Stilwell and the American Experience in China, 1911-45
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STEELE, A. T., The American People and China, New York, Council on Foreign Relations (McGraw-Hill), 1966.
STILWELL, JOHN E., Stilwell Genealogy, vol. III, The History of Captain Nicholas Stilwell, Son of Lieutenant Nicholas Stilwell, and His Descendants, privately printed, New York, 1930.
STILWELL, JOSEPH W., The Campaign in Burma, March 10 to June 1, 1942, Headquarters, American Army Forces, China, Burma and India, unpublished. (This is the suppressed report of the First Burma Campaign.)
———, History of the CBI Theater, 21 May 1942 to 25 October 1945, unpublished. This is “The Stilwell Report” of which a revision and additions were made by Colonel Mason Wright in November 1945. A copy of the original is at the Hoover Library (with a number of sections removed by the Department of Defense) and another copy is at NA, Modern Military Records Division. The revised version is on file at OCMH. For a full description of the contents, see Notes to Chapter 20.
STILWELL, JOSEPH W. (ed. Theodore White), The Stilwell Papers, New York, Sloane, 1948.
STILWELL, WINIFRED A., “Family Story,” unpublished manuscript.
STIMSON, HENRY L., The Far Eastern Crisis, New York, Harper, 1936.
STIMSON, HENRY L., and BUNDY, MCGEORGE, On Active Service in Peace and War, New York, Harper, 1947.
STONE, JAMES H., ed., Crisis Fleeting (reports by medical officers in CBI), Washington, Office of the Surgeon General, 1969.
STORRY, RICHARD, The Double Patriots: A Study of Japanese Nationalism, Boston, Houghton Mifflin, 1957.
STUART, JOHN LEIGHTON, Fifty Years in China, New York, Random, 1946.
SYKES, CHRISTOPHER, Orde Wingate, New York, World, 1959.
TANG LEANG-LI, The Inner History of the Chinese Revolution, New York, Dutton, 1930.
THOMAS, LOWELL, Old Gimlet Eye: The Adventures of Smedley D. Butler, New York, Farrar & Rinehart, 1933.
TONG, HOLLINGTON K., Dateline China, New York, Rockport, 1950.
———, ed., China, After Seven Years of War, New York, Macmillan, 1945.
TOYNBEE, ARNOLD, A Journey to China, London, Constable, 1931.
TROTSKY, LEON, Problems of the Chinese Revolution, New York, Pioneer, 1932.
TSOU, TANG, America’s Failure in China, 1941–50, Univ. of Chicago Press, 1963.
TULLY, GRACE, FDR, My Boss, New York, Scribner’s, 1949.
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY, HISTORICAL DIVISION, U.S. Army in the World War, 1917–19, vols. 1, 8, 9, 12–15, Washington, 1948.
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY, HISTORICAL DIVISION (OCMH), U.S. Army in World War II, multiple volumes, Washington, various dates. See under CLINE, MATLOFF, MORTON, ROMANUS and SUNDERLAND, WATSON.
U.S. CONGRESS, 81ST, 2ND SESSION, SUBCOMMITTEE OF THE COMMITTEE ON FOREIGN RELATIONS, Hearings on Loyalty of Employees of the State Department, Washington, GPO, 1950.
U.S. CONGRESS, 82ND, IST SESSION, Military Situation in the Far East, Hearings of the Committee on Armed Services and the Committee on Foreign Relations of the Senate, Part 3. (Testimony of General Hurley, 21 June 51, pp. 2859–81.) Washington, GPO, 1951.
U.S. CONGRESS, 82ND, IST SESSION, SENATE JUDICIARY COMMITTEE (INTERNAL SECURITY SUBCOMMITTEE), Hearings on Institute of Pacific Relations, Washington, GPO, 1951.
U.S. CONGRESS, 89TH, 1ST SESSION. See MORGENTHAU.
U.S. MILITARY ACADEMY, The Centennial at West Point, 1802–1902, Washington, GPO, 1904.
———, “The Howitzer,” Class of 1904 Yearbook.
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF STATE (FAR EASTERN SERIES 30), United States Relations with China, 1944–49 (White Paper), Washington, GPO, 1949.
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF STATE, Foreign Relations of the United States, annual series, Washington, GPO, various dates. Cited as USFR.
———, Foreign Relations of the United States, Cairo-Tehran 1943, Washington, GPO, 1961.
———, Foreign Relations of the United States, 1942, China; 1943, China; 1944, China, 3 vols., Washington, GPO, 1956–68. Cited as USFRC with year.
VARG, PAUL A., Missionaries, Chinese and Diplomats, 1890–52, Princeton Univ. Press, 1958.
———, The Making of a Myth: The United States and China, 1897–1912. East Lansing, Michigan State Univ. Press, 1968.
WATSON, MARK S., Chief of Staff: Prewar Plans and Preparations, Washington, Dept. of the Army, Historical Division, 1950.
WEDEMEYER, GENERAL ALBERT C., Wedemeyer Reports!, New York, Holt, 1958.
WELLES, SUMNER, Seven Decisions That Shaped History, New York, Harper, 1950.
WERTENBAKER, CHARLES, “The China Lobby,” The Reporter, 15 April 1952.
WHITE PAPER. See U.S. DEPARTMENT OF STATE, United States Relations with China.
WHITE, THEODORE H., and JACOBY, ANNALEE, Thunder Out of China, New York, Sloane, 1961 (first published 1946).
WILLIAMS, GENERAL ROBERT P., MC, “Diary, 1941–45” and “One Man’s CBI: A Different Kind of War,” unpublished manuscripts, Hoover Library, Stanford, California.
WILLIAMS, S. WELLS, The Middle Kingdom, 2 vols., New York, Scribner’s, 1883.
WILLKIE, WENDELL, One World, New York, Simon & Schuster, 1943.
WINFIELD, GERALD F., China: The Land and the People, New York, Sloane and American Institute of Pacific Relations, 1948.
WOODHEAD, H. G. W. (editor of The Peking & Tientsin Times), The China Yearbook, 1928, Tientsin, Tientsin Press; Univ. of Chicago Press, 1928.
WOODWARD, SIR LLEWELLYN, British Foreign Policy in the Second World War, London, HMSO, 1962. (Official history based on access to official documents.)
YOUNG, ARTHUR N., China and the Helping Hand 1937–45, Cambridge, Harvard Univ. Press, 1963.
Notes
In the interest of space I have not (except in special cases) given references for the quotations from Stilwell’s diaries, letters and other writings. This was a reluctant decision since the date and source of each quotation exist in my files but to have included them would have nearly doubled the length of these Notes. Nor are references given for the standard facts of history such as the origins of the Chinese Revolution or the events of the Washington Conference. I have tried to confine the Notes to quotations (other than those from Stilwell) and to statements of fact or description whose source is not standard or self-evident.
The works of all authors cited in the Notes may be found under those authors’ names in the Bibliography. I hope the reader will find this a simpler and more usable method than the deplorable “op. cit.” system which requires interminable leafing back through pages of footnotes in search of the original “cit.,” usually ending in a paroxysm of irritation before the source can be located. When an author has published two or more successive books on the same subject not formally labeled Vols. I, II and III, as in the case of Borg, Bryant, Langer and Gleason, Matloff, Seagrave and others, these are cited as (for example) Seagrave* and Seagrave** according to the order listed in the Bibliography; or by an identifying word from the title, as in the case of Collis, Snow and others.
When a source is obvious, as in the case of a participant mentioned by name in connection with a particular event who is also the author of a work listed in the Bibliography, I have not always thought it necessary to cite the reference.
The basic personal records of Stilwell’s military career, like those of every officer, are in his 201 File, made available to me by the Adjutant General’s Office with the consent of Mrs. Stilwell.
ABBREVIATIONS USED IN THE NOTES
BB Stilwell’s Black Book
B&W Stilwell’s Black and White Books
FDRL Franklin D. Roosevelt Library
HP Hornbeck Papers
M-Diary Morgenthau Diary, China
NA National Archives
NYT The New York Times
R&S Romanus and Sunderland
S-Diary Stilwell’s daily diary (unpublished)
SP The Stilwell Papers (published version)
USFR Foreign Relations of the United States, annual series
USFRC Foreign Relations of the United S
tates, China series
WD War Department
PROLOGUE: THE CRISIS
Roosevelt’s message to Chiang: full text, R&S**, 383–84.
“If I can prove the Chinese soldier”: Darrell Berrigan, “Uncle Joe Pays Off,” Sat. Eve. Post, 17 Jun 44.
Hurley’s report of interview: S-Diary, 12 Sep 44.
Part One
1. FOUNDATIONS OF AN OFFICER
Family records, letters and other papers dealing with Stilwell’s parentage and youth are in Carmel files B-1–5.
“Business sagacity”: J. Stilwell, Genealogy, III, 131.
“Father was impressive”: Mrs. Wilder to author.
Words of a classmate: William R. Wigley, letter to “Nan,” 25 May 42, in West Point Archives.
Yonkers High paid the football team: ibid. Joe’s athletic activities are recorded in one of a series of articles on school sports by Gus T. Stahl in the Yonkers Herald, 9 Apr 28.
Dr. Baker’s report: copy in Carmel B-1.
Stayed in bed for a week: Hubbard, 77.
Hazing at West Point: 56th Congress, 2nd Session, HR, Report No. 2768, 9 Feb 01.
Stilwell’s demerits: USMA, Corps of Cadets, Register of Delinquencies, Nos. 38, 38½.
Root’s principles: Jessup, Elihu Root, I, 253.
Life at Army posts: Army-Navy Journal, Dupuy, Janowitz, Pogue, I, passim.
Ranking officer’s wife poured coffee: K. Marshall, 8.
“Scarcely conscious” of the right to vote: Maj. G. S. Carpenter, “Major Thoughts on the Relation of the Soldier to Politics,” Journal of the Military Service Institute of the U.S., vol. 21 (1897), 277.
Efficiency Reports: NA, RG 94, AGO 530007.
“Everyday intercourse and conversation with Frenchmen”: letter to Military Secretary, U.S. Army, 25 Feb 06, and reply, 21 Apr 06, NA, MSO.
Requests to go “beyond the seas”: NA, RG 94, 17 and 19 Feb 07, MSO; 23 and 25 May 07, 28 and 30 Apr 08, 30 Apr and 4 May 09, all AGO; also Carmel B-1.
“Confidential Mission”: NA, RG 165, File 4493-A; also RG 94, AGO 530007.
Further requests to go “beyond the seas” and other correspondence dealing with his career during this period are also in NA, RG 94 and 165.
2. VISITOR TO REVOLUTION: CHINA, 1911
Open Door, origin of the phrase: Tyler Dennett, Life of Hay, 295.
“America Assists the East”: F. T. Gates, described as Mr. Rockefeller’s secretary, Outlook, 9 Sep 05, qtd. Smith, 239.
Millard: articles in Scribner’s, January, February, March 1901, qtd. Beale, 187.
“Stolen, sacked, pillaged”: Minister Rockhill to Mrs. Henry Cabot Lodge, 2 Dec 00, qtd. Beale, 187–88.
John Hay on China: Morse and McNair, 780.
Theodore Roosevelt quoted: to B. I. Wheeler, 17 Jun 05, qtd. Beale, 174.
An up-river Treaty Port: Rasmussen, 39.
“Her weakness will endanger”: Pelissier, 247.
“He did not have a Chinese mind”: qtd. Snow, Journey, 95.
Li Yuan-hung under the bed: Tang Leang-li, 81.
American correspondent quoted: NYT, 10 Nov 11.
John Foord quoted: NYT, 20 Oct 11.
Rebel leader in Hankow quoted: NYT, 15 Oct 11.
Joint Resolution of Congress: USFR 1912, 71.
3. THE GREAT WAR: ST. MIHIEL AND SHANTUNG
Restless as ever: Stilwell’s persistent requests for overseas leave or detached service of various kinds are to be found in NA, RG 94, AGO file; also Carmel A-1.
“A very capable officer”: Lt. Col. Lucian Holt, Efficiency Report for 1914, 201 File.
Hunter Liggett on training: Liggett, 211.
“No swivel chair job”: letter from Office of C/S, WD, 25 Aug 17, Carmel A-2.
Count Okuma quoted: statement published by Shin Nippon, November 1914, qtd. Hornbeck, mem, 25 Nov 41, HP, File “Japan Official Statements.”
“Disease and chagrin”: Powell, 32.
“It never took America thirty years”: O’Connor, 170.
Stimson at Langres: Stimson Diary and War Letters for February 1918 (Yale). His stay at Langres overlapped Stilwell’s for four days, 23–27 Feb.
Major Belhomme’s letter: to Joseph Stilwell, Jr., 16 Jan 62, Carmel B-5.
Not “at his best nor his second best”: Liggett, 159.
Schmeercase in the newspapers: Reuters in London Evening Journal, 16 Sep 18; also in Paris Herald and French papers. A rather imaginative version of the affair is given by Hubbard, 80–83.
“Nothing but praise of your section”: to AG, GHQ, AEF, 28 Apr 19, Carmel A-2; also special Efficiency Report by Wells in 201 File.
Shantung episode: for the Chinese reaction see Millard, Chiang Monlin, Reinsch; for the American side see Fleming, Hosack, Current Opinion (September, November 1919).
“A conspiracy to rob” and other comments: Literary Digest, 2 Aug 19.
Hearst press quoted: ibid.
Senators Johnson and Borah quoted: NYT, 21 Sep and 3 Oct 19; also Fleming, 328.
Current Opinion: September 1919, 138.
4. ASSIGNMENT TO PEKING: YEARS OF THE WARLORDS, 1920–23
The articles published by the magazine Asia are a valuable source for China in the 1920s.
Conversation with Chauncey Fenton: as told by Stilwell to Brooks Atkinson, NYT, 17 Jan 43.
MID requirements: Collier, 34, 37–40; also Lt. Warren J. Clear, “Oriental Language Detail,” Infantry Journal, August 1923.
“Rape of Shantung,” etc.: New York Mail, New York Sun, Washington Post, Chicago Tribune, qtd. Current Opinion, September 1919.
Harding’s speech: NYT, 22 Oct 20.
Chinese language: I am indebted for this explanation to Col. David D. Barrett.
“The years that were fat”: see Kates in Bibliography.
The Language School curriculum: report by Stilwell, 1 Jan 21, to MID, forwarded to MacMurray, then Chief of Far Eastern Division, State Department, by Sherman Miles, chief of MID, with covering letter describing Stilwell as “our best man out there.” Johnson Papers, vol. 2. Other reports on the program by Stilwell in NA, RG 165, MID file.
“A soft unearthly music”: Finney, 108.
Executions: Rasmussen, 75.
A picture of George Washington: Booker, 63; see also Rodney Gilbert, “Arms and the Men in China,” Asia, September 1922; Peffer, “Currents and Characters in China,” Asia, January 1922.
Feng and Wu at banquet: Powell, 85.
Wu’s army: Booker, 76.
Military performance: Selle, 81, 90.
Part St. Paul, part Bryan: Peffer, “Currents and Characters,” Asia, January 1922, 72.
“Bands of staggering skeletons”: Rasmussen, 74.
“Leave the work for foreign committees”: NYT, 26 Dec 20, VI, 2.
Wilson quoted: 9 Dec 20, Ray Stannard Baker and William E. Dodd, The Public Papers of Woodrow Wilson (New York, Harper, 1925–27), VI, 227.
Building the Yellow River Road: Stilwell, “Opening China for Gas-Wagons,” Asia, July 1924; also article by S. Hancock, civil engineer, assistant to Maj. Stilwell, in The Oriental Motor, Shanghai, September 1921, Carmel A-3.
Profile of Yen Hsi-shan: “Who’s Who in the China Situation,” Infantry Journal, April 1928.
“Has China Found a Moses?”: Asia, April 1924, article under that title.
Yen entertains foreign visitors: Booker, 109.
Mrs. Stilwell’s account: “Family Story,” 100.
Stilwell’s sketches quoted in this section include “General Dope,” “The Shih Li Pu Beggars,” “The Amateur Doctor,” “An Unorthodox Chinese Diary” (Shensi).
Stilwells “different”: Mrs. John Magruder, interview with author.
North China Daily News: clipping enclosed in letter from John Goette, 18 Dec 32, Carmel A-3.
Feng’s rule in Shensi: Holcombe, 74ff.; Pelissier, 294; Sheridan, passim.
“The best vote-getter”: Powell, 71.
The Washington Conference: Bland, Griswold, Leopold, Morse an
d McNair, Nevins, Powell, Pusey; also HP, File “Japan, Press Clippings, 1922–24.”
Trip to Vladivostok: According to the records of the NA, Stilwell’s report was “destroyed by a War Department action dated 9 Jun 28.”
Toynbee’s quatrain: Toynbee, 253.
5. THE “CAN DO” REGIMENT AND THE RISE OF CHIANG KAI-SHEK, 1926–29
Suicides at Leavenworth: Marshall to Stimson, 27 Oct 41, Stimson Diary, 35.
“Common sense and a sense of humor”: Col. George Byroade, Efficiency Report, 8 Jul 26, 201 File.
Correspondence with Whipple: Carmel A-4.
Chiang called “Billiken”: John Emmerson to author.
Whampoa: Liu, 8–15.
Slogans: unsigned account of visit, 23 Mar 27, Bingham Papers.
“Physique of an elephant”: Chiang Monlin, 145.
“With my heart thumping”: ibid., 147.
“30 per cent by fighting”: account from Bingham Papers, cited above.
Eugene Chen: Sheean, Personal History, 207; Peking and Tientsin Times, 24 Jan 27.
“The same questions for which we fought”: mem by Mr. Wm. R. Johnson, a missionary from Nanchang, 16 Sep 27, Johnson Papers.
Johns Hopkins assembly: Borg*, 74–79.
“Powerful influence,” etc.: Bland, 93; Borg*, 81ff.
“Elected assemblies”: Bland, 256.
Christmas Memorandum: Borg*, 229.
Press comment: Baltimore Sun, 10 Jan, 22 Mar 27; New York World, 30 Jan 27; qtd. Borg*, 259, 261.
Fifteenth Infantry customs: Finney, passim; files of Sentinel; items listed under Fifteenth Infantry in Bibliography.
“Cohabiting with low caste native women”: report to WD, 17 Jan 27, NA, RG 94, Box 483.
Tea-drinking s.o.b.’s: a paraphrase by Gen. Timberman, who served in the 15th Infantry, 1925–28, in interview with author.
“Reduce the fat men of the regiment”: to Stilwell, 6 Oct 28, Carmel A-5.
“Vital necessity”: report of 12 Dec 27.
Request to leave campsite unpoliced: Col. Barrett, who served in the 15th Infantry, 1931–34, to author.