws, 56, 396
sun spots, 164, 605–6
Sunna, 527, 528
superstition, 162–63, 194, 575–79
Surat, India, 159
Surinam (Dutch Guiana), 478
Survey of London, A (Stow), 66
Sussex, Frances Radcliffe, nee Sidney, Countess of (fl. 1588), 51
Sussex, Sir Thomas Radcliffe, 3d Earl of (1526?–83), 80, 125
Sustermans, Justus (1597–1681), 464, 611
Swabia, 542*
Sweden, 497–506;
army, piety of, 500, 562
Catholic-Protestant conflict, 497–99, 508–9
Danish-Swedish wars, 496–97, 499, 500
French alliance, 588
literature, 503
Lü-beck war, 543
Lutheran state church, 498–499, 505, 647
Polish war, 500–501, 508
Riksdag, 497–99, 501, 505
Russia, intervention in, 516–17
school system, 501, 503–4
straits free-passage issue, 495, 496–97, 499, 500
30 Years’ War, 386, 496, 5 62–68
Westphalia Peace awards, 570
Swedish South Sea Company, 501
Sweelinck, Jan Pieterszoon (1562–1621), 480
Swift, Jonathan (1667–1745), 99
Switzerland, 538, 540, 547, 570
Montaigne on, 412
Sylva Sylvarum (Bacon),
180
Syntagma musicum (Praetorius), 546
Syntagma philosophiae Epicuri (Gassendi), 635
syphilis, 397, 592
Syria, 482, 518
Table Talk (Selden), 194
Tabriz, Persia, 527–28, 530
Tacitus, Cornelius (c. 55-after 117), 67, 146, 149, 177, 580, 629
Tagliacozzi, Gasparo (1546–99), 593–94
taille (poll tax), 366, 382, 385–86
Taj Mahal, 534
Talavera de la Reina, Spain, 315
Tallemant des Réaux, Gédéon (1619–92), 387, 392
Tallis, Thomas (1510?–85), 59
Tamasp I, Shah of Persia (1524–76), 527, 530
Tamburlaine the Great (Marlowe), 64, 82–83
Taming of the Shrew, The (Shakespeare), 92
tapestries, 56
Flemish, 463, 472, 509
French, 366, 429, 431, 472, 508, 521
Persian, 534
tariffs, protective, 7, 49, 185, 366
Tarquinius, King of Rome (534–510 B.C.), 628
Tasman, Abel Janszoon (1603–59), 589
Tassi, Agostino (1565–1644), 434
Tasso, Bernardo (1493–1569), 259–61
Tasso, Torquato (1544–95), 75, 225, 227, 253, 258, 259–65, 273, 293, 412
Alfonso d’Este his patron, 232, 261–63, 265
Aminta, 67, 257, 260
in confinement, 262–65
Gerusalemme, 67, 260–65, 479
Tassoni, Alessandro (1565–1635), 257
Tavannes, Gaspard de Saulx de, Marshal (1509–73), 348
Tavernier, Jean Baptiste (1605–89), descriptions of Persia, 520, 528, 530–32
taxation: clerical exemption from (France), 372
Empire, 568
England, 7, 17, 48, 58, 185; (see alsoship money; tonnage and poundage)
France, 365–66, 371, 373, 381, 382, 384–86
Mariana’s theories on, 628
Netherlands (under Spain), 437–39, 446–447, 449
Russia, 512
Spain, 288 (sales tax, alcabala), 289; see also taille;
tithes
Taylor, Jeremy (1613–67), 188
Teixeira, Pedro (1575?–1640), on Aleppo, 531
on Persia, 527, 530
telescope, development of, 163, 165, 584–85, 588, 603–4, 642, 647
Telesio, Bernardino (1509–88), 235, 605, 616, 624
Tempest, The (Shakespeare), 96, 97, 100, 102, 105
tenebroso style, see under painting
Teniers, David, the Elder (1582–1649), 464
Terence (190?–159 B.C.), 77, 422
Teresa, Saint (1515–82), 154, 266, 275, 277, 297
Crashaw’s poem on, 199
terrestrial magnetism, see magnetism, terrestrial
Tesselschade, Maria (1594–1649), 479, 481
Testament politique (Richelieu), 391–92
textile industry, 46–47, 184–85, 204, 227, 273, 274, 429, 441, 463, 477, 521, 534–35, 544
Thackeray, William Makepeace (1811–63), 313
Theatines, 229
Theocritus (3d cent. B.C.), 66, 74